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Shankar IAS Summary: Environmental Impact Assessment - 3 | Famous Books for UPSC Exam (Summary & Tests) PDF Download

Components of EIA

  • The primary distinction between Comprehensive EIA and Rapid EIA is the temporal scope of the data supplied.

  • Assessment of damage to terrestrial flora and fauna includes the evaluation of the impact of air pollution and changes in land use and landscape.

Shankar IAS Summary: Environmental Impact Assessment - 3 | Famous Books for UPSC Exam (Summary & Tests)Terrestrial Flora and Fauna 

  • Assessment of damage to aquatic and marine flora and fauna, including commercial fishing, involves analyzing the consequences of physical disturbances and alterations.

  • Prediction of biological stresses within the impact zone of the proposed project anticipates potential impacts on the local ecosystem.

  • Delineation of mitigation measures involves outlining comprehensive strategies to prevent and/or reduce potential damage.

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Land Environment

  • It studies on soil characteristics, existing land use, topography, landscape, and drainage patterns within the impact zone.
  • Estimation of project impacts on land use, landscape, topography, drainage, and hydrology.
  • Identification of potential utility of treated effluent in land application and assessment of impacts.
  • Estimation and characterization of solid wastes with delineation of environmentally compatible disposal options.

Shankar IAS Summary: Environmental Impact Assessment - 3 | Famous Books for UPSC Exam (Summary & Tests)Land Environment

Socio-economic and Health Environment

  • Collection of demographic and socio-economic data.
  • Collection of epidemiological data, including studies on endemic diseases and morbidity rates in the population within the impact zone.
  • Projection of anticipated changes in socio-economic and health aspects due to the project.
  • Delineation of measures to minimize adverse impacts, including considerations for traffic congestion.
  • Assessment of the impact on significant historical, cultural, and archaeological sites/places in the area.
  • Evaluation of economic benefits arising from the project.
  • If applicable, evaluation of rehabilitation needs, with a particular focus on scheduled areas.

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Risk Assessment

  • Identifying hazards through the use of hazard indices, inventory analysis, dam break probability, and Natural Hazard Probability, among other methods.

  • Conducting Maximum Credible Accident (MCA) analysis to pinpoint potential hazardous scenarios.

  • Analyzing consequences of failures and accidents, such as fire, explosion, hazardous releases, and dam breaks.

  • Undertaking Hazard & Operability (HAZOP) studies for a comprehensive understanding.

  • Assessing risk based on the above evaluations.

  • Developing an onsite and offsite Disaster Management Plan for the project-affected area.

Shankar IAS Summary: Environmental Impact Assessment - 3 | Famous Books for UPSC Exam (Summary & Tests)Environmental Management System

Environment Management Plan

  • Outlining mitigation measures, encompassing prevention and control strategies for each environmental component, as well as a rehabilitation and resettlement plan.

  • Defining a monitoring scheme to ensure compliance with conditions.

  • Detailing an implementation plan, including scheduling and resource allocation.

Key Elements of an Initial Project Description and  Scoping

  • Key environmental issues related to project characteristics are outlined in Sectoral Guidelines published by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF) periodically.

  • The Initial Project Description (IPD) serves as a crucial document, providing essential information for project screening and scoping.

  • Specific details covered by the IPD include:

    1. Location and current land use, along with contours, and conformity to proposed development plans.
    2. Details of the proposed project activity, including project cost.
    3. Outline of key project elements during pre-construction, construction, and operation phases, as per the attached questionnaire.

Shankar IAS Summary: Environmental Impact Assessment - 3 | Famous Books for UPSC Exam (Summary & Tests)Project Scope

  • The IPD may also encompass:

    1. Off-site activities.
    2. Associated activities.
    3. Expected project-induced activities.
    4. Project activities are presented as a PERT chart and processes as a Flowchart, delineating unit processes with input-output.

  • This comprehensive information aims to facilitate the reviewer's task in assessing crucial aspects of project location and characteristics.

  • After suitable scoping, the project proponent should provide environmental information for consideration in the detailed Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). The reviewer, in evaluating the report, should focus on critical aspects related to project location and characteristics.

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Project Location(s)

  • The effective approach to minimizing the requirement of mitigation measures involves careful site selection.

  • Proposed project locations should undergo a review based on both regulatory and non-regulatory criteria.

  • Project siting restrictions are contingent on the sensitivity of the surrounding environment, assessed about proximity to places/sites listed in identified ecologically sensitive zones (ESZ) notified by MOEF.

  • Siting criteria delineated by MOEF include:

    1. Prime agricultural land/forest should preferably not be converted into an industrial site.
    2. Acquired land should be minimal but sufficient for a green belt where treated wastewater, if suitable, could be utilized.
    3. Adequate space for storing solid waste, potentially available for reuse in the future.
    4. The layout and form of the project must harmonize with the landscape without unduly affecting scenic features.
    5. Associated townships, if any, should provide for a photographic barrier and consider the predominant wind direction.

Shankar IAS Summary: Environmental Impact Assessment - 3 | Famous Books for UPSC Exam (Summary & Tests)Logo of MOEF

  • Additional specified distances to be maintained:

    1. Coastal Areas: at least 1/2 km from the high tide line.
    2. Estuaries: At least 200 meters from the estuary boundaries.
    3. Flood Plains of Riverine Systems: At least 500 meters from flood plains or modified flood plains.
    4. Transport/Communication System: At least 500 meters from highways and railways.
    5. Major Settlements (3,00,000 population): At least 25 km from the projected growth boundary.

  • Review the proposed project location concerning:

    • Ambient air, water, and noise quality standards.
    • Critically polluted areas.
    • Natural disaster-prone areas, ecologically sensitive areas.
    • Availability of water and other critical infrastructures like electricity, roads with adequate width and capacity.

Procedure for Public Hearing


Process of Public Hearing: Those applying for environmental clearance for projects must submit their application to the relevant State Pollution Control Board.

Notice of Public Hearing:

  • The State Pollution Control Board is responsible for issuing a notice for an environmental public hearing. This notice should be published in at least two newspapers widely circulated in the region around the project, with one publication in the vernacular language of the local area. The notice should include the date, time, and place of the public hearing. Public suggestions, views, comments, and objections are to be invited within thirty days from the date of publication.
  •  All individuals, including bona fide residents, environmental groups, and others situated at the project site or sites of displacement/impact, have the opportunity to participate in the public hearing. They can provide oral/written suggestions to the State Pollution Control Board.

Shankar IAS Summary: Environmental Impact Assessment - 3 | Famous Books for UPSC Exam (Summary & Tests)

Composition of Public Hearing Panel:
The composition of the Public Hearing Panel may include the following:
 1. Representative of the State Pollution Control Board.
 2. District Collector or their nominee.
 3. Representative of the State Government dealing with the subject.
 4. Representative of the Department of the State Government dealing with the Environment.
 5. Not more than three representatives of the area, nominated by the District Collector, who are senior citizens.

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Environmental Impact Assessment in the Indian System - Drawbacks and Recommendations

Drawbacks

Applicability: 

  1. Several projects with significant environmental impacts are exempted from the notification, either because they are not listed in Schedule 1 or their investments are less than specified in the notification.

Composition of Expert Committees and Standards:

  1. The team formed for conducting EIA studies lacks expertise in various fields such as environmentalists, wildlife experts, anthropologists, and social scientists to study the social impact of the project.

  2. There is a lack of exhaustive ecological and socio-economic indicators for impact assessment.

Shankar IAS Summary: Environmental Impact Assessment - 3 | Famous Books for UPSC Exam (Summary & Tests)

Public Hearing: 

  1. Public comments are not considered at the early stage, often leading to conflicts in the later stages of project clearance.

  2. Several projects with significant impacts are excluded from the mandatory public hearing process.

  3. Documents that the public is entitled to are seldom available on time.

  4. Data collectors do not respect the indigenous knowledge of local people.

Quality: 

  1. A major concern with the environmental clearance process is related to the quality of EIA reports. Reports are generally incomplete and provided with false data.

  2. EIA reports often ignore several aspects during assessments, and significant information is found to be omitted.

  3. Many EIA reports are based on single-season data and are not adequate to determine whether environmental clearance should be granted.

  4. The responsibility of commissioning the preparation of the EIA lies with the project proponent, creating a potential bias in the assessment process.

  5. The EIA document is bulky and technical, making it challenging to decipher for effective decision-making.

  6. Cases of fraudulent EIA studies are prevalent, with erroneous data being used and the same facts applied to different places due to the lack of a centralized baseline data bank.

  7. Lack of accreditation for EIA consultants allows those with a track record of fraudulent cases to avoid liability for discrepancies. Consultants may tailor information to provide clients with a favorable report, raising concerns about impartiality.

Shankar IAS Summary: Environmental Impact Assessment - 3 | Famous Books for UPSC Exam (Summary & Tests)Environmental Impact Assessment

Monitoring, Compliance, and Institutional Arrangements: 
  • Frequently, particularly for strategic industries like nuclear energy projects, Environmental Management Plans (EMPs) are kept confidential due to political and administrative considerations.
  • Information regarding the effectiveness and implementation of mitigation measures is frequently omitted.
  • Emergency preparedness plans are not sufficiently detailed, and the information is not adequately disseminated to the communities.

Recommendations

  1. Establishment of an autonomous EIA Authority
  2. Requirement for comprehensive sector-wide EIA
  3. Establishment of an information desk
  4. Establishment of a centralized baseline data bank
  5. Transparent sharing of all project-related information, from notification to clearance, with local communities and the general public.

Applicability: 
All projects with the potential for significant alteration of ecosystems must undergo the environmental clearance process without exception. No industrial developmental activity should be allowed in ecologically sensitive areas.

Public Hearing: 
Public hearings should apply to all previously exempt categories of projects with environmental impacts.

Quality: 

  1. The focus of EIA should shift from the utilization and exploitation of natural resources to the conservation of natural resources.
  2. Current EIA reports are weak in assessing the biological diversity of a project area and its consequent impacts. Specific guidelines and necessary amendments should address this gap.
  3. The checklist needs to encompass impacts on agricultural biodiversity, biodiversity-related traditional knowledge, and livelihoods.
  4. All EIA reports should transparently state the adverse impacts a proposed project will have, in a separate chapter and not hidden within technical details.
  5. Subcomponents or subsidiary reports of EIA reports (e.g., Assessments of Biodiversity impacts) should be publicly accessible as standalone reports with the EIA, available on the websites of the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MOEF).Shankar IAS Summary: Environmental Impact Assessment - 3 | Famous Books for UPSC Exam (Summary & Tests)Biodiversity
  6. EIAs should be based on comprehensive studies carried out over at least one year. Single-season data is not adequate to fully understand the impact of the proposed project, especially regarding environmental parameters like biodiversity.
  7. The preparation of an EIA must be entirely independent of the project proponent. One option for this could be the creation of a central fund for EIAs, containing fees deposited by project proponents while an EIA is conducted for their proposed project.
  8. State and central governments should maintain a list of credible, independent, and competent agencies capable of carrying out EIAs. Similarly, EIA consultants providing false reports should be blacklisted.
  9. A national-level accreditation for environmental consultancy should be adopted.

Grant of Clearance: 

  1. The notification needs to clarify that the provision for site clearance does not imply any commitment on the part of the Impact Assessment agency to grant full environmental clearance.
  2. Prior informed consent of local communities and urban wards or residents' associations needs to be made mandatory before the grant of environmental clearance. The consent should be from the full general body.
  3. The language used to specify conditions of clearance must be clear and specific.

Composition of Expert Committees: 

  1. The present executive committees should be replaced by experts from various stakeholder groups who are reputable in environmental and other relevant fields.
  2. The process of selecting these committees should be open and transparent. The minutes, decisions, and advice by these committees should be open to the public.

Monitoring, Compliance, and Institutional Arrangements: 

  1. The EIA notification needs to incorporate an automatic withdrawal of clearance if the conditions are violated, introducing more stringent punishment for non-compliance. Currently, the EIA notification limits itself to the stage when environmental clearance is granted.
  2. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MOEF) should set up more regional offices with advisory expert committees, each with smaller areas of jurisdiction, to effectively monitor compliance with clearance conditions.
  3. A robust monitoring mechanism should be established by the state department to address compliance with both sets of clearance conditions together and to take punitive action against the project proponent in case of non-compliance.
  4. Local communities should be involved in the formal monitoring and reporting process of compliance, currently done by the regional offices of the MOEF.

Redressal: 

  1. The composition of the National Green Tribunal (NGT) needs to be changed to include more judicial experts from the field of the environment.
  2. Citizens should have access to the authority for redressal of all violations of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) notification as well as issues relating to non-compliance.

Shankar IAS Summary: Environmental Impact Assessment - 3 | Famous Books for UPSC Exam (Summary & Tests)Logo of National Green Tribunal

Capacity Building: 
NGOs, civil society groups, and local communities need to build their capacities to use the EIA notification for better decision-making on projects that can impact their local environments and livelihoods. Capacities should be built proactively and effectively to use the notification rather than responding in a manner seen as negative or unproductive.

List of Environmentally Sensitive Places

  • Religious and historic places
  • Archaeological monuments/sites
  • Scenic areas
  • Hill resorts/mountains/hills
  • Beach resorts
  • Health resorts
  • Coastal areas rich in corals, mangroves, breeding grounds of specific species
  • Estuaries rich in mangroves, breeding ground of specific species
  • Gulf areas
  • Biosphere reserves
  • National parks and wildlife sanctuaries
  • Natural lakes, swamps
  • Seismic zones
  • Tribal settlements
  • Areas of scientific and geological interest
  • Defense installations, especially those of security importance and sensitive to pollution

Shankar IAS Summary: Environmental Impact Assessment - 3 | Famous Books for UPSC Exam (Summary & Tests)Gir National Forest Park

  • Border areas (international)
  • Airports
  • Tiger reserves/elephant reserves/turtle nesting grounds
  • Habitat for migratory birds
  • Lakes, reservoirs, dams
  • Streams/rivers/estuaries/seas
  • Railway lines
  • Highways
  • Urban agglomeration

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Environment Supplement Plan (ESP)

  • An Environmental Supplemental Plan (ESP) is an environmentally beneficial project or activity voluntarily undertaken by an alleged violator of the Environmental Impact Assessment Notification, 2006 as part of the environmental clearance process.
  • "Environmentally beneficial" means an ESP must remediate, improve, protect the environment, or reduce risks to public health or the environment.

Proposals under ESP

  • ESP allows violator companies to continue their activities by paying a financial penalty, which is then invested in an "environmentally beneficial project or activity" for an affected target group of stakeholders.

Advantages

  • Many developmental projects currently stalled due to non-compliance with the EIA regime or improper EIA preparation could be revived through ESP.
  • The "Bad Loans" issue plaguing the banking sector could be substantially resolved by reviving stalled projects.

Disadvantages

  • ESP is seen as an attempt to legalize EIA violations and gain corporate confidence, potentially allowing violators to damage the environment and circumvent the EIA process.
  • Around 41% of cases filed in the National Green Tribunal (NGT) involve faults with an EIA assessment, indicating a significant issue with EIA violations in developmental projects.
  • Critics argue that ESP indirectly allows the pardoning of violations, contradicting the "Polluters Pay Principle" and promoting a "Pay and Pollute" principle.

Shankar IAS Summary: Environmental Impact Assessment - 3 | Famous Books for UPSC Exam (Summary & Tests)

  • The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) stated that the notification has legal basis in two judgments, but neither of them condones post facto regularization of EIA violations nor prescribes a way out for violators.
  • Valuation of environmental loss cannot be justly compensated by pecuniary payment from the violator.
  • Doubts exist about the proper collection and utilization of the fine amount for restoration, as no mechanism has been proposed to utilize the collected funds.
  • ESP is criticized for providing an escape mechanism to violators, allowing them to circumvent the path of EIA clearance by paying a penalty through specific investment activities.

PARIVESH (Pro-Active and Responsive facilitation by Interactive, Virtuous, and Environmental Single-window Hub)

  • PARIVESH is a unified environmental management system, offering a single-window integrated platform for various clearances, including Environment, Forest, Wildlife, and CRZ (Coastal Regulation Zone).
  • It introduces a streamlined process with a single registration and sign-in feature for project proponents, providing a unique ID applicable to all types of clearances required for a specific project.
  • The system's key features include a comprehensive single-window interface, allowing proponents to submit applications for diverse clearances such as Environment, Forests, Wildlife, and CRZ.
  • PARIVESH aims to enhance efficiency by simplifying clearance procedures and providing an all-encompassing platform for a range of environmental clearances.
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FAQs on Shankar IAS Summary: Environmental Impact Assessment - 3 - Famous Books for UPSC Exam (Summary & Tests)

1. What are the components of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)?
Ans. The components of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) typically include the identification and assessment of potential environmental impacts of a proposed project, the prediction and evaluation of these impacts, and the development of appropriate mitigation measures to minimize or eliminate adverse effects.
2. What are the key elements of an Initial Project Description and Scoping in EIA?
Ans. The key elements of an Initial Project Description and Scoping in EIA include a clear and comprehensive description of the project, its objectives, and its anticipated environmental impacts. It also involves identifying the key stakeholders and their concerns, determining the scope and boundaries of the assessment, and establishing the baseline environmental conditions for comparison.
3. What are the drawbacks of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) system in India?
Ans. The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) system in India has several drawbacks, including inadequate public participation and consultation, limited consideration of cumulative impacts, inadequate monitoring and compliance mechanisms, lack of transparency, and delays in the decision-making process.
4. What are some recommendations for improving the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) system in India?
Ans. Some recommendations for improving the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) system in India include enhancing public participation and consultation, incorporating a comprehensive assessment of cumulative impacts, strengthening monitoring and compliance mechanisms, increasing transparency in the decision-making process, and reducing delays through streamlined procedures.
5. What is the importance of an Initial Project Description and Scoping in Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)?
Ans. An Initial Project Description and Scoping in Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is important as it provides a foundation for the entire assessment process. It helps in identifying the project's potential environmental impacts, determining the scope of the assessment, establishing baseline conditions for comparison, and involving stakeholders in the decision-making process.
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