Phase Contrast Microscopy | Zoology Optional Notes for UPSC PDF Download

Definition of Phase-Contrast Microscopy

Principle Underlying Phase-Contrast Microscopy

Operational Mechanism of Phase-Contrast Microscopy

This technique employs partially coherent illumination generated by a tungsten-halogen lamp. The light passes through a collector lens and is focused on a specialized annular component known as the condenser annulus, situated within the substage condenser front focal plane. 

• Wavefronts passing through this annulus illuminate the specimen and are either transmitted undeviated or diffracted and phase-retarded as they interact with structures within the specimen.
• The undeviated and diffracted light collected by the objective lens is separated at the rear focal plane by a phase plate, eventually forming the final phase-contrast image observed through the eyepieces.

Key Components of Phase-Contrast Microscopy

A phase-contrast microscope incorporates standard microscope components, with the addition of an annular phase plate and annular diaphragm, which are crucial for achieving phase contrast.

• Annular Diaphragm: This diaphragm, positioned below the condenser, consists of a circular disc with a circular annular groove. The annular groove allows light rays to pass through it and illuminate the specimen. At the back focal plane of the objective, the annular phase plate is placed. The annular diaphragm and phase plate work in tandem to produce phase contrast by distinguishing direct rays from diffracted rays based on the specimen's varying refractive indices. This differentiation results in varying levels of contrast for different components within the specimen.

• Phase Plate: The phase plate, either negative (with a thick circular area) or positive (with a thin circular groove), is a transparent disc. The thick or thin area in the phase plate is referred to as the conjugate area. The phase plate, combined with the annular diaphragm, creates the phase contrast by separating the direct rays (passing through the annular groove) from the diffracted rays (passing through the region outside the groove).

Applications of Phase-Contrast Microscopy

• Phase-contrast microscopy has a wide range of applications and is particularly useful for producing high-contrast images of transparent specimens. 
• Some of the notable applications include the examination of living cells in culture, microorganisms, thin tissue sections, lithographic patterns, fibers, latex dispersions, glass fragments, and subcellular particles such as nuclei and organelles. 
• Its utility extends to numerous areas of biological research.

Advantages of Phase-Contrast Microscopy

• The advantages of phase-contrast microscopy include the ability to observe living cells in their natural state without the need for fixation or staining.
• It enhances the visibility of highly transparent specimens, eliminating the requirement for extensive preparation. 
• This technique facilitates high-resolution examination of intracellular components within living cells, allowing for the study of dynamic processes such as mitochondrial motility and cell division.

Limitations of Phase-Contrast Microscopy

One significant limitation is the additional cost associated with phase-contrast condensers and objective lenses, making it less commonly used in teaching laboratories. Proper alignment of the light path is essential for phase-contrast imaging. Additionally, phase-contrast microscopy often demands more illumination compared to brightfield microscopy, as it relies on diminishing the brightness of most objects for improved contrast.