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Single Component Phase Diagrams | Chemistry Optional Notes for UPSC PDF Download
Introduction
The stability of phases can be predicted by the chemical potential, in that the most stable form of the substance will have the minimum chemical potential at the given temperature and pressure. This can be summarized in a phase diagram like the one shown below.
In this diagram, the phase boundaries can be determined by measuring the rate of cooling at constant temperature. A typical cooling curve is shown below. The temperature will decrease over time as a sample is allowed to cool. When κT the substance undergoes a phase change, say from liquid to solid, the temperature will stop changing while heat is extracted due to the phase change. The temperature at which the halt occurs provides one point on the boundary at the temperature of the halt and the pressure at which the cooling curve was measured.
The same data can be obtained by heating the system using a technique such as scanning calorimetry. In this experiment, heat is supplied to a sample at a constant rate, and the temperature of the sample is measured, with breaks occurring at the phase change temperatures.
Question for Single Component Phase DiagramsTry yourself: At what point does a phase change occur during the cooling of a substance?View Solution
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FAQs on Single Component Phase Diagrams - Chemistry Optional Notes for UPSC
| 1. What is a single component phase diagram? |  |
Ans. A single component phase diagram is a graphical representation that shows the various phases of a substance (such as solid, liquid, and gas) as a function of temperature and pressure for a single component system. It helps in understanding the behavior and stability of different phases of the substance under different conditions.
| 2. How can a single component phase diagram be used? | |
Ans. A single component phase diagram can be used to determine the conditions at which a substance transitions between different phases. It provides information about the temperature and pressure ranges in which a substance exists in a particular phase, such as solid, liquid, or gas. This information is valuable in various fields, including materials science, chemistry, and engineering.
| 3. What are the key features of a single component phase diagram? | |
Ans. The key features of a single component phase diagram include the phase boundaries, which represent the conditions at which two phases coexist in equilibrium. These boundaries can be solid-liquid, liquid-gas, or solid-gas boundaries. The diagram also shows the critical point, which is the temperature and pressure at which the substance undergoes a phase transition between liquid and gas phases.
| 4. How does temperature affect a single component phase diagram? | |
Ans. Temperature plays a crucial role in determining the phases present in a substance. Increasing the temperature can cause a phase transition, such as melting or boiling, leading to a change in the phase diagram. The phase boundaries in the diagram shift with temperature, indicating the range of temperatures at which different phases are stable.
| 5. How does pressure affect a single component phase diagram? | |
Ans. Pressure also influences the phases of a substance. Higher pressure can stabilize certain phases, causing the phase boundaries to shift. For example, increasing pressure can lead to the formation of a solid phase at higher temperatures than normal. Pressure can also affect the critical point, altering the conditions at which a substance transitions between liquid and gas phases.
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Dec 18, 2024 Last updated |
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