UPSC Exam > UPSC Notes > Indian Economy for UPSC CSE > Cheat Sheet: Human Development
Cheat Sheet: Human Development | Indian Economy for UPSC CSE PDF Download
Definition & Context
- Human Development: Expansion of people's freedoms and capabilities to lead lives they value.
- Coined by UNDP, measured via Human Development Index (HDI): Life expectancy, Education, and GNI per capita.
Key Indicators of Human Development
Health Scenario in India
- Burden of Disease: Double burden – Communicable & Non-communicable diseases.
- Out-of-Pocket Expenditure: ~47% of total health expenditure.
- Health Infrastructure: Shortage in PHCs and CHCs, regional disparity.
- Schemes:
- Ayushman Bharat (PM-JAY + HWCs)
- National Health Mission (NHM)
- POSHAN Abhiyaan (nutrition)
- PM ABHIM (Public Health Infrastructure Mission)
- Sanitation: Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
- Drinking Water: Jal Jeevan Mission
Education Scenario
- Literacy Rate (2021–22): ~77.7% (NSO)
- NEP 2020: Holistic education, 5+3+3+4 structure, focus on early childhood and vocational education.
- Schemes:
- Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan
- Mid-Day Meal Scheme / PM POSHAN
- Digital India e-Learning initiatives: DIKSHA, SWAYAM
- Education for All (SSA) – now merged under Samagra Shiksha
Demographics & Census Data
- Census 2011 (latest available):
- Population: 1.21 billion
- Dependency Ratio: ~52%
- Youth Population (15–29): ~27%
- SECC (2011): For targeted welfare delivery (caste, income, housing data)
- Next Census pending post-2021
Skill Development & Employment
Schemes:
- PMKVY (Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana)
- Skill India Mission
- National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme
Employment:
- High informal sector (~90%)
- PLFS 2022–23: UR ~4.1% (overall), Female UR ~3.2%, increased LFPR
- Gig & Platform Economy: Emerging challenge and opportunity
Social Welfare & Poverty Alleviation
Schemes:
- MGNREGS – rural employment guarantee
- PM Awas Yojana (urban + rural)
- National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
- PM Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY) – free ration
Poverty:
- Tendulkar Committee (2009): ₹33/day urban, ₹27/day rural (old)
- Global MPI: India lifted ~415 million out of poverty (2005–21)
Other Development Indicators
- Gender Inequality Index (GII): India lags in women’s labour force participation and political representation.
- Environmental Sustainability: A key component of HD.
- Human Capital Index (World Bank): India ranks low due to nutrition and education gaps.
Challenges
- Regional and social disparity in health and education.
- Underfunded public health system.
- Skilling not aligned with market demand.
- Persistent rural-urban divide in services access.
The document Cheat Sheet: Human Development | Indian Economy for UPSC CSE is a part of the UPSC Course Indian Economy for UPSC CSE.
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FAQs on Cheat Sheet: Human Development - Indian Economy for UPSC CSE
| 1. What are the key indicators of human development? |  |
Ans. The key indicators of human development typically include health, education, and standard of living. Health is often measured by life expectancy and access to healthcare services. Education indicators include literacy rates and enrollment ratios in primary, secondary, and higher education. Standard of living can be assessed through income levels, poverty rates, and access to basic services such as clean water and sanitation.
| 2. How is the health scenario in India assessed in the context of human development? | |
Ans. The health scenario in India is assessed through various metrics such as life expectancy at birth, infant mortality rate, maternal mortality rate, and prevalence of diseases. Access to healthcare services and facilities, as well as the effectiveness of public health initiatives, are also critical components. The National Health Mission and various health surveys contribute to understanding healthcare accessibility and quality.
| 3. What is the significance of education in human development, particularly in India? | |
Ans. Education is a crucial factor in human development as it enhances individuals' skills, knowledge, and awareness, leading to better job opportunities and economic growth. In India, initiatives like the Right to Education Act aim to provide free and compulsory education for children, improving literacy rates and educational attainment. A well-educated population is essential for innovation and social progress.
| 4. How do demographics and census data influence human development policies in India? | |
Ans. Demographics and census data play a vital role in shaping human development policies by providing insights into population size, age distribution, gender ratios, and urban-rural divides. This data helps policymakers identify specific needs, allocate resources effectively, and develop targeted programs for population segments. For example, understanding the youth population's size can lead to enhanced skill development programs.
| 5. What challenges does India face in terms of social welfare and poverty alleviation? | |
Ans. India faces several challenges in social welfare and poverty alleviation, including income inequality, inadequate access to basic services, and unemployment. The vast population contributes to the complexity of implementing effective welfare programs. Additionally, issues such as corruption, bureaucratic inefficiencies, and regional disparities hinder progress in alleviating poverty and improving social welfare outcomes.
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