Indian Polity and Governance: August 2025 UPSC Current Affairs - 4 | Current Affairs & Hindu Analysis: Daily, Weekly & Monthly PDF Download

GS2/Polity

India’s Indigenous Democratic Traditions - Revisiting the Chola-Era Electoral Legacy

Why in News?

Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s speech at Gangaikonda Cholapuram on July 27, 2025, emphasized India’s indigenous democratic traditions, which predate the Magna Carta. This article revisits ancient electoral practices, particularly those under the Chola dynasty, highlighting their significance in today’s democratic discourse.

Key Takeaways

• India's democratic practices have deep historical roots, not merely colonial influences.
• The Chola-era electoral system exemplifies early forms of self-governance.
• The kudavolai system demonstrates an ancient approach to elections emphasizing transparency and fairness.

Additional Details

• Vaishali: An early republic in the 5th century BCE, showcasing participatory governance.
• Kautilya's Arthashastra: References local governance structures known as samghas, indicating a long-standing tradition of self-governance.
• The Uthiramerur Inscriptions: These inscriptions detail a sophisticated electoral framework established during the reign of Parantaka Chola in 920 AD, including:
  • Ward Constitution
  • Eligibility and disqualification norms
  • Committee formation and functions
  • Right to recall elected members
• Kudavolai System: A unique electoral process involving the drawing of candidates' names from a pot, ensuring impartiality.
• Strict Standards: The electoral system enforced high moral and administrative standards, including:
  • Age requirements and property ownership for candidates
  • Disqualifications for debt defaulters and individuals with moral taints

In conclusion, India's democratic traditions are deeply rooted in its civilizational history, as demonstrated by the Chola-era practices. Recognizing and reclaiming this legacy is vital for fostering a more ethical, participatory, and accountable political landscape in contemporary times.

GS2/Governance

Digital Firms Raise Alarm Over Mobile Number Validation Rules in India

Why in News?

Digital firms in India are expressing significant concern over the draft Telecom Cyber Security Rules, 2025, proposed by the Department of Telecommunications (DoT). These rules introduce mobile number validation requirements that many believe overreach regulatory authority and impose high compliance costs.

Key Takeaways

• The draft rules mandate validation of mobile numbers to ensure legitimate user identification.
• Concerns have been raised regarding regulatory overreach and the financial burden on digital firms.
• The rules could apply broadly to various sectors, affecting fintech, e-commerce, and social media platforms.

Additional Details

• Scope of the Draft Telecom Cyber Security Rules: The rules introduce a concept called the Telecommunication Identifier User Entity (TIUE), which encompasses any individual or entity using telecom identifiers, potentially impacting numerous online platforms.
• Cost Implications: Telecom operators may charge up to Rs 3 per validation request, which could accumulate to a significant burden for platforms with large user bases, especially affecting startups and MSMEs.
• Industry Concerns: The Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI) has criticized the proposed rules as a case of legislative overreach that could disrupt digital service providers.
• Regulatory Overlap: The IAMAI argues that these rules extend beyond the original intent of the Telecommunications Act, 2023, raising questions about their legality in unrelated sectors.
• Broader Debate: This controversy occurs within the context of a larger governmental push for digital security, prompting discussions on balancing security and innovation within India's digital economy.

In conclusion, while the intention behind the Telecom Cyber Security Rules may be to bolster cybersecurity, the potential implications for the digital economy and compliance costs for businesses highlight a need for careful consideration and dialogue among stakeholders.

GS2/Governance

The Difficult Path for Trump's 'One Big Budget Bet'

Why in News?

The Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE) initiative, launched during Donald Trump’s second term, aims to reduce U.S. federal spending, deficit, debt, and interest burden while enhancing operational efficiency. With Elon Musk serving as an advisor, the initiative seeks to streamline government operations by cutting the number of federal agencies from over 400 to 99. This article discusses the DOGE initiative's cost-cutting measures, revenue challenges, and fiscal risks, especially in relation to the proposed One Big Beautiful Bill (OBBB).

Key Takeaways

• The DOGE initiative focuses on reducing federal spending and improving efficiency.
• Chronic low revenue collection is a key contributor to the U.S. deficit and debt.
• Fiscal risks threaten the long-term goals of the DOGE initiative, especially with the OBBB proposal.

Additional Details

• Low Revenue Collection: From 2001 to 2022, U.S. government revenue averaged 30.55% of GDP, the lowest among major economies, resulting in a fiscal deficit of 6.0% of GDP and a debt burden of 119.5% of GDP in 2024.
• DOGE Reforms: The initiative has implemented various reforms, such as canceling unused office leases, recovering misallocated funds, and reducing the federal workforce, leading to an estimated $190 billion in savings.
• Fiscal Risks: The proposed OBBB tax cuts may add $3.2 trillion to U.S. debt over the next decade, raising concerns about long-term deficit reduction without increasing revenue.

In conclusion, while the DOGE initiative aims to create a leaner government and achieve significant savings, the challenges of low revenue collection and potential fiscal risks associated with the OBBB present serious obstacles to its success. Addressing these issues will be essential for the sustainability of the initiative and the broader economic health of the U.S.

GS2/Polity

Nominations to J&K Assembly

Why in News?

The Union Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has informed the J&K High Court that the Lieutenant-Governor (L-G) holds the authority to nominate five members to the J&K Legislative Assembly without seeking the assistance or advice of the elected government.

Key Takeaways

• The L-G can nominate members directly, as per the provisions of the J&K Reorganisation Act.
• Assembly composition includes both elected and nominated members, ensuring representation for marginalized groups.

Additional Details

• Election Mode: Members are primarily elected directly from single-member constituencies.
• Assembly Size: The size of state assemblies varies from 60 to 500 members depending on the state; smaller states/UTs have fewer members as approved by parliament.
• Anglo-Indian Nomination: Previously, governors could nominate one Anglo-Indian member if necessary, but this provision was abolished by the 104th Constitutional Amendment Act in 2019.
• Rights of Nominated Members: Nominated members possess the same rights and duties as elected members, with certain exceptions regarding direct electoral mandates.
• Special Provisions for J&K:Under the J&K Reorganisation Act of 2019 (amended in 2023), the L-G can nominate:
  • 2 women if under-represented.
  • 2 Kashmiri migrants (including 1 woman).
  • 1 member from the Pakistan-occupied Jammu and Kashmir community.
• The Assembly consists of 114 elected members plus the nominated members, with 24 seats from PoJK remaining vacant.
• Legal Basis: The powers for nomination are specified in Sections 15, 15A, and 15B of the J&K Reorganisation Act.
• MHA Clarification: The L-G's power to nominate is a statutory function that operates without the aid or advice of the elected government, similar to provisions in other territories like Puducherry.
• Counting Rule: Nominated members are included in the total sanctioned assembly strength.
• Purpose: The nominations aim to ensure representation for displaced communities, marginalized groups, and women.

In conclusion, the recent clarification by the MHA regarding the powers of the L-G highlights the unique legislative framework governing the J&K Assembly, ensuring representation for various communities while emphasizing the statutory nature of these nominations.

GS2/Governance

Signing Off on an Entrenched Symbol of Stigma

Why in News?

In April 2025, Tamil Nadu's Chief Minister M.K. Stalin announced in the Legislative Assembly a significant initiative to remove village names that end with "colony" or contain explicit caste references. This decision aims to eliminate public markers of caste identity and social stigma, reflecting a broader effort to address historical caste-based segregation in rural Tamil Nadu.

Key Takeaways

• The Tamil Nadu government plans to rename localities with caste-related names to promote social cohesion.
• This initiative is rooted in a historical context of caste segregation that dates back to the 12th century CE.
• Place names like "chery" and "colony" have evolved to signify caste divisions, particularly in rural areas.

Additional Details

• Historical Origins of Caste-Based Segregation: The practice likely began in the 12th century, compounded by religious movements and colonial influences that entrenched caste divisions.
• Evolution of Terms: Terms like "chery" initially had neutral connotations but became associated with untouchability over centuries, while "colony" shifted from elite settlements to derogatory labels for Dalit areas.
• The renaming initiative is not just a welfare scheme; it serves as a symbolic reform to address social stigma and promote dignity.

The stigma associated with place names is actively perpetuating caste discrimination in rural Tamil Nadu. The transition of words like "chery" and "colony" from neutral descriptors to markers of exclusion illustrates the power of language in shaping social hierarchies. By eliminating these derogatory names from official records, the Tamil Nadu government is making a historic gesture towards fostering a more inclusive society. While symbolic reforms cannot replace structural change, they can help reshape public consciousness and lay the groundwork for genuine social integration.

GS2/Polity

Language Lessons and the National Education Policy 2020

Why in News?

The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 aims to restructure India's education system in alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG-4) by promoting universal access, equity, and quality in education. However, its implementation faces challenges stemming from India's diverse socio-cultural landscape.

Key Takeaways

• NEP 2020 aligns with SDG-4 through its focus on multilingualism and equitable access to education.
• Resistance from states like Tamil Nadu and Karnataka highlights the tension between national policies and local linguistic identities.
• The debate emphasizes the need for balancing national educational reforms with state-specific needs.

Additional Details

• NEP 2020: Aims to promote linguistic diversity by recommending that students learn at least three languages, with at least two being native to India.
• Tamil Nadu's Approach: Maintains a two-language policy of Tamil and English, emphasizing critical thinking, digital literacy, and inclusivity in education, particularly for marginalized groups.
• Karnataka's Proposed Approach: Mandates Kannada (or mother tongue) and English, discontinuing the three-language policy, and emphasizes state-specific curriculum development.

The implementation of NEP 2020's three-language policy faces criticism, particularly regarding the perceived imposition of Hindi in non-Hindi speaking states, which has historical roots in the anti-Hindi agitations of the 1960s. This situation raises concerns about federalism, as education is a concurrent subject, leading states to argue for autonomy in language policy and curriculum design.

In conclusion, while language policies under NEP 2020 aim to enhance educational quality and inclusiveness, they must respect India's linguistic diversity. Collaboration between the Centre and state governments is essential to ensure that educational reforms meet local aspirations and improve overall educational outcomes.

GS2/Governance

New Rules Notified for Organ Transplant Allocation

Source: The Hindu

Why in News?

The Union Government has revised the organ transplant allocation policy to prioritize women patients and relatives of deceased donors. This initiative aims to address gender disparity and encourage more organ donations across India.

Key Takeaways

• The National Organ & Tissue Transplant Organisation (NOTTO) has introduced a 10-point advisory for better transparency and equity in organ transplant allocation.
• The revised criteria now give priority to women awaiting organ transplants and the immediate relatives of deceased donors.

Additional Details

• Organ Transplant Allocation in India:The allocation process is administered by NOTTO under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, focusing on factors such as:
  • Medical urgency (severity of illness)
  • Duration of wait time on the transplant list
  • Matching parameters (blood group, organ size, age)
  • Special cases (children or patients needing a transplant after a previous donation)
  • Geographical proximity for optimal organ viability
• New Priority Criteria:The revised guidelines provide additional points in the allocation criteria for:
  • Women patients on the national waiting list
  • Immediate relatives of deceased donors
• Rationale:
  • Gender Disparity: Women have historically been underrepresented among organ transplant recipients due to socio-economic and cultural factors.
  • Encouraging Donations: Prioritizing donor families aims to increase deceased organ donations, addressing the shortage of organs in India.
• National Registry and Data Compliance: NOTTO manages a digital national registry for donors and recipients, requiring all transplant centers to submit data for compliance. Non-compliance may lead to legal actions against hospitals.

The recent changes in organ transplant allocation rules represent a significant shift towards integrating social equity into medical prioritization. By addressing gender disparities and acknowledging the contributions of donor families, the NOTTO aims to create a more balanced and transparent organ transplant system in India. These reforms are expected to enhance trust in the allocation process, increase organ donations, and improve gender balance in transplant recipients.

GS2/Polity

Decline of Maoists in the Red Corridor

Source: The Hindu

Why in News?

The Maoist insurgency, which once had a significant presence across the Red Corridor, has now diminished to just 18 districts. This decline is attributed to a combination of targeted development initiatives, ongoing counterinsurgency operations, internal conflicts, rigid ideological stances, leadership crises, and a loss of local support.

Key Takeaways

• The Maoist insurgency has decreased significantly from nearly 180 districts in the late 2000s to only 18 today.
• Incidents of Left-Wing Extremism fell by over 50% between 2004–14 and 2014–23, with fatalities dropping nearly 70%.
• Government-led development schemes and sustained counterinsurgency efforts have weakened Maoist influence.

Additional Details

• Left Wing Extremism (LWE): Also known as Naxalism, this insurgency is rooted in socio-economic inequalities and is guided by Maoist ideology. It has historically targeted security forces, infrastructure, and democratic institutions.
• Historical Context: Emerging from the Naxalbari movement in 1967, LWE affected various states, including Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, and Maharashtra, by engaging in armed violence and recruitment, particularly of children.
• The resignation of long-time leader Muppala Lakshmana Rao (Ganapathy) in 2018 highlighted a leadership crisis, further exacerbated by the death of his successor, Basava Raju, in 2025.
• Internal Divisions: The organization has faced fragmentation due to internal rifts, with the CPI (Maoist) Politburo reportedly having only four active members, which weakens overall decision-making.
• Loss of Public Support: The Maoists' focus on military strategies over local development led to disillusionment among the communities they purported to protect, with many now seeking education and job opportunities instead of armed struggle.

As the Indian government aims for the elimination of the insurgency by March 31, 2026, the challenge lies in addressing the political, academic, and activist support that has historically legitimized Naxalism. Without confronting these underlying issues, operational victories may not translate into a lasting resolution of the conflict.

GS2/Polity

Master of Roster - SC vs. HC, Judicial Authority, and Limits of Intervention

Source: Economic Times

Why in News?

The recent reprimand of an Allahabad High Court (HC) judge by the Supreme Court (SC) for an "absurd" ruling has sparked renewed discussion on the extent of the SC's authority to interfere in the internal operations of High Courts, especially regarding the exclusive 'Master of Roster' powers held by the Chief Justice of a State HC. This situation raises significant constitutional questions regarding judicial independence, institutional integrity, and the SC's powers under Articles 141 and 142.

Key Takeaways

• The Supreme Court criticized a High Court judge, leading to discussions on judicial intervention limits.
• Concerns have been raised about the balance between judicial oversight and the autonomy of High Courts.

Additional Details

• Background Incident: An SC Bench comprising Justices J.B. Pardiwala and R. Mahadevan instructed that Justice Prashant Kumar from the Allahabad HC be assigned to work with a senior judge and removed from the criminal roster until retirement, due to an "erroneous" order.
• Concerns Raised: Legal professionals from the HC and Chief Justice Arun Bhansali expressed worries over the SC's interference in the Chief Justice's administrative duties.
• Modification of Order: After a letter from Chief Justice of India (CJI) B.R. Gavai, the SC later amended its order, clarifying that it did not intend to challenge the 'Master of Roster' authority.

Key Constitutional and Judicial Principles

• Master of the Roster Principle:This principle grants the Chief Justice (either SC or HC) exclusive authority to form benches and allocate cases. Landmark rulings affirm this, such as:
  • State of Rajasthan vs. Prakash Chand (1998): Emphasized that only the Chief Justice can decide which judge hears which case.
  • State of Rajasthan vs. Devi Dayal (1959): Established that the HC Chief Justice determines the composition of single or division benches.
  • Mayavaram Financial Corporation (Madras HC, 1991): Affirmed that the Chief Justice has inherent powers for judicial business allocation.
• SC’s Hierarchical Role: Under Article 141, the SC’s declared law is binding on all Indian courts, and Article 142 allows the SC to issue any order necessary for "complete justice" beyond standard procedures.
• Judicial Independence vs. Institutional Oversight: Although High Courts function as independent constitutional entities, the integrated structure of the judiciary permits SC intervention in exceptional cases that threaten the rule of law.

Issues Raised

• Scope of SC’s Powers: Can the SC issue administrative directives to a HC Chief Justice regarding roster allocations?
• Judicial Discipline: How to maintain the quality of judgments without compromising HC autonomy?
• Article 142 Usage: Is there justification for preventive actions to avert repeated judicial mistakes?
• Separation of Powers within Judiciary: Balancing the hierarchy with judicial independence remains a critical concern.

In-House Mechanism vs. Public Reprimand

• Formal Process: Serious misbehavior or incapacity may lead to impeachment (via Parliament), while lesser issues are dealt with through in-house inquiries.
• SC’s Approach: The SC issued a public directive rather than following a confidential administrative procedure, which raises questions about transparency and accountability.
• Nature of the Directive: The SC's action was corrective, not punitive, intended to mentor by pairing the judge with a senior colleague and removing him from the criminal roster.

Way Forward

• Establish clear guidelines on when the SC may intervene in HC administrative functions.
• Enhance in-house mechanisms to handle judicial conduct without public disputes.
• Implement mentorship and training programs for judges to prevent repeated errors in sensitive judicial matters.

In conclusion, while the 'Master of Roster' principle is vital for safeguarding judicial independence, it does not completely preclude SC intervention when judicial errors jeopardize the rule of law. The SC's powers under Article 142 permit exceptional corrective measures, but such interventions must be carefully balanced to respect the autonomy of High Courts.

GS2/Polity

A Crisis of Trust in Electoral Democracy: The Need for a Transparent and Impartial Election Commission

Why in News?

Recent allegations regarding the conduct of elections in India have raised significant concerns about the credibility of the Election Commission of India (ECI). Prominent political figures, including Rahul Gandhi and Tejashwi Yadav, have questioned the neutrality and transparency of the ECI following the 2024 general elections. This situation underscores a critical issue: can India's democracy thrive without public trust in its electoral processes? The integrity and accountability of the ECI are fundamental to maintaining democratic legitimacy.

Key Takeaways

• Electoral credibility is essential for democratic legitimacy.
• Public trust erodes if elections are perceived as biased or manipulated.
• Transparency from electoral bodies is crucial to avoid crises of trust.

Additional Details

• Discrepancies in Voter Rolls: Allegations have emerged regarding significant inconsistencies in the electoral rolls, with claims of missing names affecting voters, such as Tejashwi Yadav in Bihar.
• Opacity in VVPAT Functioning: Concerns have been raised about the transparency of the Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT), which is essential for ensuring the integrity of electronic voting machines (EVMs).
• Arbitrary VVPAT Tallying: The process of tallying VVPAT slips with EVM results has been criticized for its discretionary nature, which diminishes public confidence.
• ECI’s Defensive Posture: The ECI has largely dismissed allegations of tampering and advised political parties to present objections at a later time, which has not alleviated public concerns.
• Impact on Indian Democracy: A lack of visible impartiality can undermine public trust in democratic institutions, affecting citizen engagement, voter turnout, and social cohesion.
• Calls for Reforms: There is a growing demand for judicial oversight of ECI decisions and reforms in the appointment process for Election Commissioners to enhance independence and transparency.

In conclusion, the strength of India’s electoral democracy relies heavily on the public's belief in its fairness. The Election Commission, as a constitutional guardian, must uphold not only legal compliance but also institutional credibility and democratic trust. A significant recalibration is essential—this is necessary not just for politicians and political parties, but fundamentally for the citizen-voter, who remains the ultimate stakeholder in India's democratic process.

GS2/Polity

Supreme Court Empowers Pollution Control Boards to Impose Environmental Compensation

Why in News?

The Supreme Court recently ruled that Pollution Control Boards (PCBs) have the authority to impose environmental compensation on polluting entities. This decision stems from their statutory mandate under the Water Act and Air Act, highlighting the need for proactive measures to prevent environmental harm.

Key Takeaways

• PCBs can demand restitutionary or compensatory damages through fixed monetary sums or bank guarantees.
• The Supreme Court overturned a previous ruling that restricted the imposition of penalties to the courts only.
• Compensation can only be levied when actual environmental damage has occurred or is imminent.

Additional Details

• Background of the Case: The Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC) challenged a 2012 Delhi High Court ruling that canceled its notices demanding compensation from properties lacking valid environmental consents.
• PCBs' Authority: The Supreme Court affirmed that PCBs can impose and collect compensatory damages for the restoration of polluted air and water under Sections 33A (Water Act, 1974) and 31A (Air Act, 1981).
• The court emphasized that compensation must be framed under subordinate legislation ensuring adherence to the principles of natural justice.
• Judicial Precedents: The ruling referenced landmark cases such as Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum (1996) which established that environmental restitution is a constitutional obligation.
• Polluter Pays Principle: This principle applies when environmental thresholds are breached, and even when potential risks are identified.

The Supreme Court's ruling significantly expands the powers of PCBs, enabling them to act proactively to prevent environmental harm. The decision underscores the importance of environmental protection in light of the ongoing climate crisis, linking the duties of PCBs to the state's constitutional obligations. The court noted that merely issuing injunctions is insufficient; effective remedial measures are essential for ecosystem restoration.

GS2/Polity

Article 370 - Jammu & Kashmir Six Years After Abrogation

Why in News?

The abrogation of Article 370 on August 5, 2019, and the transformation of Jammu & Kashmir into a Union Territory (UT) were aimed at promoting national integration, development, and peace. Six years later, a critical review shows mixed outcomes in politics, security, economy, and tourism, alongside ongoing structural and governance challenges.

Key Takeaways

• Political developments show a mix of democratic revival and limited authority.
• Security improvements overshadowed by significant incidents like the Pahalgam attack.
• Economic growth seen through increased investments and revenue, but challenges persist.
• Tourism thrived despite security concerns, highlighting the region's fragility.

Additional Details

• Political Developments: The National Conference (NC) is leading a new elected government, indicating a return to democratic representation. However, key powers remain with the Lieutenant Governor, limiting the Chief Minister's authority. The government has pushed for statehood and reaffirmed special status, stirring tensions with the Centre.
• Security Improvements: There has been a significant decline in terrorism, with only 28 terrorists killed in 2025 compared to 67 in 2024. However, the Pahalgam attack, which resulted in 26 civilian deaths, exposed security gaps in tourism zones.
• Economic Growth: The region has attracted substantial industrial investments, with proposals totaling Rs 1.63 lakh crore. Tax revenues have increased significantly, with the state's GDP doubling from Rs 1.17 lakh crore in 2015-16 to Rs 2.63 lakh crore in 2024-25. However, core sectors like agriculture and industry underperform.
• Tourism Development: The record of 2.11 crore tourists in 2023 highlights a booming tourism sector, contributing 7% to GDP. Nevertheless, security incidents led to the temporary closure of several tourist sites.

In conclusion, six years after the abrogation of Article 370, Jammu & Kashmir presents a complex landscape with notable gains in security and investment; however, challenges in political autonomy, fiscal sustainability, and private sector confidence remain. The recent Pahalgam attack underscores the need for a balance between security and development to achieve lasting integration and prosperity.

GS2/Polity

Justice is Not About ‘Teaching Someone a Lesson’

Why in News?

The recent judgment of the Chhattisgarh High Court in a custodial death case has raised significant concerns regarding India's legal stance on police violence and caste oppression. The disturbing facts of the case involve a Dalit man who died in custody, with a medical report showing no injuries, only for the post-mortem to reveal 26 wounds. The court's reasoning, which downgraded the conviction from murder to culpable homicide, suggested that the police intended merely to "teach a lesson" to the victim, highlighting troubling implications for the rule of law and the protection of marginalized communities.

Key Takeaways

• The phrase "teaching a lesson" normalizes custodial brutality as a form of discipline.
• Constitutional morality demands that violence cannot be justified as correction or deterrence.
• The courts have a responsibility to uphold the rights of vulnerable communities against police excesses.

Additional Details

• Custodial Violence: This case exemplifies a broader issue of custodial violence in India, which disproportionately affects the poor and marginalized populations.
• Caste Dimension: The victim's identity as a Dalit was overlooked, with courts dismissing caste-based motivations due to a lack of direct evidence, ignoring the structural nature of caste oppression.
• Judicial Precedents: Despite existing guidelines from the Supreme Court aimed at preventing custodial torture, compliance remains inadequate, and accountability mechanisms are weak.
• Path Forward: Courts must categorically reject any justification for custodial violence, ensuring that police actions are bound by law and not personal judgment.

The Constitution of India is founded on principles of dignity, equality, and the rule of law. It is crucial that these values are upheld and that custodial violence is recognized as a criminal act, not as a misguided form of discipline. The judiciary must actively work to ensure that no citizen, especially the most marginalized, has their rights violated in the name of correction. Accepting anything less risks moving towards authoritarianism, where justice is defined by violence rather than rights.

GS2/Governance

Poll Integrity and Self-Sabotage: Parties and the ECI

Why in News?

The integrity of electoral processes in India has come under scrutiny due to issues such as duplication, ineligible entries, and ghost voters. These discrepancies compromise electoral integrity, foster fraud and impersonation, and undermine public trust in democracy. While criticism often targets the Election Commission of India (ECI), political parties also play a crucial role in this decline.

Key Takeaways

• Concerns regarding electoral integrity are heightened by issues like ghost voters and duplicate entries.
• The ECI's credibility is questioned due to its opacity and inefficiency.
• Political parties have shifted from traditional grassroots methods to digital strategies, impacting their connection with voters.
• The role of Booth Level Agents (BLAs) is essential for ensuring electoral roll accuracy.
• Revitalizing local party units is vital for enhancing electoral integrity and democratic participation.

Additional Details

• Election Commission of India (ECI): The ECI is responsible for maintaining clean electoral rolls, but it has faced criticism for not adequately addressing irregularities and for restricting oversight, leading to doubts about its impartiality.
• Political Parties' Transformation: Political parties have become more centralized and reliant on modern digital strategies, which can create a false sense of connection with voters, neglecting the vital role of local engagement.
• Booth Level Agents (BLAs): BLAs are intended to assist in ensuring the accuracy of electoral rolls, but recent controversies raise questions about their effectiveness and accountability.

In conclusion, while India has a robust framework for electoral integrity, its effectiveness is jeopardized by neglect and manipulation. For democracy to thrive, both the ECI and political parties must prioritize transparency, accountability, and grassroots engagement.

GS2/Polity and Governance

On Jammu and Kashmir and the Lieutenant-Governor’s Assembly member nominations

Why is it News?

• The Union Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has informed the Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) High Court that the Lieutenant-Governor (L-G) has the authority to nominate five Assembly members without the assistance and advice of the elected government.
• This statement has triggered a constitutional discussion about democratic accountability in the politically sensitive Union Territory of J&K.
• The nominations by the L-G could significantly impact the balance of power in the 119-member Assembly, potentially overturning the electoral decisions made by the people.
• The High Court is currently reviewing whether this practice undermines the fundamental principles of the Constitution.

Core Issues before the J&K High Court

• Constitutional Question: The High Court is examining if the 2023 amendments to the J&K Reorganisation Act, which permit the L-G to nominate five members to the Assembly, violate the basic structure of the Constitution.
• Potential Impact: The court is considering how these nominated members could potentially change the dynamics of the Assembly, transforming a minority government into a majority one, and vice versa, which could significantly affect governance stability.
• Judicial Scope: The issue at hand goes beyond mere statutory interpretation and delves into the essence of democratic principles and governance.

Provisions of the 2023 Amendments

• Sections 15A & 15B of the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019: These sections outline the criteria for nominating members to the Assembly, including provisions for ensuring representation of specific groups.
• Total Seats: The amendments create a provision for five nominated members within the 119-member Assembly, aiming to enhance representation and address specific needs.
• Voting Rights: The nominated members will have full voting rights, allowing them to participate actively in the Assembly’s decision-making processes.

Centre’s Justification for Nominations

• The MHA argues that the power to make these nominations lies outside the jurisdiction of the elected government, referencing the K. Lakshminarayanan vs Union of India case concerning Puducherry.
• The Centre’s legal standpoint involves technical aspects like the concept of “sanctioned strength,” which includes both elected and nominated members, and references Section 12 of the 1963 Union Territories Act regarding voting procedures.
• The MHA’s approach appears to concentrate on legal details rather than the broader constitutional and democratic implications of such nominations.

Concerns Regarding Democratic Implications

• Risk of Mandate Distortion: There is a concern that in a closely contested Assembly, the nominated members could play a decisive role in determining the stability and direction of the government, potentially undermining the original electoral mandate.
• Precedent in Puducherry: The experience in Puducherry, where nominated members and defectors contributed to the downfall of the Congress-led government in 2021, raises alarms about similar scenarios in J&K.
• Union Territory Context: The context of J&K’s transition from a State to a Union Territory in 2019, which occurred without adequate consultation with elected representatives, amplifies the need for careful consideration of accountability and democratic norms in the region.

Supreme Court’s Jurisprudence on L-G’s Powers

• In cases like the Delhi Services Cases (Government of NCT of Delhi vs. Union of India in 2018 and 2023), the Supreme Court has clarified that the L-G should act on the advice of the elected government, with discretion being an exception rather than the rule.
• The MHA’s position that the power to make nominations lies outside the elected government’s purview contradicts this established jurisprudence, raising questions about the consistency and rationale of such claims.

Conclusion

• The issue of nominations in J&K underscores the delicate balance between administrative authority and democratic legitimacy.
• In regions like J&K, where political sensitivities are high, bypassing elected governments in critical decisions that can alter Assembly majorities poses risks to public trust and the foundational principles of representative governance as enshrined in the Constitution.

Value Addition

 (a)  Basic Structure Doctrine: 

• Evolved through cases like Kesavananda Bharati vs State of Kerala (1973), which prevents Parliament from amending the Constitution in ways that harm its essential features.
• Recognises representative democracy and federalism as part of this basic structure.

 (b)  Lakshminarayanan Case (2019): 

• In K. Lakshminarayanan vs Union of India, the Supreme Court upheld the Centre’s power to nominate MLAs in Puducherry without consulting the elected government. 
• This precedent is central to the J&K dispute, as similar powers are being exercised by the L-G.

 (c)  Delhi vs L-G Jurisprudence: 

• Through cases like Government of NCT of Delhi vs Union of India, the Supreme Court emphasised that the L-G should act on the elected Council of Ministers’ advice, except in specific matters of discretion. 
• This principle reinforces that administrative authority should not override electoral mandates, making MHA’s argument in J&K seem contrary to evolving constitutional norms.

 (d)  Union Territory Governance Model: 

• Union Territories with legislatures, like Delhi, Puducherry, and J&K, operate under a hybrid governance system where the Centre retains significant control while local governments have legislative powers. 
• In politically sensitive UTs like J&K, tensions between central authority and local democratic accountability are amplified, especially when powers like nominations can shift legislative majorities.

GS2/Polity

The Constitution (One Hundred and Thirtieth Amendment) Bill, 2025

Why in News?

The recent introduction of the Constitution (One Hundred and Thirtieth Amendment) Bill, 2025, in the Lok Sabha on August 20, 2025, aims to tackle the issue of accountability among political leaders in India, amidst growing concerns about the integrity of elected representatives.

Key Takeaways

• The Bill proposes automatic removal of Ministers, Chief Ministers, and the Prime Minister if they remain in custody for over thirty consecutive days due to serious criminal charges.
• It draws upon Articles 75, 164, and 239AA of the Indian Constitution, which outline the appointment and tenure of ministers.
• The Bill raises concerns about undermining the presumption of innocence and introducing inconsistencies between the treatment of legislators and ministers.

Additional Details

• Constitutional Foundations: The Bill's basis lies in judicial interpretations from landmark cases, such as S.R. Bommai v. Union of India, emphasizing constitutional morality in governance.
• Presumption of Innocence: The Bill faces criticism for potentially violating the presumption of innocence, as it may lead to penalizing individuals before a conviction is secured.
• Political Manipulation: The dual mechanism for removal could allow political leaders to manipulate the process, shielding allies while targeting rivals.
• Practical Dilemmas: The possibility of a revolving door effect due to reappointments could create instability in governance.
• Need for Reform: While addressing the issue of criminalization in politics is essential, the approach should ensure fairness and stability; linking removal to judicial milestones could be a more balanced solution.

The Constitution (One Hundred and Thirtieth Amendment) Bill, 2025, attempts to legislate accountability in Indian politics but must be refined to avoid compromising fundamental rights and governance stability. Without proper safeguards, it risks exacerbating existing issues rather than resolving them.

GS2/Governance

Nourish to Flourish: The Nutrition and Cognition Link

Why in News?

The initial 1,000 days of life, from conception until a child's second birthday, represent a critical period for establishing lifelong health, cognitive abilities, and productivity. Research indicates that by age two, the brain has reached 80% of its adult size, and any nutritional deficiencies during this phase can result in irreversible damage to both nutrition and cognitive development. Despite some advancements, India continues to experience high rates of stunting and inadequate early learning, making investments in early childhood a priority for national development.

Key Takeaways

• India has made progress in reducing malnutrition since the 1990s, but the current pace is insufficient.
• Initiatives like Poshan Bhi Padhai Bhi and Navchetana aim to integrate nutrition with cognitive development.
• Persistent gaps in service coverage and quality, particularly in urban areas, highlight the urgency of this issue.

Additional Details

• Brain Growth: By the age of two, a child's brain reaches 80% of its adult size, with rapid synapse formation and frontal lobe development that influence planning, memory, and self-regulation.
• Nutritional Deficits: Nutritional deficiencies occurring before the age of three can have lifelong impacts that are often irreversible.
• Cohort Study Evidence: A study in Tamil Nadu linked early childhood iron deficiency with poor verbal skills and slower cognitive processing.
• Neuroplasticity: This developmental phase allows for rapid and lasting learning, such as acquiring languages or nursery rhymes.
• Limits of Nutrition-Only Interventions: Stand-alone nutrition programs yield only low-to-moderate outcomes; combining nutrition with cognitive stimulation shows significantly better results.
• India’s Policy Response: The Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme aims to provide comprehensive nutrition and early learning support.
• Navchetana Framework: Offers a structured 36-month stimulation calendar with 140 age-appropriate activities for children aged 0-3, delivered through home visits by caregivers.
• Home-based Play Learning: Encourages learning through play rather than formal education, thus fostering social and cognitive skills.

Despite existing policies and frameworks, challenges persist in ensuring comprehensive child care, including slow progress towards the target of reducing stunting to 10%, service saturation issues, urban service gaps, and the need for enhanced workforce empowerment. The urgency for investment in early childhood development is amplified in light of future job market trends, which will likely offer fewer opportunities for low-skilled workers. Investing in the first 1,000 days is not only crucial for individual development but also for societal well-being and poverty reduction.

GS2/Polity

Jan Vishwas 2.0 - Towards Trust-Based Governance

Why in News?

The Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Bill, 2025, was recently introduced in the Lok Sabha. This Bill is an extension of the Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Act, 2023, which decriminalized 183 provisions across 42 Acts. The new Bill aims to amend 16 Central Acts overseen by 10 ministries and departments, further enhancing trust-based governance to simplify living and doing business in India.

Key Takeaways

• The Bill seeks to decriminalize and rationalize certain offences and penalties.
• It addresses the issue of over-criminalization in Indian laws.
• Key features include the removal of imprisonment clauses for minor offences.

Additional Details

• Over-criminalization: According to the Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy, out of 882 central laws, 370 contain criminal provisions, leading to over 7,305 defined crimes. Over 75% of these laws regulate areas beyond core criminal justice, such as shipping and taxation.
• Disproportionate Punishments: For trivial acts, such as milking a cow on the street, arrest is possible, violating the principle of proportionality in crime and punishment.
• Business Hindrance: A report from the Observer Research Foundation in 2022 states that over 50% of business laws carry imprisonment clauses, discouraging entrepreneurship and job creation.
• Judiciary Burden: With over 3.6 crore pending criminal cases in district courts, minor procedural lapses disproportionately delay justice for serious offences.

The Jan Vishwas Bill 2025 proposes amendments to 355 provisions, with 288 aimed at facilitating ease of doing business. It covers significant Acts like the RBI Act 1934, Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940, and others. Key features include warnings for first-time offenders and the removal of imprisonment clauses for minor infractions, replacing them with financial penalties. The government aims to align with its philosophy of "minimum government, maximum governance," supporting initiatives like Make in India and Ease of Doing Business. The Bill is currently under review by a Select Committee of the Lok Sabha, and if enacted, it could enhance trust between the state and citizens while improving India's business environment.

GS2/Polity

Challenges Confronting the Election Commission of India

Why in News?

The Election Commission of India (ECI) is currently in the spotlight due to the Bihar Special Intensive Revision (SIR) exercise, which resulted in mass voter deletions and has drawn scrutiny from the Supreme Court regarding electoral roll transparency.

Key Takeaways

• The ECI is facing allegations of electoral roll discrepancies and manipulation.
• Recent Supreme Court interventions have raised questions about the ECI's credibility and autonomy.
• The appointment process for Election Commissioners has come under fire for potential bias.

Additional Details

• Constitutional Mandate: The ECI is a permanent constitutional body responsible for overseeing elections to the Parliament, state legislatures, and the offices of the President and Vice-President, ensuring free, fair, and impartial elections.
• Appointment Controversy: The Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act, 2023 has changed the selection process, leading to concerns over independence due to a 2:1 government majority in the selection committee.
• Allegations of Voter Roll Manipulation: Various states, including Maharashtra and Karnataka, have seen allegations of discrepancies in voter lists. Calls for machine-readable voter rolls have been met with resistance from the ECI.
• Bihar SIR and Supreme Court Intervention: The Bihar SIR, initiated in June 2025, deleted 65 lakh names from electoral rolls, prompting the Supreme Court to require the ECI to publish booth-wise lists of deleted names and provide reasons for deletions.
• Challenges of Migrant Voters: Internal migrants face difficulties in voting due to the need to return to their registered constituencies, highlighting the need for a transparent and accessible voting system.
• Political Fallout: The controversy has led to protests, demands for accountability from opposition parties, and disruptions in Parliament.

The current challenges confronting the ECI highlight the crucial need for transparency, voter rights protection, cybersecurity, and safeguarding institutional independence in the electoral process.

GS2/Polity

National Designated Authority (NDA) to Enable Carbon Emissions Trading Regime

Why in News?

The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change has recently established a National Designated Authority (NDA) as a crucial step towards implementing a carbon emissions trading regime, in accordance with the provisions of the 2015 Paris Agreement.

Key Takeaways

• The NDA is a mandatory requirement under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement.
• Article 6 outlines the framework for carbon markets and emissions trading.
• The NDA will consist of a 21-member committee led by the Secretary of the Environment Ministry.
• It includes representatives from various ministries, including External Affairs, Steel, and Renewable Energy.
• Key responsibilities of the NDA include evaluating projects for emission reduction trading.

Additional Details

• Article 6: This article, passed during COP29 in Baku, Azerbaijan, defines how carbon markets can be established and operated among countries.
• NDA Responsibilities:
  • Recommend activities for emission reduction unit trading.
  • Modify these activities to align with national sustainable goals.
  • Evaluate and authorize projects aimed at reducing emissions.
• Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC):India's commitments to reduce emissions include:
  • A 45% reduction in GDP emission intensity by 2030 from 2005 levels.
  • Ensuring 50% of electric power capacity comes from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030.
  • Creating additional carbon sinks equivalent to 2.5-3 billion tonnes of CO2 by 2030 through afforestation.

The establishment of the NDA is a significant move towards strengthening India's commitment to international climate goals and facilitating a structured carbon trading market.

GS2/Polity

Cooperatives at Crossroads

Why in News?

The National Cooperative Policy, 2025 has ignited a significant conflict between the Centre and the State, with Kerala leading the charge against it. This dispute transcends mere policy disagreement, highlighting deeper issues of cooperative federalism, involving constitutional authority, political implications, and substantial financial stakes amounting to nearly ₹3 lakh crore in deposits.

Key Takeaways

• Kerala has labeled the National Cooperative Policy as unconstitutional, claiming it infringes on the State’s exclusive rights over cooperative governance.
• The Left Democratic Front (LDF) government accuses the BJP of attempting to gain control over Kerala’s cooperative landscape for political gain.
• Cooperatives in Kerala manage deposits totaling approximately ₹2.94 lakh crore, indicating their significant role in the local economy.

Additional Details

• Federalism at Stake: Cooperative societies are listed under the State List in the Constitution, yet the Centre is attempting to exert influence reminiscent of issues raised during the Multi-State Cooperative Societies (Amendment) Act, 2023.
• Historical Context: Kerala's cooperative institutions trace back to the early 20th century and have been integral to the socio-economic framework through the Kerala Cooperative Societies Act, 1969.
• Grassroots Importance: Primary Agricultural Cooperative Societies (PACS) are fundamental to the rural economy of Kerala, serving as vital credit sources.
• Political Opposition: The State Cooperation Minister, V.N. Vasavan, has condemned the policy as detrimental to the cooperative sector.
• Organized Resistance: The Kerala Primary Agricultural Cooperative Society Association has formally opposed the policy, reflecting widespread dissent.
• Workers’ Concerns: The Kerala Cooperative Employees Union (KCEU) has expressed fears that the Centre aims to transfer control of cooperatives to corporate entities.
• The cooperative sector in Kerala faces a credibility crisis due to various embezzlement scandals, notably the Karuvannur Service Cooperative Bank scam, which has shaken public trust and put the State government under scrutiny. In response, Kerala has amended its Cooperative Societies Act in 2023 to address these issues and enhance regulatory safeguards.
• In a move towards structural reform, Kerala has consolidated its district cooperative banks into the Kerala State Cooperative Bank, transitioning from a traditional three-tier credit structure to a more streamlined two-tier system, aimed at improving efficiency and financial stability.
• Looking ahead, Kerala's cooperatives stand at a new crossroads, faced with accelerated urbanization and evolving youth aspirations, alongside sectoral shifts in energy, technology, and health. Their ability to adapt will be crucial for maintaining economic resilience in the decades to come.
• In conclusion, Kerala’s cooperative movement, a historically essential component of rural credit and grassroots empowerment, is at a pivotal moment. The National Cooperative Policy, 2025, while framed as a reformist initiative, has highlighted critical fault lines in India's federal structure, intensifying tensions between the Centre and the State. Kerala must navigate its rich cooperative legacy while embracing modernization and transparency, and the Union must respect constitutional boundaries to maintain trust in the cooperative model.