Ethics: Many Facets of Truth (June 2024) | Current Affairs & Hindu Analysis: Daily, Weekly & Monthly - UPSC PDF Download

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For centuries, philosophers have debated the nature of truth, its knowability, and whether it is universal or subjective, resulting in a variety of viewpoints.

What are the Perspectives of Different Thinkers on Truth? 

• Correspondence Theory: Thinkers like Aristotle and Bertrand Russell argue that truth is determined by how well our statements or thoughts correspond to the external world. A statement is true if it accurately reflects reality. For instance, "The grass is green" is true because the grass possesses the property of greenness in the real world. However, this theory does not explain abstract truths (e.g., mathematical theorems) that do not directly correspond to the physical world.
• Coherence Theory: Thinkers like Immanuel Kant and Friedrich Hegel claim that truth is defined by the internal consistency of ideas. A statement is true if it is coherent with an existing framework of knowledge. For example, scientific theories are deemed true when they are internally consistent and explain a broad range of phenomena. However, this theory may result in closed belief systems that resist new evidence that contradicts the current framework.
• Pragmatic Theory: Thinkers such as William James and John Dewey suggest that the truth of a statement is determined by its practical usefulness and its capacity to lead to successful outcomes. For example, the theory of gravity is considered true because it allows us to predict the movement of objects and construct stable structures. This theory makes truth relative to context and does not account for objective facts independent of human utility.

Mahatma Gandhi's Search for Truth

• Divine Truth and Non-Violence: Gandhi’s truth was more than just factual accuracy. He equated it with the ultimate reality, or God. Truth is naturally evident, but it becomes clear only when the ignorance surrounding it is removed. This absolute truth can be understood through non-violence (ahimsa). His truth was not merely a concept but an eternal principle equivalent to God, making the pursuit of truth and the practice of non-violence inseparable. The never-ending quest for truth involved introspection, continuous questioning, and the readiness to acknowledge mistakes, viewing truth as an ongoing journey of self-discovery rather than a fixed goal.
• Truth in Action: Gandhi's dedication to truth extended to his methods of protest. He developed Satyagraha, meaning "truth force." Satyagrahis, Gandhi's followers, aimed to awaken the conscience of the oppressor through acts of civil disobedience and unwavering truthfulness.

What are the Dilemmas and Complexities of Truth?

• The Complexity of Truth: The three lions on the Ashokan pillar, part of India's national emblem, symbolize three perspectives of truth: my truth, your truth, and an observer's truth. The fourth, unfathomable dimension of truth often leads to the saying, "God only knows the truth." For instance, during an election, the job of the Election Commission of India becomes difficult. The challenge arises when political parties often engage in caste or communal speech by using clever language, making it hard for the election commission to take action. The Model Code of Conduct (MCC) prohibits explicit appeals on these grounds, but loopholes allow political parties to make divisive statements indirectly.
• The Dilemma of Truth and Deception: Historical and mythological narratives, such as Yudhishthira's half-truth in the Mahabharata, highlight the ethical dilemmas encountered when truth is manipulated. Yudhishthira's declaration of Ashwathama's death led to a misunderstanding that resulted in Dronacharya's demise. This story emphasizes the moral complexities that arise when truth is twisted for strategic purposes, showing the potential loss of moral high ground.

Conclusion

The principle of "Satyameva Jayate" remains a guiding light for India's democratic ethos. However, the practical application of this principle in our day-to-day lives requires a strong commitment to ethical conduct by all stakeholders. It must be backed by a collective moral awakening among political leaders and citizens alike. Ensuring that truth prevails in the democratic process necessitates continuous vigilance, introspection, and a steadfast commitment to the rule of law and ethical values.