UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2023: Anthropology Paper 2 (Section- B) | Anthropology Optional for UPSC PDF Download

Section - B

Q5: Write short notes on the following in about 150 words each :   (10x5=50)
(a) Scheduled areas
Ans: 
Introduction: 
Scheduled Areas refer to specific regions in India that are listed in the Fifth Schedule of the Indian Constitution. These areas are inhabited predominantly by Scheduled Tribes (STs) and have special provisions for their administration and governance.

Key Points:

1. Constitutional Provisions:

• The Fifth Schedule of the Indian Constitution outlines the administration and control of Scheduled Areas.

2. Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996:

• This act extends the provisions of Part IX of the Constitution (which deals with Panchayats) to the Scheduled Areas.

• Example: The act mandates the establishment of local self-governance institutions, like Gram Sabhas, to empower tribal communities in decision-making.

3. Forest Rights Act, 2006:

• The act recognizes the individual and community rights of forest-dwelling Scheduled Tribes and other traditional forest dwellers.

• Example: It grants rights over forest lands, including the right to cultivate and protect forests.

Challenges:

• Despite legal provisions, there have been challenges in effectively implementing policies for the welfare and development of Scheduled Areas, including issues related to land rights, displacement, and resource exploitation.

Conclusion:
Scheduled Areas are a constitutional mechanism to safeguard the rights and promote the development of Scheduled Tribes in specific regions. Effective implementation of policies and initiatives is crucial for the well-being and empowerment of these communities.

(b) Ramapithecus-Sivapithecus debate
Ans: 
Introduction: The Ramapithecus-Sivapithecus debate centered around the classification and evolutionary significance of two fossil hominoid species, Ramapithecus and Sivapithecus.
Ramapithecus:
1. Classification (Initially):

• Ramapithecus was initially classified as an early human ancestor, based on dental and cranial fossils found in India and Pakistan.

• Example: The size and shape of the teeth were interpreted as human-like.

2. Controversy and Reevaluation:

• Subsequent research challenged the initial classification, suggesting that Ramapithecus might have been more closely related to modern orangutans.

Sivapithecus:

1. Classification:

• Sivapithecus, contemporaneous with Ramapithecus, was classified as a hominoid based on cranial and dental remains found in South Asia.

• Example: Its anatomy was considered more ape-like, with similarities to modern gibbons.

Resolution:

1. Revised Classification:

• Over time, advances in paleontological techniques and discoveries led to a revised understanding of Ramapithecus and Sivapithecus.

• Example: DNA analysis, dental morphology studies, and new fossil finds supported the classification of Sivapithecus as an early ancestor of modern orangutans.

Conclusion:
The Ramapithecus-Sivapithecus debate exemplifies the dynamic nature of paleoanthropological research. Advances in technology and new fossil discoveries have played a crucial role in refining our understanding of these ancient hominoid species.

(c) Village as little republic
Ans: 
Introduction: 
The concept of the village as a little republic, often attributed to Mahatma Gandhi, emphasizes local self-governance and community participation in decision-making.

Key Principles:
1. Decentralized Governance:

• It advocates for local self-governance, where villagers collectively make decisions concerning their community.

• Example: Gram Panchayats in India serve as local self-governance bodies.

2. Participatory Democracy:

• The concept emphasizes active participation of villagers in decision-making processes, fostering a sense of ownership and responsibility.

• Example: Conducting regular Gram Sabhas for discussions and resolutions on local issues.

3. Empowerment and Autonomy:

• Villagers are encouraged to take charge of their own development, identifying priorities and implementing projects.

• Example: Villagers collectively deciding on the allocation of resources for initiatives like water conservation or infrastructure development.

Application in Developmental Models:

• The concept of the village as a little republic has been integrated into various developmental models, including community-based initiatives and participatory development programs.

Conclusion:
Viewing the village as a little republic promotes local empowerment, participatory decision-making, and community-driven development. It emphasizes the importance of self-governance in fostering sustainable and inclusive growth.

(d) Dravidian languages and their subgroups
Ans: 
Introduction: 
The Dravidian language family is one of the major language groups in India, predominantly spoken in South India and parts of Sri Lanka. It can be classified into several subgroups.

Major Subgroups:
1. Tamil-Kannada-Malayalam Group:

• This subgroup includes Tamil, Kannada, and Malayalam, primarily spoken in the states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Kerala.

• Example: Tamil is the official language of Tamil Nadu and is spoken by millions in Sri Lanka.

2. Telugu-Kui Group:

• Telugu is the primary language in the state of Andhra Pradesh. Kui, a Dravidian language, is spoken by the Kui tribe in parts of Odisha.

• Example: Telugu is one of the most widely spoken Dravidian languages.

3. Kolami-Parji Group:

• These languages are spoken by tribal communities in central India, including parts of Chhattisgarh and Odisha.

• Example: Kolami is spoken by the Kolam tribe in Chhattisgarh.

Shared Linguistic Features:

• Dravidian languages share common linguistic features, including agglutinative grammar, distinct phonetics, and a unique writing system.

Conclusion:
The Dravidian language family is a diverse linguistic group with several subgroups, each with its distinct languages and cultural significance. These languages play a vital role in the cultural identity and heritage of South India.

(e) Karma and Rebirth
Ans: 
Introduction: 
Karma and Rebirth are fundamental concepts in various Indian religions, including Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. They are intertwined beliefs that influence a person's actions and their consequences in successive lifetimes.

Karma:

1. Law of Cause and Effect:

• Karma posits that every action, whether mental, verbal, or physical, has consequences, which may be experienced in this life or future lives.

• Example: Acts of kindness may lead to positive experiences, while harmful actions may result in suffering.

2. Moral Accountability:

• It emphasizes personal responsibility and accountability for one's actions, shaping one's character and future experiences.

• Example: The Bhagavad Gita teaches the importance of performing one's duty without attachment to outcomes.

Rebirth:

1. Cycle of Births and Deaths:

• Rebirth suggests that the soul (Atman) undergoes a continuous cycle of reincarnation, determined by accumulated karma.

• Example: In Buddhism, achieving Nirvana breaks the cycle of rebirth.

2. Evolution of the Soul:

• The quality of one's actions (karma) influences the circumstances and form of the next birth.

• Example: Acts of compassion and selflessness contribute to spiritual evolution.

Interconnection:

• Karma and rebirth are interlinked, as actions in past lives shape one's current circumstances and future experiences.

Conclusion:
Karma and Rebirth are profound philosophical concepts that underscore the importance of ethical conduct, personal growth, and spiritual evolution across multiple lifetimes. They offer insights into the nature of existence and the pursuit of spiritual liberation.

Q6:
(a) Is annihilation of caste possible? Discuss the future of caste system in the light of various proactive measures taken by the Indian State.    (20 Marks)
Ans: 
Introduction:
The annihilation of caste, a concept championed by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, envisions the eradication of the hierarchical caste system in India. Despite proactive measures by the Indian State, the future of the caste system remains a complex issue.

Possibility of Annihilation:

1. Legislative Reforms:

• The Indian Constitution, through affirmative action policies like reservations, aims to uplift historically marginalized castes and tribes.

• Example: Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) reservations in education and employment.

2. Social Movements:

• Movements led by social reformers and activists continue to challenge caste-based discrimination and promote social equality.

• Example: The Dalit Panthers movement in Maharashtra advocated for the rights and dignity of Dalits.

Challenges:

1. Deep-Rooted Social Norms:

• Caste-based norms and prejudices are deeply ingrained in Indian society, making complete annihilation a long-term endeavor.

• Example: Endogamy and social segregation are still prevalent in many communities.

2. Emergence of Sub-Castes:

• Over time, sub-castes and micro-divisions have emerged, further complicating the annihilation process.

• Example: Within broad caste categories, there may be further stratification based on regional, occupational, or social factors.

Conclusion:
While proactive measures and social movements have made significant strides towards reducing caste-based discrimination, complete annihilation remains a complex and long-term goal. The persistence of deep-rooted social norms and the emergence of sub-castes present ongoing challenges.

(b) Distinguishing between ethnic identity and ethnicity, discuss the factors responsible for ethnic conflict in tribal areas.     (15 Marks)
Ans: 
Introduction: 
Ethnic identity refers to an individual's self-identification with a particular ethnic group, while ethnicity encompasses the collective cultural, linguistic, and social traits shared by a community. Ethnic conflict in tribal areas often arises due to a variety of complex factors.

Distinguishing Ethnic Identity and Ethnicity:
1. Ethnic Identity:

• Individual's personal affiliation with a specific ethnic group, often based on self-perception, cultural practices, and shared historical experiences.

• Example: A member of a tribal community may identify strongly with their tribal heritage and traditions.

2. Ethnicity:

• Collective attributes that define a particular ethnic group, including language, customs, religion, and shared history.

• Example: The Gond tribe in central India shares a common language, Gondi, and practices distinct cultural traditions.

Factors Responsible for Ethnic Conflict:
1. Resource Competition:

• Competition for limited resources, such as land, water, and forests, can lead to conflicts between different ethnic groups, especially in areas with scarce resources.

• Example: Disputes over forest land between different tribal communities.

2. Historical Grievances:

• Past injustices, including land alienation, displacement, and exploitation, can contribute to deep-seated grievances.

• Example: Historical injustices against tribal communities during colonial rule.

3. Political Marginalization:

• Lack of political representation and decision-making power can lead to feelings of exclusion and marginalization.

• Example: Limited representation of tribal communities in local governance structures.

Conclusion:
Distinguishing between ethnic identity and ethnicity is crucial in understanding the dynamics of tribal areas. Factors like resource competition, historical grievances, and political marginalization contribute to ethnic conflicts in these regions, highlighting the need for inclusive policies and conflict resolution mechanisms.

(c) “Siwalik deposits show a variety of Neogene fossil primates.” Critically examine.     (15 Marks)
Ans: 
Introduction: 
The Siwalik deposits, a geological formation in the Himalayan foothills, have yielded a rich fossil record of Neogene mammals, including primates.

Critical Examination:
1. Diversity of Fossil Primates:

• The Siwalik deposits have provided a wide range of primate fossils, representing different species and genera.

• Example: Fossils of ancestral apes like Sivapithecus and Ramapithecus have been discovered.

2. Debate and Reevaluation:

• The classification and evolutionary significance of some Siwalik primates, like Ramapithecus, have been subjects of debate and reevaluation.

• Example: Initially classified as a potential human ancestor, further research led to a revised understanding of its evolutionary relationship.

3. Paleoecological Insights:

• Studying the Siwalik fossils provides valuable information about the paleoecology and environments of the Neogene period.

• Example: Analysis of dental morphology offers insights into dietary preferences and adaptations of these ancient primates.

Conclusion:
The Siwalik deposits stand as a significant source of Neogene fossil primates, offering valuable insights into the evolutionary history of primates in the Himalayan region. Ongoing research and advancements in paleoanthropology continue to contribute to our understanding of these ancient creatures.

Q7:
(a) Elucidate the shifting terrains of India’s tribal policies in colonial and post-colonial periods.     (20 Marks)
Ans: 
Introduction: 
India's tribal policies have evolved significantly, influenced by colonial and post-colonial contexts. These policies have shaped the relationship between the state and tribal communities.

Colonial Period:
1. Exclusion and Exploitation:

• British policies often marginalized tribal communities, viewing them as 'excluded areas' where colonial administration had limited intervention.

• Example: Forest laws and land alienation policies led to dispossession and exploitation of tribal lands.

2. Isolationist Approach:

• The colonial government maintained a policy of non-interference in tribal areas, allowing for the continuation of customary practices.

• Example: The 'Inner Line' regulations restricted non-tribal access to certain areas.

Post-Colonial Period:

1. Integration and Development:

• Post-independence, India adopted a more interventionist approach, seeking to integrate tribal communities into the mainstream through development initiatives.

• Example: The establishment of Fifth and Sixth Schedules in the Indian Constitution to protect tribal interests.

2. Affirmative Action and Reservations:

• Provisions like Scheduled Areas, Scheduled Tribes (ST) reservations, and special provisions for tribal welfare were introduced to address historical injustices.

• Example: The PESA Act (Panchayats Extension to Scheduled Areas Act) empowers local self-governance in tribal areas.

Challenges and Shifting Paradigms:

• While policies have aimed at uplifting tribal communities, challenges persist, including issues of displacement, resource exploitation, and cultural preservation.

Conclusion:
The shifting terrains of tribal policies reflect evolving paradigms from colonial isolation to post-colonial integration and affirmative action. Challenges remain in ensuring the holistic development and well-being of tribal communities.

(b) Critically examine how the displacement of tribal communities due to hydroelectric river dam projects has affected the women in local context. Illustrate with suitable ethnographic examples.    (15 Marks)
Ans: 
Introduction: 
Displacement due to hydroelectric projects has profound socio-economic and cultural implications for tribal communities, with particular repercussions for women.
Impact on Women:
1. Loss of Livelihoods:

• Displacement often disrupts traditional livelihoods, such as agriculture, fishing, or forest-based activities, affecting women who are often primary contributors.

• Example: In the Narmada Valley, women from displaced communities faced challenges in finding alternative sources of income.

2. Social Disruption:

• Displacement can lead to the breakdown of social networks and support systems, affecting women's social and emotional well-being.

• Example: Women in displaced communities may experience increased isolation and limited access to community resources.

3. Health and Education:

• Displacement can impact women's access to healthcare and education, especially in areas with limited infrastructure.

• Example: Women in displaced communities may face challenges in accessing maternal and child healthcare services.

Ethnographic Example:

• In the case of the Sardar Sarovar Dam project on the Narmada River, anthropological studies have highlighted the gendered impacts of displacement on tribal women, emphasizing loss of livelihoods and increased vulnerability.

Conclusion:
The displacement of tribal communities due to hydroelectric projects has disproportionately affected women, impacting their livelihoods, social well-being, and access to essential services. Ethnographic studies provide valuable insights into the nuanced experiences of affected women.

(c) Elucidate the role of anthropology in nation building. Illustrate with suitable examples.     (15 Marks)
Ans: 
Introduction: Anthropology plays a crucial role in nation building by providing insights into the diverse cultural, social, and economic realities of a nation's population.

Cultural Understanding and Integration:
1. Cultural Pluralism:

• Anthropology helps in recognizing and respecting the diverse cultural practices and traditions within a nation.

• Example: Studying various religious practices and festivals helps foster intercultural understanding.

2. Policy Formulation:

• Anthropological research informs policies that promote cultural diversity, linguistic inclusivity, and protection of minority rights.

• Example: Policies for the preservation of endangered languages and dialects.

Social Cohesion and Inclusivity:
1. Community Development:

• Anthropology identifies the needs and aspirations of different communities, aiding in the design of inclusive development programs.

• Example: Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) techniques facilitate community-driven development.

2. Conflict Resolution:

• Anthropological insights into the root causes of social conflicts contribute to conflict resolution strategies.

• Example: Ethnographic studies in areas of ethnic or communal tension can inform peace-building initiatives.

Ethnographic Example:

• In post-apartheid South Africa, anthropological research played a vital role in understanding and addressing issues of racial and cultural integration, contributing to the nation's healing and reconciliation process.

Conclusion:
Anthropology's holistic understanding of culture, society, and human behavior contributes significantly to nation building. It fosters inclusivity, social cohesion, and informed policy-making, ultimately strengthening the fabric of a nation.

Q8:
(a) Discuss the distribution of tribes in different geographical regions of India. Identify the distinct institutional features of tribal societies of these regions.    (20 Marks)
Ans: 
Introduction: 
India is home to a diverse range of tribal communities, each with unique cultural and institutional characteristics. Understanding their distribution and institutional features is crucial for comprehending the complex tapestry of Indian society.
Distribution of Tribes:
1. Central India:

• States like Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh have a significant tribal population, including Gonds, Bhils, and Baigas.

• Institutional Features:

  • Clan-based Social Structure: Many tribes in this region have a clan-based social structure with specific roles and responsibilities within the community.
  • Council of Elders: Decision-making is often influenced by a council of elders who hold significant authority.

2. North-East India:

• States like Assam, Meghalaya, and Nagaland are home to numerous tribes like the Bodos, Khasis, and Nagas.

• Institutional Features:

  • Matrilineal Societies: Many tribes in this region follow matrilineal descent patterns, where lineage and inheritance are traced through the mother's line.
  • Village Councils: Traditional village councils play a crucial role in resolving disputes and making communal decisions.

3. Western India:

• States like Rajasthan and Gujarat have tribes such as the Bhils and the Garasias.

• Institutional Features:

  • Panchayats: Tribal communities often have their own panchayats or councils to manage local affairs and conflicts.

Challenges and Adaptations:

• Each region faces unique challenges such as land alienation, displacement, and economic marginalization, leading to various adaptive strategies.

Conclusion:
The distribution of tribes in India is characterized by diverse cultural and institutional features that shape their social, economic, and political organization. Understanding these nuances is crucial for formulating effective policies and development initiatives.

(b) Critically evaluate the contributions of S. C. Roy to Indian anthropology.     (15 Marks)
Ans: 
Introduction: 
Sarat Chandra Roy (S. C. Roy) was a prominent Indian anthropologist who made significant contributions to the field.
Key Contributions:
1. Studies on Kinship and Marriage:

• Roy conducted extensive fieldwork on kinship systems, marriage practices, and family structures in various Indian communities.

• Example: His detailed studies on cross-cousin marriage among certain South Indian communities provided valuable insights into kinship patterns.

2. Caste and Social Organization:

• Roy's work focused on the intricate social structures and caste dynamics in India.

• Example: His research shed light on the complexities of caste interactions and the role of social rituals in maintaining hierarchical relationships.

3. Tribal Studies:

• He conducted ethnographic research on tribal communities, contributing to our understanding of their social organization, economic practices, and cultural traditions.

• Example: Roy's studies on the Oraons of Chota Nagpur Plateau provided valuable insights into their kinship patterns and economic systems.

Critique and Legacy:

• While some of Roy's theories and interpretations have been subject to critique, his contributions laid a strong foundation for the development of Indian anthropology.

Conclusion:
S. C. Roy's pioneering work in the areas of kinship, marriage, caste, and tribal studies significantly enriched the field of Indian anthropology. His legacy continues to influence contemporary research and scholarship.

(c) How are Other Backward Classes identified? Enumerating the important features, elucidate the recent changes in their social and economic life.     (15 Marks)
Ans: 
Introduction: 
The identification of Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in India is a crucial aspect of affirmative action and social justice policies.

Identification Process:

1. Mandal Commission (1980):

• The Mandal Commission was established to identify socially and educationally backward classes.

• Example: Based on the commission's recommendations, a list of OBCs was created for the purpose of reservations in education and employment.

2. State-wise Lists:

• Each state in India maintains its own list of OBCs based on local socio-economic conditions and historical disadvantages.

• Example: The list of OBCs in Maharashtra may differ from that of Uttar Pradesh.

Recent Changes:
1. Reservation Quotas:

• OBCs are entitled to a certain percentage of seats in educational institutions and jobs in the public sector.

• Example: In central government jobs and educational institutions, there is a designated percentage of seats reserved for OBC candidates.

2. Socio-economic Upliftment:

• Various government schemes and initiatives aim to uplift OBC communities through education, skill development, and economic empowerment.

• Example: Scholarships and vocational training programs targeted towards OBC youth.

Challenges and Critiques:

• The identification and implementation of OBC policies have faced challenges, including debates over the criteria for classification and potential overlaps with other categories.

Conclusion:
The identification of Other Backward Classes is an integral part of India's affirmative action policies, aiming to address historical disadvantages and promote social inclusivity. While these policies have brought about positive changes, ongoing efforts are needed to ensure effective implementation and inclusivity for all marginalized communities.