UPSC Mains Answer PYQ 2013: History Paper 2 (Section A) | History Optional for UPSC (Notes) PDF Download

SECTION - A

Q1:
(a) "Duplex made a cardinal blunder in looking for the key of India in Madras: Clive sought and found it in Bengal."
Ans:
Introduction
The British East India Company's expansion in India during the 18th century was characterized by strategic maneuvers and battles that determined the control of the subcontinent. Among the significant figures in this period were French General Thomas dupleix and British General Robert Clive. Their strategies and decisions in seeking dominance in India highlight differing approaches and their impact on the British conquest of India.
Analysis of the Statement

1. Duplex’s Focus on Madras
   

   • Explanation: Thomas dupleix, the French Governor-General of French India, concentrated his efforts on consolidating control over Madras, a strategically important port on the southeastern coast of India. Dupleix's approach was focused on expanding French influence in the region through military and diplomatic means.

   • Example: Despite initial successes, including the capture of Madras in 1746, Dupleix’s fixation on Madras limited his strategic vision. His failure to capitalize on the broader political and economic opportunities elsewhere in India, particularly in the more lucrative and politically significant Bengal region, was a strategic blunder.

2. Clive’s Strategic Focus on Bengal
   

   • Explanation: Robert Clive, representing the British East India Company, shifted the focus of British expansion to Bengal, which was a major economic and political center. Clive’s strategic acumen lay in recognizing the significance of Bengal’s wealth and political influence, which was crucial for establishing British dominance in India.

   • Example: The pivotal Battle of Plassey in 1757, led by Clive, resulted in the defeat of the Nawab of Bengal and the consolidation of British control over the region. This victory granted the British East India Company immense revenue and political power, laying the foundation for British rule in India.

3. Impact of Strategic Choices
   

   • Explanation: Dupleix's focus on Madras led to a prolonged struggle with the British, but it did not yield the decisive control over India. In contrast, Clive’s strategic decision to focus on Bengal provided the British East India Company with significant economic resources and political leverage.

   • Example: The wealth derived from Bengal enabled the British East India Company to strengthen its position and extend its influence across India. The revenue from Bengal was crucial in financing further military campaigns and administrative expansion, solidifying British control over the subcontinent.

Conclusion
Thomas dupleix’s strategic blunder in concentrating on Madras, rather than the more lucrative Bengal region, contrasted sharply with Robert Clive’s successful focus on Bengal. Clive’s decision to seek and secure control over Bengal provided the British East India Company with critical economic and political advantages, which ultimately facilitated the consolidation of British rule in India. This strategic shift was pivotal in the establishment of British dominance in the Indian subcontinent.

(b) Swami Vivekananda opined that "We should give our ancient spirituality and culture and get in return Western Science, technology, methods of raising the standard of life, business integrity and technique of collective effort."
Ans:
Introduction
Swami Vivekananda, a prominent figure in the 19th-century Indian renaissance, advocated for a synthesis of Indian spirituality and Western science. His statement reflects a vision for India where ancient cultural values are preserved while embracing modern advancements to improve society's overall quality of life. This approach underscores the need for a balanced integration of traditional and contemporary knowledge to achieve holistic development.

1. Ancient Spirituality and Culture
   

   • Explanation: Swami Vivekananda emphasized the importance of retaining India's rich spiritual and cultural heritage. He believed that these aspects of Indian tradition provided a strong moral and ethical foundation.

   • Example: Concepts such as non-violence (ahimsa) and self-discipline from Indian spirituality have influenced global ethical discussions and personal well-being.

2. Western Science and Technology
   

   • Explanation: Vivekananda encouraged adopting Western advancements in science and technology, which he saw as essential for modernizing India. This includes techniques that improve living standards and efficiency.

   • Example: The adoption of Western medical practices, engineering techniques, and industrial technology significantly boosted India's infrastructure and healthcare system.

3. Methods of Raising the Standard of Life
   

   • Explanation: Vivekananda recognized the need to enhance the quality of life through practical, scientific methods. He believed that integrating Western techniques in education and industry could uplift society.

   • Example: The introduction of modern education systems and vocational training helped in skill development and economic progress, which were crucial for India's development.

4. Business Integrity and Collective Effort
   

   • Explanation: He highlighted the importance of adopting Western standards of business ethics and collective efforts. Integrity and teamwork are key components of successful modern enterprises.

   • Example: Western practices such as transparent financial reporting and collaborative business strategies were incorporated into Indian business practices, fostering growth and competitiveness.

Conclusion
Swami Vivekananda's vision of integrating ancient Indian spirituality with Western science and technology reflects a progressive approach to national development. By preserving cultural values while embracing modern advancements, India could enhance its standard of living and societal well-being. This balanced approach allowed for the advancement of both spiritual depth and practical progress, contributing to the holistic development of Indian society.

(c)  “Ryotwari falls into three stages – early, middle and late, and the only description common to all is that it is mode of settlement with small farmers, so small, indeed, that their average holding is, on recent figures, only about 6.5 acres.”
Ans:
Introduction
The Ryotwari system was a land revenue system introduced by the British in India during the 19th century, primarily to replace the traditional Zamindari system. It involved direct settlement between the government and the individual cultivator (ryot). This system evolved through three distinct stages—early, middle, and late—each reflecting changes in policy and administration.
Detailed Explanation

1. Early Ryotwari System
   

   • Explanation: The early phase of the Ryotwari system was characterized by the establishment of direct assessment of land revenue from individual cultivators, bypassing intermediaries like zamindars. The focus was on creating a stable revenue source for the British administration.

   • Example: The initial implementation in areas like the Madras Presidency and parts of Bombay Presidency laid the groundwork for this system, emphasizing direct land assessment and payment.

2. Middle Ryotwari System
   

   • Explanation: During the middle phase, the system underwent refinements to address issues of fairness and practicality. The revenue rates were often adjusted, and efforts were made to stabilize the financial burden on small farmers.

   • Example: Revisions were made to the rates and procedures for land measurement and revenue collection, reflecting a growing understanding of agricultural needs and economic pressures.

3. Late Ryotwari System
   

   • Explanation: In the late stage, the system was further institutionalized with a focus on long-term sustainability. Despite improvements, the system's inherent challenges remained, including its impact on small farmers.

   • Example: The average holding size, reported at about 6.5 acres, indicated the system's focus on managing numerous small holdings rather than large estates. This stage saw efforts to improve land records and revenue collection methods.

Conclusion
The Ryotwari system evolved through early, middle, and late stages, each adapting to the changing needs of land revenue administration and agricultural practices. Despite its intention to streamline revenue collection and directly engage with cultivators, the system's impact on small farmers—evidenced by the average holding size of about 6.5 acres—highlighted the ongoing challenges of managing numerous small landholdings. The Ryotwari system's legacy reflects both its administrative innovations and its limitations in addressing the complexities of rural agrarian life.

(d) "Many of us who worked for the Congress programme lived in a kind of intoxication during the year 1921. We were full the excitement and optimism. We had a sense of freedom and a pride in that freedom."
Ans:
Introduction
The year 1921 was a pivotal moment in India's freedom struggle, marked by heightened enthusiasm and a renewed sense of purpose among Congress workers. This period of excitement and optimism was driven by the intense political activities and mass mobilization led by the Indian National Congress. The statement reflects the emotional and psychological state of those involved in the independence movement during this time.
Detailed Explanation

1. Political Context of 1921
   

   • Explanation: The year 1921 was significant due to the mass mobilization efforts of the Indian National Congress under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. This period saw the launch of the Non-Cooperation Movement, which aimed at challenging British rule through nonviolent means.

   • Example: The Congress party's call for non-cooperation with the British government included boycotting British goods, schools, and legal courts, and promoting self-reliance. This widespread participation created a sense of unity and collective purpose.

2. Sense of Freedom and Optimism
   

   • Explanation: The Congress workers and supporters experienced a profound sense of freedom and pride as they engaged in the nationalist cause. This feeling was fueled by the visible impact of their activities and the growing support from various sections of society.

   • Example: The successful boycott of British goods and the establishment of alternative institutions such as national schools and courts contributed to this sense of achievement and empowerment.

3. Emotional and Psychological Impact
   

   • Explanation: The emotional state described as “intoxication” reflects the exhilaration and euphoria among Congress workers. The collective effort and sacrifices made during this period led to a strong feeling of pride and a belief in the inevitability of India's freedom.

   • Example: The large-scale participation in rallies, meetings, and the widespread engagement in non-cooperation activities demonstrated the high spirits and commitment of the Congress workers.

Conclusion
The year 1921 was a period of remarkable enthusiasm and optimism for Congress workers, driven by the momentum of the Non-Cooperation Movement. The sense of freedom and pride experienced by the participants was a testament to their dedication and the tangible progress achieved through their collective efforts. This period of "intoxication" symbolized the deep emotional and psychological impact of the independence movement on those actively involved in shaping India's future.

(e) "Gandhi's body is in jail but his soul in with you, India's prestige is in your hands, you must not use any violence under any circumstances. You will be beaten but you must not resist; you must not raise a hand to ward off blows."
Ans:
Introduction
The statement underscores the essence of Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy of nonviolence (Ahimsa) and the moral strength expected of his followers during India's struggle for independence. It reflects the crucial principles of passive resistance that Gandhi espoused, particularly emphasizing the importance of maintaining dignity and nonviolence in the face of brutality.

1. Gandhi’s Philosophy of Nonviolence
   

   • Explanation: Gandhi's approach to the independence movement was grounded in the principle of nonviolent resistance. He believed that true strength lay in the ability to endure suffering without retaliation. This philosophy aimed to morally disarm the oppressors by showcasing the dignity and moral high ground of the oppressed.

   • Example: The Salt March of 1930 is a prime example where Gandhi and his followers peacefully protested against the British salt tax. Despite being beaten and arrested, the participants did not resort to violence, which drew global attention to their cause.

2. Moral Responsibility and Self-Restraint
   

   • Explanation: The statement urges Gandhi's followers to uphold India's prestige through their unwavering commitment to nonviolence. It stresses that the true measure of their strength is in their ability to remain peaceful, even when provoked or attacked.

   • Example: During the Quit India Movement in 1942, many activists were arrested, beaten, and even killed, yet they maintained their nonviolent stance, reinforcing the moral authority of the independence movement.

3. Symbolic Power of Nonviolent Resistance
   

   • Explanation: Gandhi believed that nonviolence was not merely a strategy but a way of life that could transform society. By not resisting violence, the freedom fighters demonstrated their moral superiority and undermined the legitimacy of British rule.

   • Example: The impact of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in 1919, where unarmed civilians were brutally killed, galvanized Indian society and strengthened the resolve to pursue nonviolent resistance against colonial oppression.

Conclusion
The statement encapsulates the core of Gandhi's teachings on nonviolent resistance and the ethical conduct expected of his followers. By enduring violence without retaliation, Gandhi's followers not only upheld India's prestige but also showcased the moral strength and resilience necessary to achieve true freedom. This unwavering commitment to nonviolence played a pivotal role in garnering international support and ultimately led to India’s independence.

Q2:
(a) "Weaving", says R. C. Dutt, "was the national industry of the people spinning was the pursuit of millions of women." Indian textiles went to England and other parts of Europe, to China and Japan and Burma and Arabia and Persia and parts of Africa. Elucidate.
Ans:
Introduction
Indian textile production, particularly weaving and spinning, played a crucial role in the economic and cultural life of India. As R. C. Dutt notes, weaving was a national industry, and spinning was widely practiced by women. Indian textiles were highly prized and traded extensively, reaching markets in Europe, Asia, and Africa.
Detailed Explanation

1. Weaving as a National Industry
   

   • Explanation: Weaving was not only a significant source of employment but also a cultural tradition passed down through generations. The craftsmanship and variety of Indian textiles, such as muslin, silk, and cotton, were renowned for their quality and artistic designs.

   • Example: The fine muslin from Bengal, known for its delicate and intricate weaving, was highly sought after in European markets. Similarly, the vibrant silk textiles from Varanasi were popular across Asia and the Middle East.

2. Spinning as a Women's Pursuit
   

   • Explanation: Spinning was predominantly done by women, providing them with a means of livelihood and contributing significantly to household incomes. This practice was deeply integrated into the rural economy and social structure.

   • Example: The widespread practice of spinning is evident from the ubiquitous presence of the spinning wheel (charkha) in Indian households, symbolizing self-reliance and economic participation of women.

3. Global Trade of Indian Textiles
   

   • Explanation: Indian textiles were a major export commodity, significantly contributing to the country's trade. These textiles were exported to various parts of the world, showcasing the extensive reach and demand for Indian craftsmanship.

   • Example: Indian textiles were traded to England, influencing the textile industry there. Additionally, Indian cotton fabrics were highly valued in markets like China and Japan. The textiles also found their way to the Middle East, Africa, and Southeast Asia, highlighting their global appeal.

4. Economic and Cultural Impact
   

   • Explanation: The export of Indian textiles played a crucial role in the economic prosperity of the region. It also facilitated cultural exchanges, as the intricate designs and techniques influenced textile production in other parts of the world.

   • Example: The influence of Indian textile designs can be seen in Persian and Ottoman textiles, where Indian motifs and weaving techniques were adapted and incorporated into local traditions.

Conclusion
The statement by R. C. Dutt underscores the importance of weaving and spinning in India's economic and cultural life. The extensive trade of Indian textiles to various parts of the world highlights the global influence and high demand for Indian craftsmanship. This industry not only provided livelihoods to millions but also facilitated cultural exchanges and contributed to the economic prosperity of the region.

(b) "The first point to note is the continuing importance of religion and philosophy as vital ingredients in the modern Indian Renaissance. Indeed,there is as much reason forregarding it as a reformation as there is for treating it as a Renaissance." Critically examine.
Ans:
Introduction
The modern Indian Renaissance, spanning the 19th and early 20th centuries, was marked by a profound transformation in Indian society, culture, and thought. Religion and philosophy played a crucial role in this period, shaping the reform movements and intellectual resurgence. This period can be viewed both as a Renaissance, reviving ancient Indian values and knowledge, and as a Reformation, challenging and reforming existing religious and social practices.
Detailed Explanation

1. Religion and Philosophy as Central Elements
   

   • Explanation: Religion and philosophy were pivotal in the modern Indian Renaissance, serving as foundations for intellectual and social reform. Thinkers and reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Swami Vivekananda, and Mahatma Gandhi used religious and philosophical ideas to address contemporary issues and inspire change.

   • Example: Raja Ram Mohan Roy's efforts to abolish sati and promote women's education were deeply rooted in his reinterpretation of Hindu scriptures, emphasizing rationality and humanism.

2. Reformation Aspect
   

   • Explanation: The modern Indian Renaissance can be seen as a Reformation due to its emphasis on reforming and purifying religious practices. Reformers sought to eliminate superstitions, caste discrimination, and gender inequality by reinterpreting religious texts and promoting ethical living.

   • Example: The Brahmo Samaj, founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy, aimed to reform Hinduism by discarding idol worship, caste distinctions, and rituals, promoting monotheism and rationality instead.

3. Renaissance Aspect
   

   • Explanation: Simultaneously, this period was a Renaissance as it involved a revival of ancient Indian knowledge, arts, and sciences. Intellectuals delved into classical texts and philosophies, seeking to rejuvenate India's rich cultural heritage and adapt it to modern contexts.

   • Example: Swami Vivekananda's teachings emphasized the Vedanta philosophy, advocating for spiritual awakening and self-reliance, which inspired many Indians to embrace their cultural identity while engaging with modernity.

4. Impact on Modern Indian Society
   

   • Explanation: The dual nature of the modern Indian Renaissance as both a Reformation and a Renaissance had a profound impact on Indian society, fostering a sense of national identity and laying the groundwork for the freedom struggle.

   • Example: Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy of non-violence and civil disobedience was deeply influenced by his understanding of Hinduism and Jainism, blending religious principles with political activism to mobilize masses for independence.

Conclusion
The modern Indian Renaissance was a complex and multifaceted movement, encompassing both the revival of ancient wisdom and the reformation of contemporary practices. Religion and philosophy were integral to this period, driving social and intellectual changes that continue to shape modern Indian society. By critically examining religious and philosophical traditions, reformers and thinkers of this era succeeded in forging a path that honored India's past while striving for a progressive future.

Q3:
(a) "At the dawn of the twentieth century Lord Curzon, the Viceroy of India, was full of hostility towards the Indian Congress and he confidentially reported to the Secretary of State in November 1900: My own belief is that the Congress is tottering to its fall, and one of my greatest ambitions while in India is to assist it to a peaceful demise."
Ans:
Introduction
At the turn of the 20th century, the Indian National Congress was a significant political entity in India, striving for greater self-governance under British rule. However, the British administration, particularly under Lord Curzon, viewed it with suspicion and hostility. Lord Curzon's efforts to undermine the Congress reflected his broader strategy to consolidate British control and suppress nationalist sentiments.

1. Lord Curzon’s Hostility towards the Congress
   

   • Explanation: Lord Curzon, the Viceroy of India from 1899 to 1905, saw the Indian National Congress as a threat to British authority. He perceived the Congress's growing influence and demands for self-governance as undermining British control. Curzon's approach was to diminish the Congress's power and influence.

   • Example: Curzon implemented a series of measures to curtail the influence of Indian political movements, including the partition of Bengal in 1905, which was seen as a deliberate attempt to divide and weaken the nationalist movement.

2. Efforts to Undermine the Congress
   

   • Explanation: Curzon’s administration took active steps to suppress the Congress and its activities. This included increased surveillance, censorship of nationalist publications, and restrictions on political gatherings.

   • Example: The partition of Bengal, which split the largely Bengali-speaking region into two provinces, was justified by administrative convenience but was widely perceived as an attempt to break Hindu-Muslim unity and weaken the nationalist movement.

3. Congress’s Resilience and Response
   

   • Explanation: Despite Curzon's efforts, the Indian National Congress adapted and grew stronger, galvanizing public opinion against British policies. The partition of Bengal, in particular, sparked widespread protests and united various sections of Indian society in opposition to British rule.

   • Example: The Swadeshi Movement emerged as a direct response to the partition, promoting Indian goods and boycotting British products. This movement not only strengthened the Congress but also fostered a sense of national unity and self-reliance.

4. Long-term Impact
   

   • Explanation: Curzon's policies, rather than leading to the demise of the Congress, inadvertently strengthened the nationalist movement. The opposition to the partition of Bengal marked a significant shift in Indian politics, with increased participation from various social groups and a more assertive demand for self-rule.

   • Example: The partition was eventually annulled in 1911, demonstrating the effectiveness of the nationalist movement and the growing pressure on the British administration to reconsider its policies.

Conclusion
Lord Curzon’s ambition to see the Indian National Congress "tottering to its fall" not only failed but backfired, leading to a stronger, more unified nationalist movement. His policies, particularly the partition of Bengal, acted as a catalyst for greater political activism and unity among Indians, setting the stage for the future struggle for independence. Curzon's tenure highlighted the British administration's underestimation of Indian political consciousness and the resilience of the Indian nationalist movement.

(b) "Thought the Act of 1919 was superseded by that of 1935, the preamble to the former was not repealed - the preservation of the smile of the Cheshire cat after its disappearance, and the latter said nothing about Dominion Status." Elucidate.
Ans:
Introduction
The Government of India Act 1919 and the Government of India Act 1935 were significant legislative milestones in the British colonial administration of India. While the 1935 Act superseded the 1919 Act, it did not repeal the preamble of the latter, which had promised progressive realization of self-governing institutions. This situation is metaphorically likened to the "smile of the Cheshire cat after its disappearance" from Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland, indicating a lingering promise without substantial fulfillment, as the 1935 Act did not explicitly mention Dominion Status.

1. Government of India Act 1919
   

   • Explanation: The Act of 1919, also known as the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, introduced a system of dyarchy in the provincial governments, dividing subjects into "transferred" and "reserved" categories. It promised gradual progress towards self-governing institutions, which was explicitly stated in its preamble.

   • Example: The preamble assured Indians of a path towards self-governance, creating expectations for eventual full autonomy.

2. Government of India Act 1935
   

   • Explanation: The Act of 1935 introduced a more comprehensive federal structure and provincial autonomy but did not repeal the 1919 preamble. It omitted any explicit reference to Dominion Status, which was a growing demand of Indian nationalists.

   • Example: The 1935 Act provided for a federal government and more autonomy for provinces, yet it retained significant control in British hands, thus failing to satisfy the demand for complete self-rule.

3. Metaphor of the Cheshire Cat
   

   • Explanation: The metaphor of the Cheshire cat's smile represents the lingering presence of the 1919 preamble's promises despite the 1935 Act not fulfilling those promises. It signifies the hollow assurance of progress towards self-governance.

   • Example: The 1935 Act's silence on Dominion Status, despite the 1919 preamble's promises, illustrates the British reluctance to grant full autonomy to India, thereby maintaining a semblance of commitment without concrete actions.

4. Impact on Indian Nationalist Movement
   

   • Explanation: The omission of Dominion Status in the 1935 Act frustrated Indian nationalists, leading to increased demands for complete independence rather than mere dominion status.

   • Example: The failure to address Dominion Status in the 1935 Act contributed to the rise of the Quit India Movement in 1942, which demanded an end to British rule.

Conclusion
The Government of India Act 1935, while more progressive than its predecessor, failed to address the crucial issue of Dominion Status, leaving the promises of the 1919 preamble unfulfilled. This situation is aptly captured by the metaphor of the Cheshire cat's lingering smile, signifying an illusion of progress without real substance. The continued ambiguity and lack of concrete commitments in the 1935 Act only intensified the Indian nationalist struggle for complete independence, setting the stage for the eventual end of British colonial rule in India.

Q4:
(a)  “Notwithstanding the quest for modernity and the antagonism that guided Nehru’s attitude towards the inequalities inherent in the social structure in rural India, the Congress Party did not carry out a concerted campaign against discrimination based on caste. Nehru’s own perception was the industrial growth was bound to break the stranglehold of this feudal remnant. This, however, did not happen in India”. Examine
Ans:
Introduction
Jawaharlal Nehru, India's first Prime Minister, envisioned a modern, industrialized nation free from the feudal and caste-based discrimination that plagued rural India. Despite his vision and the Congress Party's efforts, the deep-rooted caste system remained resilient, and industrial growth did not eliminate caste-based inequalities as anticipated.
Nehru's Vision and the Congress Party's Approach

1. Nehru’s Quest for Modernity
   

   • Explanation: Nehru sought to modernize India through industrialization, believing that economic growth would naturally erode social hierarchies, including caste discrimination.

   • Example: Nehru’s emphasis on establishing large-scale industries and promoting scientific temper aimed to shift focus from traditional social structures to a more progressive, egalitarian society.

2. Congress Party's Campaign
   

   • Explanation: While the Congress Party aimed to address social inequalities, it did not prioritize a concerted campaign against caste discrimination. The focus was more on political and economic reforms.

   • Example: The Congress Party's policies during Nehru’s tenure included land reforms and the abolition of zamindari, but these did not directly tackle caste-based discrimination.

Persistence of Caste-Based Inequalities

1. Limited Impact of Industrialization
   

   • Explanation: Contrary to Nehru’s belief, industrial growth did not automatically dismantle caste structures. Caste-based discrimination persisted in both urban and rural settings.

   • Example: Even in industrialized areas, employment practices often reflected caste biases, and social mobility for lower castes remained limited.

2. Structural Challenges
   

   • Explanation: The entrenched nature of caste in Indian society posed significant challenges. Social reforms required more than economic changes; they needed a cultural shift, which was slow to materialize.

   • Example: Educational and employment opportunities for lower castes improved marginally, but societal acceptance and eradication of caste prejudices lagged behind.

Conclusion
Nehru's vision of modernity through industrialization was a significant step towards transforming India, but it fell short of eradicating caste-based discrimination. The Congress Party’s limited focus on caste issues and the deeply ingrained social hierarchies meant that economic growth did not equate to social equality. The persistence of caste-based inequalities underscores the need for targeted social reforms alongside economic development to achieve true social justice.

(b) “The reorganization resulted in rationalizing the political map of India without seriously weakening its unity. If anything, its result has been functional, in as much at it removed what had been a major source of discord, and created homogeneous political units which could be administered through a medium that the vast majority of the population understood. Indeed, it can be said with the benefit of hindsight that language, rather than being a force for division, has proved a commenting and integrating influence.” Examine.
Ans:
Introduction
The reorganization of states in India, particularly following the States Reorganisation Act of 1956, aimed to address administrative inefficiencies and regional discontent by creating states based on linguistic and cultural similarities. This reorganization sought to preserve India's unity while accommodating its diverse linguistic and cultural landscape.
Rationalization of the Political Map

1. Creation of Linguistic States
   

   • Explanation: The States Reorganisation Act of 1956 redefined the political boundaries of Indian states primarily based on language, thereby creating states where the majority of the population spoke the same language.

   • Example: The formation of Andhra Pradesh (originally the Andhra State) in 1953 as the first linguistic state, followed by the creation of states like Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Maharashtra.

2. Enhanced Administrative Efficiency
   

   • Explanation: By aligning administrative boundaries with linguistic and cultural identities, the reorganization aimed to streamline governance and improve administrative efficiency.

   • Example: Regional languages became the official languages of their respective states, facilitating better communication between the government and the populace.

Functional Results and Integration

1. Reduction of Regional Discord
   

   • Explanation: Prior to reorganization, there were frequent agitations and demands for separate states based on linguistic and cultural identities. The reorganization addressed these demands, reducing regional tensions.

   • Example: The reorganization helped alleviate tensions in regions like Punjab, where linguistic and ethnic divisions had previously led to discord.

2. Language as a Unifying Force
   

   • Explanation: Rather than fostering division, the use of regional languages as the medium of administration and education strengthened the sense of identity and unity within states.

   • Example: In states like Gujarat and Maharashtra, the use of Gujarati and Marathi respectively as the medium of administration reinforced regional identity while integrating diverse communities within the states.

Conclusion
The reorganization of Indian states based on linguistic lines effectively rationalized the political map of India without undermining its unity. By addressing regional grievances and creating more homogeneous administrative units, the reorganization enhanced governance and reduced regional discord. Far from being a source of division, language proved to be a unifying factor, fostering integration and administrative efficiency within the diverse Indian landscape.