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Notices of Interpol

Why in News?

Concerns have recently emerged regarding the potential misuse of Interpol's notice system. This is particularly concerning the issuance of blue corner notices, which are subject to less scrutiny compared to red corner notices. Notably, the number of blue notices has roughly doubled in the past decade. Critics argue that some countries exploit these protocols to target political refugees and dissidents.

What is the Interpol Notice System?

• About: The Interpol Notice System is an essential information-sharing network designed to assist national police forces in combating transnational crime. Interpol's General Secretariat issues notices to member states regarding missing or wanted individuals. Although these notices are not mandatory, they are often treated similarly to arrest warrants, facilitating extradition processes.
• Requesting Authority: Notices can be issued at the request of:
  • A member country's Interpol National Central Bureau.
  • International Criminal Tribunals and the International Criminal Court for individuals wanted for serious crimes, including genocide and war crimes.
  • The United Nations regarding sanctions imposed by the Security Council.

What are the Concerns Regarding the Misuse of Interpol Notice?

• Blue Notice vs Red Notice:
  • Blue Notice: Known as an "enquiry notice," it allows police forces in member states to share critical crime-related information, including verifying a person's criminal history and current location. Blue notices are issued before any criminal charges are filed.
  • Blue notices help apprehend individuals sought for prosecution or to serve a sentence based on an arrest warrant or court ruling. Interpol can respond to requests from any member country, regardless of whether it is the individual’s country of origin, as long as the alleged crime occurred there.
  • Individuals may be detained while traveling through a member state, which can lead to further negative consequences, such as the freezing of their bank accounts.
  • However, Interpol does not possess the authority to compel law enforcement agencies in any country to arrest someone based on a blue notice; the decision rests solely with those agencies.
• Controversy Surrounding Red Notice: Though Interpol's Constitution explicitly prohibits any political activities, there are claims that this rule is not adequately enforced. For instance:
  • Russia has been known to issue notices against Kremlin critics, accounting for 38% of all public red notices, as reported by the US rights organization Freedom House.
  • International human rights organizations have accused countries like China, Iran, Turkey, and Tunisia of misusing Interpol's notice system for authoritarian purposes.
  • Interpol declined India's repeated requests to issue a red corner notice against Gurpatwant Singh Pannun, labeled a "terrorist" by Indian authorities under the UAPA, citing insufficient information and noting that his actions have a "clear political dimension," which falls outside the scope of a red corner notice under Interpol's Constitution.
• Interpol’s Stand: In response to growing criticism, Interpol has enhanced the oversight of its red notice system. Nevertheless, concerns remain regarding the issuance of blue notices.

The Schengen Zone in Europe

Why in News?

Kosovo recently gained visa-free access to the Schengen zone, which is the world's largest area of free movement, marking it as the last Western Balkan nation outside the EU to eliminate visa requirements. This allows Kosovars to travel as tourists for 90 days within a 180-day period.

The Schengen area, named after a small village in Luxembourg, has expanded since its inception in 1985, now encompassing 27 European countries that have removed border controls between them. This area operates under a unified visa policy for international travel.

• Croatia, which joined the EU in 2013, became a Schengen member in 2023.
• Romania and Bulgaria, both EU members since 2007, are set to gain partial Schengen entry on March 31, 2024.

The Schengen agreement allows travelers to move freely across member countries with a single visa, symbolizing European integration. It has been crucial for the success of Europe's post-war unity movement.

• Initially, when the Schengen agreement was put into effect in 1995, only seven out of fifteen EU states participated.
• Currently, 23 of the 27 EU states are part of this borderless area, with Cyprus, Romania, Bulgaria, and Ireland being exceptions.
• The area also includes four non-EU countries: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Switzerland, and Norway.

However, the Schengen zone has faced significant challenges, particularly during the Eurozone debt crisis and the influx of migrants from conflict regions in Africa and West Asia. The rise of anti-immigrant sentiments, fueled by far-right political movements, has further strained the area.

At one point, the EU contemplated removing certain countries from Schengen as individual nations considered reinstating border controls unilaterally.

The situation for Kosovo is particularly complicated, as the European Commission had cleared its readiness to manage illegal migration and corruption as early as 2018, prerequisites for Schengen membership.

• However, several EU nations oppose Kosovo's entry due to their non-recognition of Kosovo's 2008 declaration of independence from Serbia.
• Kosovo's lack of formal recognition by the UN and by countries like Russia and China further complicates its status.

What is the European Union (EU)?

The EU is a supranational political and economic union of 27 member states located primarily in Europe, established by the Maastricht Treaty in 1993 and recognized as an international legal entity by the Treaty of Lisbon in 2009.

What was the Eurozone crisis?

The European debt crisis, also known as the Eurozone crisis or European sovereign debt crisis, was a prolonged financial crisis that affected the EU from 2009 until the mid to late 2010s.

Northern Ireland Conflict

Why in News?

Recently, a politician advocating for Irish unity has made history by becoming the first Nationalist First Minister of Northern Ireland. This event occurs amidst a political deadlock that reflects the region's intricate divisions. The development, rooted in Northern Ireland's troubled history, suggests a potential shift towards reconciliation and more inclusive governance.

How did Northern Ireland Come into Being?

• The Troubles: Northern Ireland experienced a brutal civil conflict known as 'The Troubles' from 1968 to 1998, which resulted in over 3,500 deaths. The conflict predominantly pitted Republicans, primarily Catholics, against Unionists, largely Protestants.
• Historical Context: The origins of the conflict can be traced back to 1609 when King James I initiated a migration policy encouraging English and Scottish settlers to move to Ulster, resulting in a demographic shift and subsequent tensions with the native Irish population.
• Resistance Against Colonial Rule: The Irish Catholic population's resistance against English colonialism intensified after the devastating Potato Famine of 1845, which caused the death of over 1 million people. This period marked a significant rise in nationalist sentiments.
• Formation of Northern Ireland: Following a protracted struggle, Ireland gained independence through the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921. However, it was divided into two regions, with six counties remaining under British control, forming what we know today as Northern Ireland.

What is the Background of Political Deadlock in Northern Ireland?

• The political impasse in Northern Ireland arose largely due to disagreements regarding border controls after Brexit. Following the UK's exit from the European Union, Northern Ireland became the only part of the UK sharing a land border with an EU member, the Republic of Ireland.
• To address potential border issues, the UK and EU implemented the Northern Ireland Protocol, which aimed to avoid a hard border by establishing a trade border at Irish ports, effectively creating a sea border between Northern Ireland and the rest of the UK.
• This arrangement was contentious, particularly for the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), which viewed the protocol as detrimental to Northern Ireland's status within the UK and a violation of the Good Friday Agreement principles.
• The DUP's opposition resulted in their withdrawal from the power-sharing government, as they believed the protocol compromised Northern Ireland's position and contradicted the agreement that ensured free movement across borders.
• Eventually, a renegotiation of the border controls and assurances regarding Northern Ireland's status led to the DUP's agreement to rejoin the government.

What is the Good Friday Agreement?

• Overview: The Good Friday Agreement, also referred to as the Belfast Agreement, is a significant peace treaty signed on April 10, 1998, aimed at ending the violence that plagued Northern Ireland during The Troubles.
• Key Provisions:
  • Power Sharing: The agreement established a devolved government in which power is shared between Unionists and Republicans, ensuring that both communities have representation in governance.
  • Consent Principle: It introduced the principle of consent, meaning any change in Northern Ireland's status would require the majority approval of its populace. This provision allows for the possibility of reunification with Ireland, contingent on public support.
  • Human Rights: The agreement emphasizes the necessity of human rights and equality for all citizens, regardless of their political or religious affiliations.
  • Decommissioning of Weapons: Although immediate disarmament of paramilitary groups was not mandated, a process for the gradual decommissioning of weapons was established, aligning with the implementation of the agreement's other aspects.
  • Cross-Border Cooperation: The agreement promotes collaboration and reconciliation between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, as well as broader UK-Ireland relations, fostering economic, social, and cultural ties.

Conclusion

The success of the Good Friday Agreement hinges on the commitment of all parties to overcome divisions, embrace diversity, and build a unified future founded on mutual respect. Through sustained efforts towards peace and reconciliation, Northern Ireland can fully realize its potential as a society that honors its rich cultural heritage while pursuing shared prosperity.

India-UAE Relations

Why in News?

Recently, India and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) signed eight agreements aimed at enhancing collaboration in crucial areas like investments, electricity trade, and digital payment systems.

Key Highlights of the Pact Signed Between India-UAE:

• Interlinking of Digital Payment Platforms: Agreements were made to connect India's UPI and UAE's AANI, facilitating smooth cross-border transactions and improving financial connectivity.
• Interlinking Domestic Debit/Credit Cards: A pact was signed to link RuPay (India) with JAYWAN (UAE), which will promote the usage of RuPay in the UAE and enhance financial cooperation.
• Bilateral Investment Treaty: This treaty is considered a "Key Enabler" for further investments, with the UAE being a major investor in India's infrastructure sector, committing USD 75 billion in projects.
• Intergovernmental Framework Agreement on India-Middle East Economic Corridor (IMEC): This agreement promotes regional connectivity and cooperation, announced during the G20 summit in September 2023.
• Energy Cooperation: Agreements were established for electrical interconnection and trade, enhancing energy security and trade relations, particularly focusing on long-term LNG contracts.
• Cultural Cooperation: A cooperation protocol was signed for the preservation of archival materials and support for the Maritime Heritage Complex at Lothal, Gujarat.
• Gratitude for BAPS Temple Construction: India expressed thanks to the UAE for providing land for a temple in Abu Dhabi, highlighting its role in fostering cultural ties.
• Port Infrastructure Development: Agreements were signed to improve port infrastructure and connectivity between India and the UAE, enhancing trade logistics.
• Bharat Mart: The foundation stone for Bharat Mart was laid, which aims to integrate retail, warehousing, and logistics in Dubai, potentially boosting exports from India's micro, small, and medium sectors.

How have India-UAE Bilateral Relations Been So Far?

• About: Diplomatic relations were established in 1972, and significant progress was made following India's Prime Minister's visit in 2015, leading to a strategic partnership.
• Economic Relations: Bilateral trade reached USD 85 billion in 2022-23, making the UAE India's third-largest trade partner. The aim is to exceed USD 100 billion in merchandise trade.
• Cultural Relations: With over 3.3 million Indians in the UAE, there is a strong cultural exchange, including participation in events like the International Day of Yoga.
• Fintech Collaboration: Initiatives like the acceptance of RuPay cards and local currency settlement systems illustrate the growing synergy in digital payments.
• Energy Security Cooperation: The UAE plays a vital role in India's energy security, storing strategic oil reserves in India.
• Strategic Regional Engagement: Both nations are collaborating in regional initiatives, reflecting their shared interests.

What are the Challenges in India-UAE Relations?

• Trade Barriers Impacting Indian Exports: Non-tariff barriers, such as mandatory Halal certification, have hindered Indian exports, particularly in processed foods.
• Chinese Economic Influence in the UAE: China's financial strategies have overshadowed Indian economic initiatives in the region.
• Challenges of the Kafala System: The Kafala system raises human rights concerns, impacting migrant workers in the UAE.
• Concerns Over UAE's Financial Support to Pakistan: The UAE's financial aid to Pakistan poses risks, given Pakistan's history of terrorism related to India.
• Diplomatic Balancing Act Amid Regional Conflicts: India faces challenges in balancing its relations in the region amid ongoing conflicts, such as the Israel-Hamas war.

Way Forward

• India and the UAE should work collaboratively to eliminate trade barriers affecting exports, especially in processed foods.
• Increasing Indian investments in key sectors will enhance economic presence in the UAE.
• Both nations can counter Chinese influence by promoting fair business practices.
• Improving the rights of migrant workers, including reforming the Kafala system, should be a priority.

What is ‘Order of the Druk Gyalpo?

Why in News?

Recently, the Prime Minister of India received Bhutan’s highest civilian award, the ‘Order of the Druk Gyalpo’, during his two-day State visit to the neighbouring nation.About Order of the Druk Gyalpo

About:

• The Order of the Druk Gyalpo is Bhutan's most prestigious civilian honor.
• This award is designated for individuals who have made significant contributions to society, exemplifying the values of service, integrity, and leadership.
• It is recognized as a decoration for lifetime achievement, ranking above all other orders, decorations, and medals in Bhutan.
• The current Prime Minister of India was awarded this honor in recognition of his exceptional contributions to enhancing India-Bhutan relations and his dedicated service to the Bhutanese people.
• He is the first foreign head of government to be awarded Bhutan’s highest civilian honor.

Notable previous recipients include:

• Her Majesty The Royal Queen Grandmother Ashi Kesang Choden Wangchuck (2008)
• His Holiness Je Thrizur Tenzin Dendup (2008)
• His Holiness Je Khenpo Trulku Ngawang Jigme Choedra (2018)

India's Push for Security Council Reform: The G4 Model

Why in news?

Participating in the Intergovernmental Negotiations on Security Council Reform, India has put forth a comprehensive proposal representing the G4 nations regarding the reform of the United Nations Security Council. This model advocates for new permanent members to be elected through a democratic process by the UN General Assembly and demonstrates flexibility regarding the veto issue. The G4, which includes Brazil, Germany, India, and Japan, was established in 2004 to promote necessary reforms in the Security Council.

Key Features of the G4 Proposed Model:

• Addressing Under-representation: The model identifies the significant under-representation of key regions within the current composition of the Security Council, suggesting that this lack of representation undermines its legitimacy and efficiency.
• Membership Expansion: The G4 model proposes to increase the Security Council's membership from the current 15 to 25 or 26 members. This expansion would include adding six permanent members and four or five non-permanent members. Specifically, it recommends two new permanent seats each from African and Asia-Pacific nations, one from Latin American and Caribbean countries, and one from Western Europe and other states.
• Flexibility on Veto: Unlike the existing system where only the five permanent members possess veto power, the G4 model suggests that new permanent members would not exercise veto rights until a decision is made on this matter during a review process, showcasing their commitment to constructive dialogue.
• Democratic and Inclusive Election: The proposal emphasizes that the selection of states for the new permanent seats should occur through a democratic process facilitated by the UN General Assembly, ensuring inclusivity.

What is the United Nations Security Council?

• Established under the UN Charter in 1945, the Security Council is one of the six main organs of the UN. It consists of 15 members, including five permanent members (P5) and ten non-permanent members elected for two-year terms. The permanent members are the United States, Russia, France, China, and the United Kingdom. According to Oppenheim's International Law, permanent membership was granted to these five nations based on their significant roles in the aftermath of World War II. India has served as a non-permanent member during various terms, including 1950-51, 1967-68, 1972-73, 1977-78, 1984-85, 1991-92, 2011-12, and 2021-22.

Why does the UN Security Council Need to be Reformed?

• Representation and Legitimacy: The Security Council plays a vital role in maintaining peace and resolving conflicts through binding decisions affecting all member states. For these decisions to be respected globally, the Council must have the necessary authority and legitimacy, which requires better representation of the current global landscape.
• Outdated Composition: The Security Council's current makeup reflects a geopolitical context from decades ago, with only minor adjustments made in 1963/65. With 142 new nations joining the UN since its creation, regions such as Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean lack adequate representation, making reform essential.
• Recognition of Contributions: The UN Charter states that countries making significant contributions to the organization should have a role in the Security Council. This principle supports the candidacy of nations like India, Germany, and Japan for permanent seats, reflecting their valuable contributions to the UN’s mission.
• Risk of Alternative Decision-Making Forums: Without reforms, there is a likelihood that decision-making could migrate to alternative forums, undermining the Security Council's efficacy. Such competition could be detrimental to the collective interests of member states.
• Misuse of Veto Power: The use of veto power has faced ongoing criticism for being a tool of a privileged few nations that lack democratic legitimacy and hinder essential decisions when they conflict with the interests of any of the P-5 members. In today's global security context, it is widely seen as ineffective to rely on exclusive decision-making frameworks.

What is the Procedure of UN Security Council Reforms?

Amending the UN Security Council requires a modification of the UN Charter, which follows a two-stage procedure as outlined in Article 108:

• First Stage: The General Assembly, consisting of 193 member states, must approve the reform with a two-thirds majority, which equates to at least 128 votes. Notably, the right of veto does not apply in this stage, according to Article 27 of the Charter.
• Second Stage: Once the first stage is approved, the UN Charter, recognized as an international treaty, must be amended. This amendment requires ratification by at least two-thirds of the member states, including all five permanent members, following their national procedures. The ratification process could be influenced by the parliaments of the permanent members, affecting the implementation of the amended Charter.

Way Forward

• Engagement and Consensus Building: Promoting inclusive discussions and consultations among member states, especially focusing on underrepresented regions like Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean. It is crucial to find common ground and build consensus on the principles and goals of Security Council reform, emphasizing the need for representation, legitimacy, and effectiveness.
• Amending the UN Charter: Encourage collaboration among all stakeholders, including the five permanent members, to ease the ratification process and ensure that the amended Charter reflects the current global realities.
• Addressing Veto Power: Investigate potential reforms regarding the use of veto power within the Security Council, considering proposals that balance the need for decisive action with fairness and inclusivity. This includes fostering transparency and accountability in veto usage to align it with the Council's mandate of maintaining international peace and security.
• Strengthening Council Effectiveness: Improve the Council's ability to respond quickly and effectively to emerging global challenges, such as conflicts, humanitarian crises, and threats to international security. Promoting collaboration with other UN bodies, regional organizations, and relevant stakeholders will enhance peacekeeping and conflict resolution efforts.