Weekly Current Affairs (22nd to 31st July 2025) | General Test Preparation for CUET UG - CUET Commerce PDF Download

China Begins World’s Largest Hydropower Dam Project

Why in News?
On July 22, 2025, China commenced the construction of the world's largest hydropower dam on the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. This ambitious project, with an estimated cost exceeding $170 billion, is designed to be China's most significant hydropower initiative since the Three Gorges Dam. It aims to produce 300 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity annually, which is roughly equivalent to the electricity consumption of the United Kingdom in 2024. The dam is strategically located on the Yarlung Zangbo River, which subsequently flows into India and Bangladesh as the Brahmaputra River. This undertaking has raised numerous environmental and geopolitical concerns while positively influencing Chinese markets.

Key Takeaways

• The dam consists of five cascade hydropower stations, utilizing a 2,000-meter drop across 50 kilometers.
• Operational by the 2030s, it primarily aims to supply power to Tibet and various regions in China.
• The project is projected to significantly boost China's GDP, adding up to 120 billion yuan in a peak construction year.

Additional Details

• Economic Impact: The announcement of the dam project led to a surge in Chinese financial markets, particularly in construction and engineering sectors. Companies involved in cement, explosives, and tunnel equipment have also seen significant stock increases.
• Analysts regard mature hydropower projects as stable investments, akin to bonds, providing a crucial economic stimulus in light of slowing growth in China.
• Environmental Concerns: While authorities emphasize ecological conservation, NGOs raise alarms about potential irreversible damage to the Tibetan Plateau's biodiversity and the uncertain impact on downstream ecosystems.
• Geopolitical Issues: Countries like India and Bangladesh have expressed concerns regarding water security, particularly in states like Arunachal Pradesh, where reduced river flow could affect 80% of the water supply. Flooding risks in downstream regions such as Assam add to these tensions.
• Social Impact: The project may create job opportunities similar to the Three Gorges Dam, which previously displaced nearly a million people. The potential displacement of local communities remains a critical concern, though the government has not disclosed specific plans for relocation.

In conclusion, the construction of the world's largest hydropower dam by China represents a major step in renewable energy development but carries significant ecological, geopolitical, and social implications that must be carefully managed.

New Bills of Lading Law 2025

Why in News?
The Indian Parliament has recently approved the Bills of Lading Bill, 2025, which replaces the outdated Indian Bill of Lading Act of 1856. This new legislation aims to modernize and streamline regulations concerning shipping documents, thereby enhancing efficiency and legal clarity in shipping processes.

Key Takeaways

• The Bills of Lading Bill, 2025 updates the legal framework governing bills of lading.
• It allows for the transfer of rights and liabilities to consignees and endorsees named in the bill.
• The bill permits bills of lading to be valid even if the goods have not yet been shipped.
• There are concerns regarding potential misuse of the new provisions.
• The bill does not yet include regulations for electronic bills of lading.

Additional Details

• Bill of Lading: A document issued by a freight carrier to a shipper, detailing the type, quantity, condition, and destination of goods.
• The legislation aims to address concerns about fraud risks associated with bills of lading for goods that haven't shipped.
• The government assures that safeguards are in place, with plans to introduce further legislation for electronic bills of lading in the future.
• The law supports India's broader vision under the Sagarmala programme to enhance port efficiency and logistics.

This new law is expected to significantly impact India's shipping and ports sector by improving legal clarity, thereby boosting competitiveness in maritime trade and helping India position itself as a global shipping hub.

Election Process Of The Vice-President Of India

Why in News?
The recent resignation of Jagdeep Dhankhar from the position of Vice-President in 2025 has sparked renewed interest in the election process for this significant constitutional role.

Key Takeaways

• The Vice-President is elected by an Electoral College comprising members of both Houses of Parliament.
• Voting is conducted through a secret ballot using the single transferable vote (STV) system.
• Eligibility for candidates includes being an Indian citizen, at least 35 years old, and qualified to be a Rajya Sabha member.
• The Vice-President serves a term of five years but remains in office until a successor is elected.

Additional Details

• Electoral College: The Electoral College consists of elected and nominated members of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. Unlike the Presidential elections, state legislative assemblies do not participate in this electoral process.
• Voting System: Members of the Electoral College rank candidates in order of preference. A candidate must achieve a quota of votes, which is half of the valid votes plus one, to secure victory.
• Eligibility Criteria: To be eligible for the Vice-Presidency, candidates must not hold any office of profit under the government and must be qualified to be a member of the Rajya Sabha.
• Term Continuity: The Vice-President’s term is five years, but they can resign before the term ends, as evidenced by past Vice-Presidents including Jagdeep Dhankhar.
• Re-Election: There are no restrictions on former Vice-Presidents running for office again, allowing them to contest immediately or after a gap.
• Historical Context: Jagdeep Dhankhar is the third Vice-President to resign before completing their term, following VV Giri and R Venkataraman.

This election process is crucial for maintaining the integrity and continuity of the Vice-Presidency in India, ensuring that there is always a functioning office-holder.

Arctic Winter Warming Transforms Svalbard’s Climate Landscape

Why in News?
The Svalbard archipelago is experiencing significant changes in its winter climate, particularly evident in Ny-Ålesund, where temperatures have risen well above historical norms. This ongoing warmth has led to unprecedented snow and ice melting during what is typically the coldest season, illustrating the severe impact of human-induced climate change on Arctic winters.

Key Takeaways

• February 2025 recorded average temperatures in Ny-Ålesund at -3.3°C, with peaks reaching 4.7°C, marking an unusual warm spell for the region.
• Warming winters are driven by various feedback mechanisms, including sea ice loss and increased moisture.
• Environmental changes have led to new ice layers forming and significant alterations in local ecosystems.
• The stability of human infrastructure and research activities is at risk due to thawing permafrost and increased avalanche risks.
• Long-term trends indicate a shift in Arctic winters from frozen to thawing conditions, necessitating adaptive strategies.

Additional Details

• Record Winter Temperatures: In February 2025, temperatures in Ny-Ålesund remained above freezing for half the month, which is highly unusual and accompanied by rainfall instead of snow.
• Physical Feedbacks Driving Arctic Winter Warming:The Arctic's rapid winter warming is attributed to feedback mechanisms such as:
  • Loss of sea ice in summer, allowing heat absorption by oceans.
  • Heat release during winter raises air temperatures.
  • Increased moisture results in more cloud cover, trapping heat.
• The 2025 winter saw ice layers form in the snowpack, leading to temporary lakes and affecting vegetation.
• Thick ice crusts formed from refreezing meltwater block gas exchanges in soil, impacting microbial communities and increasing methane emissions.
• These changes threaten wildlife, particularly herbivores like reindeer, by limiting access to forage and destabilizing ecosystems.
• Research stations in Ny-Ålesund have had to reinforce foundations due to ground instability from permafrost thaw.

The warming trends observed in February 2025 signify a critical change in Arctic winter climates, indicating a shift that may require new approaches to environmental management, wildlife conservation, and ongoing scientific research in the Arctic region.

National Sports Governance Bill 2025

Why in News?

The National Sports Governance Bill 2025 was introduced in India's Parliament to enhance transparency and accountability in sports administration. It specifically targets national sports bodies, including the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI), with the goal of establishing a robust regulatory framework that promotes athlete welfare.

Key Takeaways

• The bill aims to improve governance in Indian sports through transparency and ethical practices.
• It focuses on athlete welfare, fair play, and integrity.
• Long-standing issues such as opaque election processes and weak athlete representation are being addressed.

Additional Details

• Institutional Structure: The bill mandates the formation of key bodies including the National Olympic Committee, National Paralympic Committee, National Sports Federations (NSFs), and Regional Sports Federations, streamlining administration and promoting consistent standards across various sports.
• Dispute Resolution Mechanism: A National Sports Tribunal will be established as the exclusive forum for resolving disputes related to elections and selections within sports federations, aiming to reduce court litigation and expedite grievance redressal.
• Governance Reforms: The bill standardizes election procedures and increases athlete representation in decision-making roles. It also addresses gender imbalance and introduces financial transparency requirements to combat corruption.
• Impact on BCCI: The BCCI will be subject to the bill’s regulations, needing to seek annual recognition from the National Sports Board while maintaining its autonomy. All disputes involving BCCI will be handled by the National Sports Tribunal.
• Age and Tenure Provisions: The bill allows officials over 70 to complete their terms and permits up to three consecutive four-year terms with a one-term cooling-off period before re-election.
• Complementary Anti-Doping Legislation: The National Anti-Doping (Amendment) Bill, 2025 aligns the National Anti-Doping Agency (NADA) with World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) standards, ensuring independent operation of disciplinary and appeals panels.
• Challenges Addressed: The bill tackles ten major issues in Indian sports, including frequent litigation, poor athlete representation, gender imbalance, financial opacity, and more, aiming to create a transparent and fair sports ecosystem.

The National Sports Governance Bill 2025 represents a significant step towards reforming sports governance in India, ensuring a more transparent and accountable framework that prioritizes the welfare of athletes and the integrity of sports organizations.

Indigenous Pollution Control Vessel Launched for Indian Coast Guard

Why in News?
The Indian Coast Guard (ICG) has recently enhanced its capabilities in maritime environmental response with the introduction of the ‘Samudra Prachet’. This vessel was launched on July 23, 2025, in Vasco, Goa, and marks a significant achievement in India's pursuit of self-reliance in defense production and maritime security.

Key Takeaways

• The ‘Samudra Prachet’ is the second and final Pollution Control Vessel (PCV) built indigenously by Goa Shipyard Ltd (GSL).
• It features 72% indigenous content, showcasing India's commitment to domestic manufacturing.
• The vessel is designed to improve national capabilities, generate employment, and enhance skills through local industries.

Additional Details

• Technical Specifications: The PCV measures 114.5 metres in length and 16.5 metres in breadth, with a displacement of 4,170 tonnes. It can accommodate a crew of 14 officers and 115 sailors.
• Pollution Control Features: Equipped with two side-sweeping arms, it can effectively collect oil spills while underway. It also has a modern radar system to detect oil slicks within the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).
• The vessel is capable of handling oil spill recovery across varying viscosities, allowing it to pump, analyze, and separate pollutants efficiently.

This initiative not only strengthens India’s maritime security but also aligns with the vision of Aatmanirbhar Bharat, aimed at reducing reliance on foreign suppliers in critical defense sectors. The launch is a significant step towards enhancing India's environmental preparedness and safeguarding marine biodiversity.

National Cooperative Policy 2025

Why in News?
The National Cooperative Policy 2025 has been introduced to rejuvenate and modernize India's cooperative sector. This new policy replaces the outdated 2002 framework, aiming to create a dynamic and inclusive cooperative ecosystem that is ready for future challenges.

Key Takeaways

• The policy seeks to triple the cooperative sector's GDP contribution by 2034.
• It plans to enhance cooperative membership and the number of societies significantly.
• Focus areas include tourism, taxi services, insurance, and green energy.
• New cooperative entities will be established to ensure that profits benefit rural communities.

Additional Details

• Six Pillars of the Policy:The policy is built on six foundational pillars:
  • Strengthening cooperative foundations
  • Promoting vibrancy
  • Future preparedness
  • Enhancing inclusivity
  • Expanding reach
  • Youth engagement
• Targets and Implementation:The policy aims to:
  • Triple the GDP share of the cooperative sector by 2034.
  • Increase the number of cooperative societies from 8.3 lakh to over 10.7 lakh.
  • Activate 50 crore inactive members by 2026.
  • Establish 2,00,000 Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS) to ensure coverage in every village.
• Modernisation and Legal Reforms: To foster growth, the policy addresses outdated practices and proposes legal amendments. It includes the establishment of Tribhuvan Sahkari University for better governance and professional training.
• Inclusive and Participatory Approach: Formulated through a consultative process involving a 48-member committee led by former Union Minister Suresh Prabhakar Prabhu, the policy incorporates 648 suggestions gathered from extensive stakeholder engagement.
• Future Outlook: The policy encourages cooperatives to explore non-traditional sectors, aiming to boost employment and income opportunities in rural areas, supported by a commitment from the government to facilitate cooperative growth.

In summary, the National Cooperative Policy 2025 represents a significant step towards revitalizing the cooperative sector in India, fostering inclusivity, and preparing it for future challenges. By focusing on key growth areas and engaging a wide range of stakeholders, the policy aims to create a resilient and dynamic cooperative landscape.

Impeachment Process of Judges in India Explained

Why in News?
The recent removal of former Delhi High Court judge Yashwant Varma has highlighted the judicial impeachment process in India. Allegations of unaccounted cash being recovered from his residence have sparked discussions on his removal. The Lok Sabha is anticipated to initiate the impeachment process shortly, with the Speaker consulting the Rajya Sabha Chairman and the Chief Justice of India to form a statutory committee to investigate the allegations. Additionally, the Supreme Court is set to hear Justice Varma's challenge against the internal inquiry conducted by the judiciary.

Key Takeaways

• The impeachment of judges is governed by strict constitutional provisions.
• A parliamentary vote is required for the removal of judges based on proven misbehavior or incapacity.

Additional Details

• Constitutional Grounds for Removal: According to Article 124(4) of the Constitution, a Supreme Court or High Court judge can be removed only for proved misbehavior or incapacity. This provision applies to High Court judges as well, via Article 218. A two-thirds majority vote from members present and voting in both Houses, along with over 50% of total membership in each House, is necessary for the removal.
• Initiating the Impeachment Motion: The Judges Inquiry Act, 1968 stipulates that a motion for impeachment must be signed by at least 100 Lok Sabha members and 50 Rajya Sabha members. The Speaker or Chairman has the authority to admit or reject the motion without any time constraints. If admitted, a three-member inquiry committee is promptly established to evaluate the charges.
• Composition and Role of Inquiry Committee: The committee comprises one Supreme Court judge, one High Court Chief Justice, and a distinguished jurist. It is tasked with framing charges, collecting evidence, and conducting medical tests if incapacity is alleged. The committee's findings are reported to the Speaker or Chairman for presentation to Parliament.
• Parliamentary Proceedings and Voting: If the committee finds the judge guilty, the originating House adopts the report, leading both Houses to address the President for removal. The motion is then voted upon in both Houses, and only upon successful passage does the President issue an order for removal.
• Judiciary’s In-House Inquiry Mechanism: The judiciary has an internal inquiry system for handling misconduct that does not meet impeachment standards, established after a significant 1995 case. This process is overseen by the Chief Justice of India, who can recommend removal proceedings or advise judges based on findings.
• Recent Revisions and Procedure: In 2014, the Supreme Court refined the internal inquiry process, allowing complaints to be escalated through the Chief Justice of the concerned High Court or the President to the Chief Justice of India. A preliminary investigation determines the need for a deeper inquiry, which is conducted by a three-member committee.

In the case of Justice Yashwant Varma, he faced allegations of misconduct linked to unaccounted cash. The Chief Justice of India instructed the Delhi High Court Chief Justice to suspend his judicial duties. The Supreme Court will consider his challenge to the legality of the internal inquiry, while the parliamentary impeachment process is expected to commence thereafter.

Mycorrhizal Fungi Hotspots

Why in News?
Recent research indicates that over 90 percent of mycorrhizal fungi hotspots are situated outside designated protected areas. These fungi play a vital role in nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration, and promoting plant health. Despite their ecological significance, they have often been overlooked in climate and conservation discussions. In response to this oversight, the Society for the Protection of Underground Networks (SPUN) has developed a digital atlas aimed at mapping their global distribution.

Key Takeaways

• Mycorrhizal fungi are essential for the health of over 80 percent of plant species.
• They are responsible for capturing approximately 13 billion tonnes of CO2 annually.
• The SPUN Underground Atlas utilizes extensive data to map fungal diversity worldwide.
• Over 90 percent of fungal hotspots are outside protected areas, raising conservation concerns.

Additional Details

• Role of Mycorrhizal Fungi: These fungi assist plants in nutrient absorption, particularly phosphorus. They also contribute to carbon storage, equivalent to about one-third of global fossil fuel emissions.
• Underground Atlas: The atlas is based on 25,000 soil samples and over 2.8 billion fungal DNA sequences from 130 countries, identifying key areas for fungal diversity.
• Hotspots for arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are primarily found in regions such as the Brazilian Cerrado and Southeast Asian tropical forests.
• Ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi are prevalent in northern forests, including those in Siberia and Canada, playing crucial roles in forest ecosystem stability.
• The lack of attention to soil biodiversity in conservation policies poses significant risks to these essential fungi.

To address these challenges, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has initiated the Global Soil Biodiversity Observatory (GLOBSOB), which aims to monitor and protect soil life globally. Modern techniques, including metagenomic sequencing and machine learning, are enhancing our understanding of soil microbial diversity, emphasizing the need for integrating fungal conservation into climate action.

Surge in Coconut Oil Prices Amid Global Supply Shortage

Why in News?
The retail food inflation in India saw a decline to -1.06% in June 2025, marking the lowest rate since 2019. Nonetheless, certain essential commodities, particularly vegetable oils, remain expensive. This surge in coconut oil prices can be attributed to global supply constraints and climatic factors, warranting an examination of the underlying causes, effects, and market dynamics surrounding this increase.

Key Takeaways

• India's retail food inflation fell to -1.06% in June 2025.
• Coconut oil prices have nearly doubled since January 2025.
• Global supply issues, particularly in the Philippines and Indonesia, are primary drivers of the price rise.
• Domestic production of coconut oil in India is stagnant or declining.
• High prices may lead consumers to switch to cheaper imported oils.

Additional Details

• Current Price Trends in Edible Oils: The prices of various vegetable oils in India reflect mixed inflation trends. For instance, palm oil has risen to Rs 132/kg from Rs 95 a year prior. Other oils, including soyabean, sunflower, and mustard, have also seen significant price increases. Notably, coconut oil has surged to Rs 460/kg in Kerala, surpassing the price of traditionally premium sesame oil.
• Global Supply Constraints and Climate Impact: The primary reason for the rise in coconut oil prices is the reduced output from key exporting nations like the Philippines and Indonesia. Severe climatic conditions, particularly the El Niño drought from July 2023 to June 2024, adversely affected coconut flowering and fruiting. Given that coconuts require approximately a year to mature, the repercussions of these climatic events are now becoming apparent. Additionally, aging plantations are exacerbating the supply shortages.
• Domestic Production and Market Share: India's coconut oil production is either stagnant or on the decline. Currently, coconut oil constitutes a minor portion of the country's edible oil consumption, with only 3.9 lakh tonnes used for cooking out of a total production of 5.7 lakh tonnes. The remaining quantity is utilized in cosmetics and industrial applications. The market is predominantly controlled by imported oils, which account for 72% of consumption, primarily palm, soyabean, and sunflower oils.
• Regional Consumption Patterns: Kerala, which was once the leading producer of coconuts, is now third behind Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. Even in Kerala, the average consumption of coconut oil is approximately 2 litres per capita annually, compared to 4 litres for palm oil. The increasing price of coconut oil might further drive consumers towards imported alternatives.
• Policy and Market Responses: In response to the supply crisis, Indonesia may impose restrictions on raw coconut exports to secure local availability. Meanwhile, the Philippines has introduced regulations mandating the blending of coconut oil-based biodiesel with diesel fuel, thus reducing the volume available for export. A swift recovery in coconut oil supply is not anticipated since new coconut trees typically require 3-5 years to bear fruit, prompting buyers to stockpile amid the uncertainty.

The rise in coconut oil prices is indicative of the broader challenges posed by global climate change and supply limitations. While coconut oil plays a minor role in India's overall edible oil landscape, sustained high prices may encourage a shift towards more affordable imported oils. Improvements in supply are expected to take significant time due to the lengthy maturation period of coconut trees.

Chamaegastrodia reiekensis

Why in News?
On July 28, 2025, scientists from Mizoram University and Manipur University announced the discovery of a new orchid species, Chamaegastrodia reiekensis, in the forests of Mizoram. This unique orchid is remarkable for its complete absence of chlorophyll, relying entirely on symbiotic fungi for its nutritional needs. This discovery highlights the rich biodiversity of Northeast India and the ecological uniqueness of the Reiek region.

Key Takeaways

• New Species: The newly identified orchid species is Chamaegastrodia reiekensis.
• Habitat: Found near Reiek Peak at an elevation of 1,500 metres, in moist, humus-rich soil.
• Conservation Status: Listed as Critically Endangered due to its specialized habitat and unique ecological requirements.

Additional Details

• Discovery and Identification: The species was confirmed through detailed morphological analysis, marking the first record of Chamaegastrodia in Mizoram. This genus now encompasses eight known species globally.
• Botanical Characteristics: The orchid lacks leaves and chlorophyll, making it reliant on underground fungal associations for survival. It has a camouflaged appearance and flowers from August to September, with fruiting occurring from September to October.
• Ecological Significance: The Reiek forest, part of the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot, supports diverse plant life, including many orchids. The discovery emphasizes the region's exceptional plant diversity.
• Conservation Challenges: Its reliance on subterranean fungi makes Chamaegastrodia reiekensis vulnerable to environmental changes. Habitat loss poses a significant threat to its survival, necessitating urgent conservation efforts.
• Regional Biodiversity Importance: Mizoram is home to about 273 orchid species across 74 genera, underscoring its significance as a center for botanical research and conservation.

The discovery of Chamaegastrodia reiekensis not only adds to the botanical richness of Northeast India but also calls for increased efforts in the exploration and conservation of its unique ecosystems.

Air Pollution Linked to Increased Dementia Risk

Why in News?
Recent findings from Cambridge University highlight a significant connection between long-term exposure to air pollution and an increased risk of developing dementia. This comprehensive study analyzed data from 51 investigations involving over 29 million individuals who had been exposed to air pollutants for at least one year, revealing a clear statistical association between various pollutants and dementia incidence.

Key Takeaways

• The study identified a direct link between air pollution and dementia risk.
• Common pollutants studied include PM2.5, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and soot (black carbon).
• Each pollutant correlates with varying levels of increased dementia risk.

Additional Details

• Key Pollutants:The research focused on three primary pollutants:
  • PM2.5: Fine particles less than 2.5 micrometres in diameter, primarily from vehicle emissions and thermal power plants. An increase of 10 µg/m³ in PM2.5 exposure correlates with a 17% rise in dementia risk.
  • Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2): Emitted from burning fossil fuels in vehicles and industries, it is linked to a 3% increase in dementia risk per 10 µg/m³ exposure.
  • Soot: A form of PM2.5 originating from exhaust and wood burning, associated with a 13% increase in dementia risk for every 1 µg/m³ increase.
• Mechanisms of Impact:Air pollution may lead to dementia through:
  • Brain inflammation
  • Oxidative stress, which damages cells by overwhelming the body’s defenses with reactive oxygen species.
• The pollutants can affect the brain directly or indirectly via lung and cardiovascular systems, both of which contribute to dementia onset.

Dementia affects cognitive functions such as memory and daily activities, particularly impacting older adults. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated 57 million cases of dementia globally in 2021, with projections of 150 million by 2050. The rise in air pollution, particularly in developing countries, could exacerbate this situation. Currently, 99% of the global population breathes air that exceeds safe pollution levels, with the most severe effects felt in low- and middle-income countries.

Policy and Prevention Strategies: The findings emphasize the need for a comprehensive approach to dementia prevention, extending beyond healthcare alone. Effective urban planning, transport policies, and environmental regulations are crucial in reducing pollution exposure. Coordinated efforts across various sectors can enhance air quality and improve public health outcomes.

Veer Parivar Sahayata Yojana

Why in News?
The National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) has introduced the Veer Parivar Sahayata Yojana, a significant initiative aimed at offering free legal assistance to defence personnel and their families. The announcement was made during the North Zone Regional Conference held in Srinagar, highlighting the scheme's intent to enhance legal support through specialized clinics associated with Sainik Boards at various administrative levels.

Key Takeaways

• The scheme provides legal aid specifically to defence personnel and their families.
• It aims to alleviate the legal burdens faced by soldiers stationed in remote areas.
• The initiative was launched on Kargil Vijay Diwas, honoring the sacrifices of soldiers.

Additional Details

• Background: Defence personnel often encounter legal issues such as land disputes and service entitlements while deployed in isolated locations. This scheme acknowledges these challenges and creates a support network to facilitate access to legal assistance.
• Implementation: The initiative builds upon existing legal services by establishing a dedicated network through Sainik Boards, which are already centers for welfare support to serving and retired personnel. Legal guidance will be provided by panel lawyers and para-legal volunteers.
• Beneficiaries: The scheme encompasses serving soldiers, ex-servicemen, and members of paramilitary forces including the Border Security Force (BSF) and Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), ensuring that legal aid is accessible to those in high-risk and remote postings.
• Significance: This is the first initiative in India aimed at delivering proactive legal assistance to defence families, relieving soldiers from the burden of managing legal matters from afar. It also promotes community involvement by engaging defence families as paralegal volunteers.

The Veer Parivar Sahayata Yojana represents a commendable step towards supporting the legal needs of defence personnel and their families, ensuring they receive timely and effective assistance in their legal affairs.

What are BHISHM Cubes?

Why in News?
On July 29, 2025, India celebrated the 60th Independence Day of the Maldives by gifting two BHISHM cubes. This act reinforces India's commitment to regional cooperation and healthcare diplomacy within the Indian Ocean region. The BHISHM cubes are innovative portable medical units designed specifically for rapid emergency response, significantly enhancing disaster preparedness in vulnerable island nations like the Maldives.

Key Takeaways

• India's gift of BHISHM cubes underscores its healthcare diplomacy.
• These units are pivotal for quick emergency medical response in disaster-prone areas.

Additional Details

• BHISHM Initiative: The acronym stands for Bharat Health Initiative for Sahyog, Hita & Maitri, which is part of India's Aarogya Maitri mission initiated in 2024. The initiative's goal is to deliver timely healthcare support to countries affected by disasters or those in the developing stage.
• Structure and Composition: A BHISHM Cube consists of 36 mini cubes organized into a mother cube structure. Two mother cubes together form a complete BHISHM Cube capable of managing approximately 200 emergency cases, including surgical procedures. Each cube is stocked with essential medicines, trauma supplies, surgical tools, and features AI-powered coordination systems.
• Deployment Features: BHISHM Cubes can be assembled in just 12 minutes, which is critical during the golden hour of emergency response. They are composed of 72 lightweight, waterproof components that can be easily transported by hand, bicycle, drone, or via airdrop, making them suitable for diverse and challenging environments.
• Technology Integration: The cubes utilize RFID technology for inventory tracking, supported by a dedicated tablet app that accommodates 180 languages and provides real-time updates on stock levels. AI and data analytics enhance coordination during disaster responses, ensuring effective management of medical supplies.
• Benefits to the Maldives: Given its unique healthcare challenges due to its geography of 1192 coral islands without land connectivity, the BHISHM cubes are vital in increasing emergency medical capacity for natural disasters and climate-related incidents, allowing for rapid and effective healthcare delivery across remote locations.
• Medical Capacity: Each BHISHM Cube is equipped to provide trauma care, treat burns, manage fractures, and address shock. They can perform between 10 to 15 basic surgeries daily. Additionally, the cubes can independently generate limited power and oxygen, and provide shelter and food for a five-member crew for up to 48 hours, ensuring sustained operational capability.

In summary, the introduction of BHISHM cubes represents a significant advancement in emergency healthcare support, especially for island nations like the Maldives, enhancing their resilience against medical emergencies and disasters.

5-Year Progress of National Education Policy 2020

Why in News?
The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 represents a significant reform in India's education system. As we reach the five-year mark since its approval, various changes are becoming apparent in both schools and higher education institutions. However, the implementation of several initiatives has been hindered by institutional and political obstacles.

Key Takeaways

• The traditional 10+2 system has been restructured into a new four-stage system.
• Universal pre-primary education is targeted for achievement by 2030.
• The Common University Entrance Test (CUET) is simplifying admissions in higher education.
• Mother tongue instruction is encouraged at least until class 5.
• Implementation challenges persist, with resistance from various states.

Additional Details

• Revised School Curriculum and Structure: The traditional 10+2 education model has been replaced with a four-stage system: foundational (pre-primary to class 2), preparatory (classes 3-5), middle (classes 6-8), and secondary (classes 9-12). The National Curriculum Framework for School Education (NCFSE) 2023 outlines the learning outcomes for each stage, and NCERT has introduced new textbooks for classes 1-8.
• Early Childhood and Foundational Learning: The NEP aims for universal pre-primary education by 2030. Initiatives such as NCERT’s Jaadui Pitara kits and a national ECCE curriculum have been launched. Some states have implemented a minimum age of six for class 1 entry, which has resulted in declining enrolment numbers.
• Higher Education Reforms: CUET has emerged as the primary admission pathway for universities, and Indian institutes are establishing campuses abroad. However, the introduction of four-year multidisciplinary undergraduate degrees is facing challenges due to faculty shortages.
• Medium of Instruction: The NEP promotes instruction in the mother tongue or a regional language up to class 5, although the three-language formula has met with some resistance, particularly in Tamil Nadu.
• Implementation Challenges: Several reforms, including those related to teacher education and the establishment of the Higher Education Commission of India (HECI), remain pending, with some states resisting full NEP adoption.

In conclusion, while the NEP 2020 has set ambitious goals for reforming education in India, the journey towards achieving these objectives is fraught with challenges that require collaborative efforts from all stakeholders.

Meghalaya Rainfall Declines

Why in News?
Meghalaya, often referred to as the ‘Abode of Clouds’ due to its significant rainfall, has recently experienced a dramatic decline in precipitation. The 2025 Southwest Monsoon season recorded a notable deficit of 56 percent in rainfall, the highest in India. This unexpected dryness is particularly concerning for a state where 83 percent of the population depends on rain-fed agriculture and nearly half of its land is cultivable. The ongoing trend of reduced rainfall poses serious threats to water security, agriculture, and the region's rich biodiversity.

Key Takeaways

• Meghalaya's rainfall from June 1 to July 28, 2025, was only 690.7 mm, significantly lower than the normal 1,555.4 mm.
• Contrastingly, drier states like Jharkhand saw a 53 percent increase in rainfall during the same period.
• The trend of declining rainfall has been evident for decades, with implications for water management and biodiversity.

Additional Details

• Long-Term Rainfall Changes: Research using the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) indicates a century-long shift in Meghalaya’s rainfall patterns. In the 1950s, central Meghalaya received more rainfall, whereas drier areas have expanded, particularly in the western, central, and northern regions.
• Seasonal and Monthly Rainfall Variations: Studies highlight a decrease in rainfall during traditionally wet months, impacting crucial crop harvesting periods. For instance, Cherrapunji, the world’s second rainiest location, has shown declining rainfall over seven months in a span of 135 years, including vital monsoon months.
• Impact on Agriculture and Biodiversity: With 83 percent of the population relying on rain-fed agriculture, diminishing rainfall threatens crop yields and farmer livelihoods. The region, part of the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot, is home to unique species adapted to high levels of precipitation, making the potential disruption of these ecosystems concerning.
• Climate Change and Rainfall Patterns: The decline in rainfall in Meghalaya reflects broader trends observed in other states like Nagaland and West Bengal, where monsoonal precipitation is also decreasing. These patterns are indicative of the wider impacts of global warming and climate change on regional weather systems.

The worrying trend of declining rainfall in Meghalaya underscores the urgent need for further research to assess the full implications for agriculture, water security, and biodiversity in the region. Addressing these challenges is crucial for the sustainability of the local communities that depend on these natural resources.

Kaziranga Tiger Reserve Records Third Highest Tiger Density

Why in News?
The Kaziranga Tiger Reserve (KTR) in Assam has been highlighted as the tiger reserve with the third-highest tiger density in India, according to a report released on Global Tiger Day 2024. While primarily known for its population of one-horned rhinoceroses, Kaziranga is now also recognized as a vital habitat for tigers, having recorded a significant increase in its tiger population.

Key Takeaways

• Kaziranga recorded 148 tigers across 1,307.49 sq. km, reflecting a growth from 104 tigers in 2022.
• The survey methodology included the first-ever sampling of the Biswanath Wildlife Division, which alone accounted for 27 tigers.
• Kaziranga’s tiger density is 18.65 tigers per 100 sq. km, ranking behind Bandipur Tiger Reserve and Corbett National Park.

Additional Details

• Tiger Population Growth: The increase in tiger numbers was facilitated by a rigorous survey conducted using camera traps and the spatially explicit capture-recapture method, endorsed by the National Tiger Conservation Authority.
• Habitat Expansion: Kaziranga has expanded by 200 sq. km, incorporating Burhachapori-Laokhowa sanctuaries, which enhances landscape connectivity and safety for tigers.
• The geographical features of Kaziranga include its location in the Brahmaputra River floodplain, with diverse habitats supporting a rich variety of flora and fauna.

In summary, Kaziranga Tiger Reserve is making significant strides in tiger conservation, emphasizing the importance of habitat protection and expansion in sustaining tiger populations. The successful survey and counting methods reflect the growing commitment to wildlife conservation in India.

Legal Framework Against Fake News And Misinformation

Why in News?
The Government of India is actively enhancing its legal framework to tackle the issues of fake news and misinformation that span across print, television, and digital media. These measures are designed to safeguard public order, national sovereignty, and the integrity of information disseminated to the public.

Key Takeaways

• Strengthening legal measures to combat misinformation.
• Regulations in place for print, television, and digital media.
• Establishment of accountability mechanisms for media publishers.

Additional Details

• Regulation of Print Media: Print media must adhere to the Norms of Journalistic Conduct as outlined by the Press Council of India (PCI). These norms strictly prohibit the publication of fake, defamatory, or misleading news. Violations are investigated under Section 14 of the Press Council Act, with the PCI empowered to issue warnings or censure to those found guilty.
• Television Media Oversight: Governed by the Programme Code under the Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act, 1995, television channels are forbidden from broadcasting content that is obscene, defamatory, or false. The recent 2021 Amendment introduced a three-tier grievance redressal system to address viewer complaints and enforce corrective actions.
• Digital Media and IT Rules, 2021: Digital news publishers and online content providers must comply with the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021. This includes a Code of Ethics mandating transparency and fact-checking, with the Government's Fact Check Unit established to combat misinformation regarding the Union Government.
• OTT Platforms and Content Regulation: OTT platforms are required to self-classify content based on age and must restrict access to inappropriate material. In 2025, advisories were issued to ensure compliance with Indian laws, resulting in the blocking of 43 platforms for violations.
• Legal Powers to Block Content: Under Section 69A of the Information Technology Act, 2000, the government can block websites and social media accounts that pose threats to sovereignty or public order. Moreover, Section 79(3)(b) mandates intermediaries to remove unlawful content upon notification from authorities, empowering swift action against harmful information.

Overall, these legislative measures reflect the Government of India's commitment to maintaining a responsible and ethical media environment, ensuring that the public is protected from the dangers of misinformation.