UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2023: Animal Husbandry Paper 2 (Section- A) | Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science Optional for UPSC PDF Download

Section - A

Q1: Discuss the following in about 150 words each : (10x5=50)
(a) Development of pituitary gland
Ans: 
Introduction:
The pituitary gland, also known as the master gland, is a crucial endocrine organ in vertebrates. Its development is a complex process that involves several stages. Understanding the development of the pituitary gland is essential for comprehending its functioning and associated hormonal regulation.

Developmental Stages:
1. Embryonic Origin:

• The pituitary gland has a dual embryonic origin, arising from two distinct tissues: the neuroectoderm (Rathke's pouch) and the neural ectoderm.
• Rathke's pouch originates from the oral ectoderm and forms the anterior pituitary, while the neural ectoderm gives rise to the posterior pituitary.

2. Formation of Rathke's Pouch:

• Rathke's pouch develops as an evagination from the roof of the developing oral cavity.
• This pouch gradually separates from the stomodeum and migrates dorsally to establish contact with the neural ectoderm.

3. Differentiation and Hormone Production:

• Once Rathke's pouch is established, it differentiates into specific cell types, including somatotrophs, lactotrophs, corticotrophs, etc.
• These differentiated cells are responsible for producing various hormones like growth hormone (GH), prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), etc.

4. Posterior Pituitary Development:

• The posterior pituitary, also known as the neurohypophysis, forms from an outgrowth of the neural tissue from the diencephalon.
• Neurons from the hypothalamus send axons down to form the neurosecretory cells, which store and release hormones such as oxytocin and vasopressin.

Conclusion: 
The development of the pituitary gland is a highly orchestrated process involving multiple stages and tissue interactions. Understanding these developmental processes is crucial in comprehending the functioning of this vital endocrine gland and its role in hormonal regulation.

(b) Boundaries of thoracic and pelvic cavities of bovines and organs present therein
Ans:
Introduction: 
Knowledge of the anatomical structures and boundaries of the thoracic and pelvic cavities in bovines is fundamental for veterinary practitioners, as it aids in accurate diagnosis and surgical interventions.

Thoracic Cavity:
1. Boundaries:

• Dorsally: Thoracic vertebrae
• Ventrally: Sternum and ribs
• Laterally: Ribcage

2. Organs Present:

• Heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland.

Pelvic Cavity:
1. Boundaries:

• Dorsally: Pelvic bones (ilium, ischium, pubis)
• Ventrally: Abdominal muscles, reproductive organs (uterus, ovaries, testes)

2. Organs Present:

• Reproductive organs, urinary bladder, rectum.

Conclusion: 
A clear understanding of the boundaries and organs within the thoracic and pelvic cavities is crucial for accurate diagnosis and surgical procedures in bovine veterinary practice.

(c) Diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy in dogs
Ans:
Introduction: 
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, which can affect dogs. Accurate diagnosis and effective treatment are essential for managing this condition and ensuring the well-being of the affected animals.

Diagnosis:
1. Clinical History and Physical Examination:

• Detailed history of seizure episodes, including frequency, duration, and potential triggers.
• Thorough physical examination to rule out other possible causes of seizures.

2. Neurological Evaluation:

• Neurological examination to assess reflexes, coordination, and any abnormalities in the central nervous system.

3. Blood Tests and Imaging:

• Complete blood count (CBC) and serum biochemistry to identify metabolic or systemic issues.
• MRI or CT scans to detect structural abnormalities or tumors in the brain.

Treatment:
1. Antiepileptic Medications:

• Phenobarbital, potassium bromide, and newer drugs like levetiracetam are commonly prescribed to control seizures.
• Dosages are adjusted based on the dog's response and blood levels of the medication.

2. Diet and Lifestyle Management:

• Specialized diets, such as ketogenic diets, may be recommended for some dogs.
• Maintaining a consistent routine and minimizing stress can help reduce triggers for seizures.

3. Regular Monitoring:

• Blood tests to monitor medication levels and liver function for dogs on long-term antiepileptic therapy.
• Frequent check-ups to assess the effectiveness of treatment and make necessary adjustments.

Conclusion: 
Accurate diagnosis and a tailored treatment plan are essential for managing epilepsy in dogs. Close monitoring and adjustments to the treatment regimen as needed can significantly improve the quality of life for affected animals.

(d) Measures to assess the environmental pollution
Ans: 
Introduction: 
Assessing environmental pollution is crucial for safeguarding the health of both animals and humans. Various measures and techniques are employed to monitor and mitigate the impact of pollutants on ecosystems.

Measures:
1. Air Quality Monitoring:

• Use of air quality monitoring stations equipped with sensors for pollutants like particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), etc.
• Data collected helps in identifying sources of pollution and implementing control measures.

2. Water Quality Assessment:

• Sampling and analysis of water from various sources (rivers, lakes, groundwater) to measure parameters like pH, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, and presence of contaminants (heavy metals, pesticides).

3. Soil Testing:

• Collection of soil samples for analysis of pH levels, nutrient content, and presence of pollutants like heavy metals and pesticides.
• Helps in assessing soil health and potential risks to plants and animals.

4. Bioindicators and Biomonitoring:

• Use of living organisms (e.g., lichens, mussels, certain plant species) to assess pollution levels based on their sensitivity to specific pollutants.
• Biomonitoring involves analyzing tissues or fluids of organisms for accumulated pollutants.

Conclusion: 
Employing a combination of air, water, soil monitoring, along with bioindicators and biomonitoring techniques, provides a comprehensive approach to assess environmental pollution. This information is crucial for implementing effective pollution control measures and preserving ecosystems.

(e) Milk fever and its management in dairy cows
Ans: 
Introduction: 
Milk fever, scientifically known as hypocalcemia, is a metabolic disorder commonly observed in dairy cows during the early stages of lactation. Understanding its causes and effective management is crucial for maintaining the health and productivity of dairy herds.

Milk Fever and its Causes:
1. Calcium Deficiency:

• Milk fever arises due to a sudden drop in blood calcium levels, often occurring around calving.
• This is primarily caused by the high calcium demand for milk production, which may exceed the cow's ability to mobilize calcium reserves.

2. Symptoms:

• Early signs include muscle tremors, loss of appetite, and weakness. In severe cases, cows may be unable to stand.

Management and Treatment:
1. Calcium Supplementation:

• Intravenous or subcutaneous administration of calcium gluconate is the primary treatment for acute cases.
• Oral calcium supplements or drenches are also given to prevent recurrence.

2. Dietary Adjustments:

• Prepartum nutrition is crucial. Transitioning cows to a balanced diet with adequate calcium levels in the weeks leading up to calving helps prevent milk fever.
• Anionic salts may be added to the diet to acidify the blood, facilitating calcium absorption.

3. Monitoring and Prevention:

• Regular monitoring of blood calcium levels in high-risk cows.
• Providing low-calcium rations prior to calving to stimulate the cow's natural calcium regulatory mechanisms.

4. Hygiene and Comfort:

• Ensuring a clean, stress-free environment for calving reduces the risk of milk fever.

Conclusion:
Milk fever is a significant concern in dairy farming, but with proper management practices, its incidence can be minimized. Early detection and prompt treatment, along with preventative measures in prepartum nutrition, are key to maintaining the health and productivity of dairy cows.

Q2:
(a) Describe in detail the comparative histology of liver among domestic animals.    (20 Marks)
Ans: 
Introduction: 
The liver is a vital organ in the digestive system, responsible for various metabolic functions. Understanding the histological differences among domestic animals is crucial for diagnosing and treating liver-related conditions in veterinary practice.

Comparative Histology:
1. Hepatocytes:

• Hepatocytes are the primary functional cells of the liver, responsible for various metabolic activities.
• In cattle, hepatocytes are arranged in cords radiating from the central vein, whereas in pigs, they are arranged in plates with a sinusoidal network.

2. Sinusoids:

• Sinusoids are blood vessels that allow for the exchange of nutrients, waste products, and hormones between hepatocytes and the blood.
• In horses, sinusoids are wider, allowing for efficient filtration of large particles, while in dogs, they are narrower, providing more surface area for metabolic activities.

3. Kupffer Cells:

• Kupffer cells are specialized macrophages located within the sinusoids, responsible for phagocytosis of foreign particles.
• Pigs have a higher density of Kupffer cells compared to cattle, indicating a more active immune response.

4. Bile Canaliculi:

• Bile canaliculi are small channels between hepatocytes that transport bile towards the bile ducts.
• The arrangement of bile canaliculi varies among species, influencing bile flow and detoxification processes.

Examples:

• In sheep, the liver has a distinctive lobular structure with well-defined portal triads, aiding in the organization of blood vessels, bile ducts, and hepatic arterioles.
• In cats, the liver has a prominent lobular architecture with extensive glycogen storage, reflecting their carnivorous diet.

Conclusion: 
Comparative histology of the liver among domestic animals reveals distinct structural adaptations that correspond to their specific physiological needs. This knowledge is invaluable in diagnosing and treating liver disorders in veterinary medicine.

(b) Explain the anatomical adaptation for flight in birds.    (15 Marks)
Ans:
Introduction: 
Flight is a defining characteristic of birds, and their anatomy is highly specialized to facilitate this unique form of locomotion. Understanding these adaptations provides insights into avian physiology and behavior.

Anatomical Adaptations:
1. Skeletal System:

• Lightweight bones: Birds have hollow bones filled with air sacs, reducing overall body weight and aiding in buoyancy during flight.
• Fusion of bones: Fusion of certain bones (e.g., the keel in the sternum) provides a strong anchor for flight muscles.

2. Muscular System:

• Powerful pectoral muscles: These are responsible for the downstroke during flight, providing the primary thrust.
• Reduced abdominal muscles: Birds have fewer abdominal muscles to accommodate the extensive air sac system.

3. Respiratory System:

• Air sacs: Birds possess a system of air sacs that allow for a continuous flow of oxygen through the lungs, providing a constant supply of oxygen during both inhalation and exhalation.
• High metabolic rate: Birds have a remarkably high metabolic rate, supporting the energy demands of sustained flight.

4. Feathers:

• Adapted for aerodynamics: Flight feathers (remiges) are specialized for lift and maneuverability, while contour feathers streamline the body.
• Molting: Birds undergo periodic molting to replace damaged or worn feathers, ensuring optimal flight performance.

Examples:

• Albatrosses have long, narrow wings ideal for gliding over long distances, allowing them to cover vast oceanic territories.
• Hummingbirds possess rapid wing beats (up to 80 beats per second) and are the only birds capable of sustained hovering.

Conclusion: 
The anatomical adaptations for flight in birds are a testament to their remarkable evolutionary history. These adaptations enable birds to exploit a diverse range of habitats and play crucial ecological roles in ecosystems worldwide.

(c) Describe in brief the indications and sites for various nerve blocks in the head region of cattle.    (15 Marks)
Ans: 
Introduction: 
Nerve blocks are essential techniques in veterinary medicine for providing local anesthesia to specific regions of an animal's body. Understanding the indications and appropriate sites for nerve blocks in the head region of cattle is crucial for effective pain management and surgical procedures.

Indications and Sites:
1. Cornual Nerve Block:

• Indications: Provides anesthesia to the horn region, commonly used for dehorning procedures.
• Site: Located at the base of the horn, where the cornual nerve branches off from the frontal nerve.

2. Maxillary Nerve Block:

• Indications: Used for procedures involving the upper jaw, such as dental work or surgeries in the maxillary region.
• Site: Administered near the infraorbital foramen, where the maxillary nerve emerges.

3. Mental Nerve Block:

• Indications: Provides anesthesia to the lower jaw and chin, useful for procedures involving the lower dental arcade.
• Site: Administered at the mental foramen on the lower jaw.

4. Buccal Nerve Block:

• Indications: Targets the soft tissues of the cheek for procedures like laceration repair or mass removal.
• Site: Administered at the site where the buccal nerve branches from the mandibular nerve.

5. Lingual Nerve Block:

• Indications: Provides anesthesia to the tongue, useful for procedures involving the oral cavity.
• Site: Administered near the mandibular symphysis.

Examples:

• For instance, if a cattle farmer intends to perform a dehorning procedure, a cornual nerve block would be administered to provide local anesthesia to the horn region, ensuring the animal's comfort during the procedure.
• Similarly, during dental work on the upper jaw, a maxillary nerve block would be indicated to provide anesthesia to the region.

Conclusion: 
Understanding the indications and proper administration sites for nerve blocks in the head region of cattle is essential for ensuring the welfare and comfort of the animals during various procedures. These techniques are valuable tools in the field of veterinary medicine and contribute to the overall well-being of cattle in agricultural settings.

Q3:
(a) Define and classify diuretics. Write about the mechanism of action of high efficiency diuretics.    (20 Marks)
Ans:
Introduction: 
Diuretics are drugs that promote diuresis, which is the increased production of urine. They are important in veterinary medicine for managing conditions related to fluid balance and electrolyte levels. High-efficiency diuretics are a specific class known for their potent diuretic effects.

Definition and Classification:
1. Diuretics:

• Diuretics are substances that increase the excretion of water and electrolytes from the body through the urine.
• They are classified into different groups based on their site and mechanism of action, including thiazide diuretics, loop diuretics, potassium-sparing diuretics, and osmotic diuretics.

Mechanism of Action of High-Efficiency Diuretics:
1. Loop Diuretics (e.g., Furosemide):

• Site of Action: Act on the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle in the kidney.
• Mechanism: Inhibit the reabsorption of sodium, potassium, and chloride ions, leading to increased excretion of these ions in the urine. This results in a powerful diuretic effect.

2. Potassium-Sparing Diuretics (e.g., Spironolactone):

• Site of Action: Act on the collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubules in the kidney.
• Mechanism: Block the action of aldosterone, a hormone that promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion. This leads to increased sodium and water excretion while conserving potassium.

3. Osmotic Diuretics (e.g., Mannitol):

• Site of Action: Act in the proximal convoluted tubules and the descending limb of the loop of Henle.
• Mechanism: Increase the osmotic pressure in the renal tubules, inhibiting water reabsorption. This results in increased urine output.

Example:

• In veterinary practice, loop diuretics like furosemide are commonly used to treat conditions like congestive heart failure or edema in animals. They are particularly effective in cases where rapid diuresis is required.

Conclusion: 
High-efficiency diuretics, including loop diuretics, potassium-sparing diuretics, and osmotic diuretics, play a crucial role in managing fluid and electrolyte balance in animals. Understanding their mechanisms of action is vital for their appropriate use in veterinary medicine.

(b) Describe and differentiate the housing requirements of pregnant and milking cows.    (15 Marks)
Ans: 
Introduction: 
Providing appropriate housing is essential for the well-being and productivity of dairy cows, especially during critical phases like pregnancy and lactation.

Housing for Pregnant Cows:
1. Space and Comfort:

• Adequate space for movement and resting is crucial to prevent stress and injury.
• Comfortable bedding, such as straw or sand, helps alleviate pressure on joints.

2. Calving Pen:

• A designated calving pen with clean, soft bedding ensures a safe environment for birthing.

3. Feeding Area:

• Access to clean, well-balanced nutrition is vital for the health of both the cow and the developing fetus.

4. Separation from Other Cows:

• Pregnant cows should be housed separately to reduce the risk of aggressive behavior from other herd members.

Housing for Milking Cows:
1. Stalls or Free-Stall Barns:

• Well-designed stalls or free-stall barns provide cows with individual spaces for resting and eating.

2. Milking Parlor or Stanchion Barn:

• A designated area for milking with proper infrastructure for milking equipment and cow restraint.

3. Adequate Ventilation:

• Proper airflow and ventilation prevent heat stress and maintain optimal air quality.

4. Efficient Manure Management:

• Effective systems for waste removal and cleaning prevent the buildup of harmful pathogens.

Differentiation: Pregnant cows require specific facilities for calving and gestation, while milking cows need infrastructure to facilitate efficient milking routines.

Conclusion: 
Providing appropriate housing for pregnant and milking cows is essential for their health, comfort, and productivity. Well-designed facilities contribute significantly to the overall welfare of dairy herds and the quality of milk production.

(c) Explain the role of birds in the transmission of zoonotic diseases.    (15 Marks)
Ans: 
Introduction: 
Birds play a significant role in the transmission of zoonotic diseases, which are infectious diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans. Understanding these interactions is crucial for public health and veterinary medicine.

Role of Birds in Zoonotic Disease Transmission:
1. Avian Influenza (Bird Flu):

• Birds, particularly waterfowl and migratory birds, are natural reservoirs for various strains of avian influenza viruses.
• These viruses can occasionally cross the species barrier, infecting humans and potentially causing severe respiratory illness.

2. Psittacosis (Parrot Fever):

• Caused by the bacterium Chlamydia psittaci, this disease is transmitted from infected birds to humans through inhalation of contaminated dust or droplets.
• Birds like parrots, pigeons, and poultry can carry the bacterium and pose a risk to handlers.

3. Salmonellosis:

• Birds, especially poultry (chickens, turkeys), can carry Salmonella bacteria in their intestines. Contaminated feces can spread the bacteria to their environment.
• Handling infected birds or consuming undercooked poultry products can lead to human infection.

4. Cryptococcosis:

• Caused by the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans, this disease is associated with pigeon droppings.
• Inhalation of fungal spores from contaminated environments can lead to respiratory and neurological infections in humans.

5. Histoplasmosis:

• Birds, particularly pigeons and starlings, can harbor the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum in their droppings.
• Inhalation of fungal spores from contaminated environments can lead to respiratory illness in humans.

Examples:

• In 2017, an outbreak of avian influenza (H7N9) in China was linked to live poultry markets, highlighting the potential for bird-to-human transmission of influenza viruses.
• Psittacosis outbreaks have been associated with pet bird exposure, particularly in individuals with close contact to infected birds without appropriate hygiene measures.

Conclusion: 
Birds can serve as carriers of various pathogens that can be transmitted to humans, leading to zoonotic diseases. Understanding these interactions is crucial for implementing preventive measures, such as improved hygiene practices and surveillance, to mitigate the risk of disease transmission between birds and humans. This knowledge is integral to both public health and veterinary medicine.

Q4:
(a) Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis and control of lumpy skin disease in cattle.    (20 Marks)
Ans:
Introduction: Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is a viral disease affecting cattle, caused by the Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV). It is an important concern in cattle farming due to its economic impact on livestock production.

Etiology:
1. Causative Agent:

• Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV), a member of the Capripoxvirus genus.

2. Transmission:

• Spread through direct contact with infected animals, biting insects (mechanical transmission), or contaminated equipment.

Pathogenesis:
1. Virus Entry and Replication:

• LSDV enters the body through skin wounds or mucous membranes.
• It replicates locally, causing cell damage and the characteristic skin lesions.

2. Immune Response:

• The body mounts an immune response, leading to fever and general malaise.

Symptoms:
1. Skin Lesions:

• Firm, round nodules on the skin, varying in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters.
• These lesions may coalesce, leading to large areas of affected skin.

2. Fever and General Signs:

• Elevated body temperature, loss of appetite, reduced milk production, and general weakness.

Diagnosis:
1. Clinical Signs:

• Observation of characteristic skin lesions.

2. Laboratory Testing:

• PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and serological tests for LSDV.

Control:
1. Vaccination:

• Vaccination with live attenuated or inactivated vaccines can provide immunity.

2. Vector Control:

• Implementing measures to control biting insects, which can transmit the virus.

3. Quarantine and Isolation:

• Infected animals should be quarantined to prevent further spread within the herd.

4. Biosecurity Measures:

• Strict hygiene practices and disinfection of equipment and premises.

Conclusion: 
Lumpy Skin Disease is a significant concern in cattle farming. Understanding its etiology, pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis, and control measures is crucial for effective management and prevention of outbreaks.

(b) Write the indications, anaesthetic regimen, surgical procedure and postoperative care of rumenotomy in buffaloes.    (20 Marks)
Ans: 
Introduction: 
Rumenotomy is a surgical procedure involving the incision of the rumen, a vital compartment of the digestive system in ruminants like buffaloes. This procedure is performed for various medical reasons.

Indications:
1. Foreign Body Removal:

• To extract ingested foreign objects that may cause obstruction or injury.

2. Treatment of Hardware Disease:

• Removal of metallic objects that have been ingested and lodged in the reticulum.

Anaesthetic Regimen:
1. General Anaesthesia:

• Buffaloes are generally administered a combination of sedatives and injectable anesthetics for induction.

2. Maintenance of Anaesthesia:

• Inhalation anesthesia using a gas anesthetic like isoflurane.

Surgical Procedure:
1. Positioning:

• The buffalo is positioned on its left side, and the surgical site is aseptically prepared.

2. Incision:

• A left paralumbar fossa approach is commonly used, where an incision is made to access the rumen.

3. Rumen Incision:

• The rumen is carefully incised, allowing access for removal of foreign bodies or treatment of underlying conditions.

Postoperative Care:
1. Antibiotics and Pain Management:

• Administration of antibiotics to prevent infection and analgesics for pain relief.

2. Fluid Therapy:

• Intravenous or oral fluids to maintain hydration and electrolyte balance.

3. Monitoring:

• Close monitoring of vital signs and rumen function in the postoperative period.

Conclusion: 
Rumenotomy is a critical surgical procedure in buffalo medicine, addressing conditions that could be life-threatening if not treated promptly. Proper anaesthetic management, surgical technique, and postoperative care are essential for the success of the procedure and the animal's recovery.

(c) Describe the collection and despatch of materials for disease diagnosis in poultry.    (10 Marks)
Ans: 
Introduction: 
Accurate diagnosis of diseases in poultry is crucial for effective disease management and prevention. Proper collection and handling of diagnostic materials are essential steps in the diagnostic process.

Collection of Materials:
1. Cloacal Swabs:

• Used for sampling the cloacal area to detect viruses like avian influenza or Newcastle disease.

2. Oropharyngeal Swabs:

• Samples from the oral and pharyngeal cavity are collected to detect respiratory pathogens.

3. Blood Samples:

• Venous blood is collected for serological tests to detect antibodies against specific pathogens.

4. Tissue Samples:

• Various tissues (e.g., liver, spleen, lungs) may be collected during necropsy for histopathology and microbial culture.

Proper Handling and Storage:
1. Labeling:

• Each sample container should be labeled clearly with relevant information (date, bird ID, farm ID).

2. Temperature Control:

• Samples should be kept cool but not frozen during transportation to maintain sample integrity.

3. Biosecurity Measures:

• Strict biosecurity protocols should be followed during sample collection to prevent contamination.

Despatch to Laboratory:
1. Packaging:

• Samples should be securely packaged to prevent leakage or breakage during transit.

2. Documentation:

• Relevant paperwork, including submission forms and diagnostic request forms, should be included.

3. Timely Dispatch:

• Samples should be sent to the diagnostic laboratory promptly to ensure accurate results.

Example:

• In the case of an outbreak of avian influenza on a poultry farm, timely and accurate collection and dispatch of samples (such as cloacal swabs and tissue samples) are crucial for identifying the specific strain and implementing appropriate control measures.

Conclusion:
Proper collection and dispatch of diagnostic materials in poultry are critical steps in disease diagnosis. Adherence to standard protocols ensures the integrity of samples and the accuracy of laboratory results, ultimately contributing to effective disease management in poultry populations.