Weekly Current Affairs (25th to 31st August 2025) | Weekly Current Affairs - UPSC PDF Download

GS3/Science and Technology

Bloom Syndrome

Why in News?

A 12-year-old girl recently diagnosed with Bloom Syndrome underwent a successful bone marrow transplant using stem cells from her younger brother at a private hospital in Chennai, highlighting the ongoing need for research and awareness about this rare genetic disorder.

Key Takeaways

• Bloom Syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in the BLM gene.
• It leads to growth delays, increased susceptibility to infections, and a higher risk of certain cancers.

Additional Details

• Bloom Syndrome (BSyn): A genetic disorder characterized by mutations in the BLM gene, which is crucial for DNA maintenance and repair. Individuals with this condition often experience growth delays and an increased risk of developing cancers at an early age.
• Inheritance Pattern: The disorder is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, meaning both parents must carry the mutation for the child to be affected. It is most prevalent in the Eastern European (Ashkenazi) Jewish population.
• Signs and Symptoms: Common symptoms include poor growth (both pre- and post-natal), below-average height, skin sensitivity to sunlight, and physical abnormalities such as prominent facial features.
• Health Risks: Individuals are at a higher risk for infections, insulin resistance, and reproductive issues, with potential male sterility and female infertility.
• Treatment Approach: Currently, there is no specific cure for Bloom Syndrome. Management focuses on a multidisciplinary approach to alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life.

In summary, Bloom Syndrome is a serious genetic condition that requires comprehensive management strategies to address its various health implications. Awareness and research are essential for better understanding and treatment options for affected individuals.

GS3/Economy

India's First EMI-Based Credit Card

Why in News?

BharatPe and Unity Small Finance Bank have recently unveiled the Unity Bank BharatPe Credit Card, marking a significant innovation as India's first credit card that allows users to opt for equated monthly instalments (EMIs) on their purchases.

Key Takeaways

• Launch of India’s first EMI-driven credit card on the RuPay network.
• Partnership between Unity Bank and BharatPe, developed with NPCI.
• Availability for both salaried and self-employed individuals.

Additional Details

• Auto-EMI Conversion: Purchases can be split into EMIs for up to 12 months, providing users with flexible repayment options.
• Zero Fees: The card comes with no joining, annual, or foreclosure fees, making it a lifetime free card.
• UPI Integration: The credit card can be linked to the Unified Payments Interface, ensuring ease of payments at various merchants across the country.
• Reward Program: Users can earn a flat 2% reward on EMI transactions, which can be redeemed via the BharatPe app.
• Premium Benefits: The card offers complimentary access to domestic and international lounges, along with preventive health checkups.
• Digital Onboarding: Users can complete the application process, including KYC and activation, seamlessly through the BharatPe app.

This innovative credit card aims to enhance the financial flexibility of consumers in India, making it easier for them to manage their expenses through EMI options while enjoying various benefits.

GS3/Environment

Gorumara National Park: A Conservation Success

Why in News?

The population of the greater one-horned rhinos at Gorumara National Park in Jalpaiguri has seen a positive increase with the recent birth of two rhino calves, marking a significant win for conservation efforts in the region.

Key Takeaways

• Gorumara National Park is located in Jalpaiguri, West Bengal.
• It covers an area of approximately 79.45 sq.km and was established as a national park in 1992.
• The park is renowned for its rich biodiversity, particularly the endangered one-horned rhinoceros.

Additional Details

• Location: Gorumara National Park is situated in the Terai region of Dooars, at the foothills of the Eastern Himalayas, alongside the Murti and Raidak rivers.
• Flora:The park features a variety of vegetation, including:
  • Sal forests with Common Teak and Rain Trees (Albizia lebbeck)
  • Bamboo groves and Terai grassland
  • Tropical riverine reeds and numerous tropical orchids
• Fauna:The park is home to a diverse array of wildlife, including:
  • Indian rhinoceros
  • Asian elephant
  • Indian bison
  • Leopard, sambar deer, barking deer, spotted deer, and wild boar
  • Various bird species like peafowl, red jungle fowl, and the Indian hornbill
• Greater One-Horned Rhino:
  • Scientific Name: Rhinoceros unicornis
  • Distribution: Found in India and Nepal, particularly in the Himalayan foothills.
  • Habitat: Prefers semi-aquatic environments, swamps, forests, and areas near nutritious mineral licks.
  • Physical Characteristics: Males weigh around 2,200 kg and have a distinctive single horn that can be 8-25 inches long.
  • Behavior: Generally solitary, except for females with calves; primarily grazers feeding on grasses, leaves, and aquatic plants.
• Conservation Status: Classified as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List.

The recent increase in the one-horned rhino population at Gorumara National Park highlights the ongoing conservation efforts and the importance of preserving such habitats for endangered species.

GS3/Economy

Rising Disposable Income of Indian Households in 2025

Why in News?

Chief Economic Advisor V. Anantha Nageswaran has announced that the disposable income of Indian households is expected to rise significantly in 2025 compared to the previous year. This increase is largely attributed to easing inflation and recent tax cuts, along with anticipated further reductions. The rise in disposable income is considered a positive indicator for household spending and overall economic growth.

Key Takeaways

• The rise in disposable income is driven by lower inflation and tax cuts.
• Increased disposable income positively impacts household spending and economic growth.
• Urban and rural demand trends show varied patterns in consumption.

Additional Details

• Understanding Disposable Income: Disposable income refers to the amount of money households have after paying taxes. It is the net income available for spending and saving. In simple terms, it represents the cash available for daily expenses such as food, rent, healthcare, and education.
• Formula: Disposable Income = Total Income – Taxes
• Impact of Inflation: Even if disposable income remains unchanged, high inflation can diminish its real value. For instance, if disposable income is ₹50,000, but inflation rises, that same ₹50,000 will purchase fewer goods and services. This results in a lower real disposable income, leading households to cut back on non-essential spending, which can slow down demand and economic growth.
• High inflation can also hinder savings, as more disposable income is allocated to essential expenses, thereby reducing long-term investments and financial security.

Overall, a higher disposable income is crucial as it boosts consumer spending, improves living standards, supports savings and investments, encourages business growth, enhances economic resilience, and drives economic growth. The recent announcements from CEA regarding the projected increase in disposable income in 2025 are as follows:

• Attributable factors include lower inflation and direct tax cuts from the 2025 Union Budget.
• Expected GST rate rationalization is also anticipated to enhance household spending and support economic growth.

India's GDP growth for the April–June 2025 quarter reached 7.8%, marking the highest growth in five quarters and exceeding expectations. Despite concerns regarding weak urban demand expressed at the RBI's August MPC meeting, the CEA asserts that urban consumption may have been underestimated due to reliance on traditional surveys. Evidence from UPI merchant payment data indicates strong growth in digital transactions across various categories.

Rural demand has shown resilience, aided by favorable monsoon conditions, while urban consumption trends are mixed—strong in sectors like hospitality and trade but softer in housing and consumer durable loans.

From August 27, 2025, tariffs on Indian goods entering the US market have doubled to 50% (25% duty plus a 25% penalty linked to India's Russian oil imports). This poses risks for labor-intensive export sectors such as textiles, potentially affecting jobs, wages, consumption, and dampening private investment. Economists caution about a possible negative domino effect on economic growth.

The government's policy response includes a two-pronged strategy: boosting domestic consumption through income tax cuts (with an estimated revenue loss of ₹1 lakh crore) and GST rationalization to lower inflation, while also exploring alternatives to US markets and enhancing domestic resilience to reduce vulnerability to external shocks.

GS3/Environment

What are Prairies?

Why in News?

Recent initiatives, including the launch of a new database, aim to enhance the comprehensive restoration of prairies.

Key Takeaways

• Prairies are flat, temperate grasslands primarily found in North America.
• These ecosystems thrive in areas with low annual precipitation and are maintained by factors such as grazing, fire, drought, and low temperatures.
• Prairie vegetation is dominated by grasses but also includes lichens, mosses, forbs, and some shrubs.

Additional Details

• Vegetation Characteristics:The predominant vegetation consists of grasses that possess several adaptations:
  • Deep or extensive root systems.
  • Growing points located at or near the soil surface, often tucked within the crown of the plant.
  • Narrow leaves that reduce water loss.
  • Small flowers arranged in dense heads, primarily pollinated by wind.
  • Tough stems and leaves enriched with silica phytoliths, providing strength.
  • Strategies to optimize photosynthesis while conserving moisture.
• Wildlife Adaptations: Prairie wildlife has adapted to a semi-arid, windy, and open environment, with species such as elk, deer, coyotes, bobcats, badgers, jackrabbits, ground squirrels, and pocket gophers.
• Prairies are comparable to other temperate grasslands around the world, known as Pampas in South America, velds in Africa, and steppes in Asia.

In summary, prairies represent some of the most productive and diverse terrestrial ecosystems on Earth, characterized by their unique vegetation and wildlife adaptations.

GS3/Economy

Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) - A Global Model for Financial Inclusion

Why in News?

The Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) is crucial for empowering individuals, driving economic growth, alleviating poverty, and fostering social equality. Launched on 28 August 2014, this initiative by the Indian government aims to provide universal access to banking services, focusing primarily on marginalized sections of society.

Key Takeaways

• PMJDY addresses financial inclusion by providing banking services to previously unbanked households.
• Significant achievements include increased bank account ownership and financial literacy among citizens.

Additional Details

• Genesis of PMJDY: At its inception, around 7.5 crore households in India lacked bank accounts. The scheme's primary goal was to ensure universal access to banking services, enabling every household to engage in the formal financial system.
• Achievements:
  • Before PMJDY, only 59% of households and 35% of adults had bank accounts; by 2024, nearly 100% of households and over 90% of adults have bank accounts.
  • According to the World Bank's Findex report, account ownership among individuals aged 15 and older rose to 89% in 2024.
  • The NSS survey of 2022-2023 indicates that 94.65% of adults now own a bank account.
  • Over 56.2 crore new accounts have been opened since 2015, with women holding 56% of these accounts, demonstrating a strong focus on gender inclusion.
  • The total balance in PMJDY accounts reached Rs 2.68 lakh crore, a 17-fold increase since 2015.
  • The banking network has expanded, with over 16.2 lakh bank mitras providing services in remote areas. Currently, 99.9% of villages have banking outlets within a 5 km radius.
• Role in Welfare and Crisis Management: PMJDY accounts have streamlined the Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) process, ensuring that subsidies and relief payments directly reach beneficiaries. During events like demonetization and the Covid crisis, these accounts enabled swift financial support.
• Financial Products and Digital Integration: The scheme has facilitated digital transactions and issued over 38.7 crore RuPay cards. PMJDY accounts serve multiple purposes, including receiving DBT, savings, and providing access to micro-insurance and investment products through schemes like PMJJBY and PMSBY.
• Future Prospects: Innovations in artificial intelligence and natural language processing could enhance transaction ease without requiring smartphones or internet access. The government is also initiating a financial inclusion saturation drive to update KYC details, facilitate new account openings, promote micro-insurance and pension schemes, and reduce inactive accounts under PMJDY.

In conclusion, PMJDY stands as the world's largest financial inclusion program, exemplifying inclusive governance and recognized as a global model for universal financial inclusion. As it approaches its 12th year, the focus must shift from mere account creation to enhancing account activity, financial literacy, and access to diverse financial products like insurance, credit, and pensions. Leveraging digital innovations and increasing outreach in rural and unorganized sectors can further transform PMJDY into a catalyst for sustainable economic growth.

GS1/Indian Society

Addiction, Not Play

Why in News?

The rise of online real-money gaming has transformed from a simple source of entertainment into a significant societal concern in India. With game designs that incorporate elements of gambling, these platforms have led to troubling outcomes for the youth, including addiction, financial issues, and mental health crises.

Key Takeaways

• Online real-money gaming mimics gambling mechanics, contributing to addiction.
• There is a noticeable increase in financial distress and mental health issues among children due to gaming addiction.
• Bans on gaming may provide temporary relief but do not address underlying issues.
• A comprehensive strategy is needed to combat gaming addiction effectively.

Additional Details

• Gambling-like mechanisms: Real-money games employ reward loops similar to those found in casinos, which are designed to keep players engaged and returning for more.
• Impact on families: Gaming addiction can create toxic home environments, leading to conflict, secrecy, and a breakdown of trust among family members.
• Mental health concerns: Conditions such as anxiety, depression, and suicidal thoughts have risen sharply among adolescents, signifying a critical public health challenge.
• Strategies for intervention: Effective measures include school-based mental health screenings, parental guidance training, and awareness campaigns targeted at students and educators.

In conclusion, addressing gaming addiction among India’s youth requires more than just restrictive measures. A balanced approach that combines effective regulation, mental health support, and educational initiatives is essential. This will not only safeguard children but also promote a healthier relationship with technology.

GS2/Polity

What is Psephology?

Why in News?

The Supreme Court has recently stayed criminal proceedings against psephologist Sanjay Kumar due to a social media post that discussed an incorrect analysis of the upcoming 2024 Maharashtra Assembly election.

Key Takeaways

• Psephology is a specialized branch of political science focused on the scientific analysis of elections and polls.
• Psephologists utilize various statistical tools to analyze voting data and predict election outcomes.

Additional Details

• Psephology: This field is dedicated to offering a meticulous quantitative analysis of elections, employing a range of instruments for statistical examination, including voting data, opinion polls, and campaign insights.
• Although India does not have a formal position titled 'Psephologist', major political parties often employ in-house analysts who perform similar roles. Several accomplished media editors and political analysts also contribute to this field.

Psephologists study electoral patterns by analyzing historical voting figures and public opinion polls, using statistical applications to forecast results in future elections. Their expertise is vital in understanding voter behavior and election dynamics.

GS3/Defence & Security

Extended Range Attack Munitions (ERAM) Missile

Why in News?

The Trump administration has recently greenlighted the sale of 3,350 Extended Range Attack Munitions (ERAM) missiles to Ukraine, marking a significant development in military support for the nation.

Key Takeaways

• ERAM missiles are advanced, air-launched, precision-guided munitions.
• The missile combines the impact of a heavy bomb with the extended range capabilities of a cruise missile.

Additional Details

• Range: Depending on the flight profile, ERAM missiles can travel between 240 and 450 kilometers, enhancing their operational flexibility.
• Warhead: Each missile is equipped with a 500-pound high-explosive warhead, designed to effectively destroy fortified targets such as bunkers, fuel depots, and ammunition stores.
• Guidance: ERAM employs a sophisticated guidance system that combines GPS, inertial navigation, and a terminal seeker, achieving accuracy within approximately ten meters, even in the presence of electronic jamming by adversaries.
• Launch Platforms: The missiles are compact and modular, allowing for deployment on various Western fighter jets, including the F-16s, which Ukraine is currently receiving. They may also be retrofitted to operate on existing Soviet-era aircraft.
• ERAM missiles are designed for mass production, making them more cost-effective and compatible across multiple aircraft types.

This approval signifies a strategic enhancement of Ukraine's military capabilities amid ongoing tensions, reflecting the U.S. commitment to supporting its allies in the region.

GS1/Indian Society

India’s School Enrolment Declines Amid Falling Birth Rates & Demographic Shifts

Why in News?

India's school enrolment has dropped significantly, with a decline of 25 lakh students in the 2024-25 academic year. This decrease is attributed to falling birth rates and an increasing preference for private schooling, as reported by UDISE+ data from the Ministry of Education.

Key Takeaways

• School enrolment fell for the third consecutive year.
• Total enrolment across Classes 1-12 reached its lowest since 2018-19.
• Government schools saw a decrease in enrolment, while private schools experienced growth.

Additional Details

• Declining Birth Rates: The National Family Health Survey 2021 indicated India's Total Fertility Rate (TFR) at 1.91, below the replacement level of 2.1. This decline in fertility rates has led to a smaller pool of primary school-age children.
• Methodology Changes: UDISE+ has adopted a new methodology that captures individual student data, which has resulted in more accurate enrolment figures by eliminating duplicate entries.
• Migration Patterns: Urban migration and the rise of private pre-primary institutions have also impacted enrolment statistics, as many children are now enrolled in private nurseries not included in official data.

The decline in school enrolment reflects significant changes in India's demographic landscape. As the population ages, educational policies may need to adjust to focus more on quality education rather than merely increasing enrolment numbers. Strengthening government schools will be essential to retain students, especially in light of the growing appeal of private education. The upcoming Census 2026 data will further clarify these demographic shifts and their implications for the education system.

GS3/Environment

Conocarpus Tree: An Invasive Concern

Why in News?

Recently, an expert panel appointed by the government has recommended that the Supreme Court impose a ban on the Conocarpus tree, a rapidly growing exotic species known for its invasive nature.

Key Takeaways

• The Conocarpus tree belongs to the Combretaceae family and is recognized as a flowering plant.
• This species is classified as an invasive mangrove and is prevalent in various global regions.

Additional Details

• Geographical Distribution:The Conocarpus tree has two primary types:
  • One type is native to coastal regions of tropical America, extending from Bermuda and the Bahamas to Brazil, and includes parts of West Africa.
  • The other type is found in arid coastal zones of Somalia and Yemen, as well as across eastern and northern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula.
• In India, this tree is predominantly found in coastal and arid districts of Gujarat, notably Kachchh.
• Environmental Adaptability: The Conocarpus tree is notable for its dark green leaves, which remain vibrant throughout the year. It is highly adaptable, thriving in extreme temperatures and saline environments.
• This species absorbs more water from the soil compared to other plants, posing a threat to groundwater levels.
• Its extensive root system can damage communication cables, drainage lines, and drinking water pipelines.
• During its flowering season, the tree releases pollen that can worsen respiratory issues such as asthma and rhinitis, particularly affecting children and the elderly.
• Additionally, the tree's dry and brittle wood is a significant fire hazard during the summer months.

The recommendation to ban the Conocarpus tree stems from its detrimental environmental impact and potential health risks, highlighting the need for careful management of invasive species.

GS1/History & Culture

NCERT Textbooks Introduce Indian Art Forms

Why in News?

For the first time, the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) has included Indian classical music, dance, theatre, and visual arts in the primary and middle school textbooks for Classes 3 to 8. This initiative aligns with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, which emphasizes integrating education with India's cultural heritage.

Key Takeaways

• Inclusion of classical arts in school curriculum.
• Focus on exposure, appreciation, and creativity in arts education.
• Content covers various classical music and dance forms.

Additional Details

• Music Content: Includes concepts such as swar, laya, shabd, and features Sanskrit shloka recitations, folk songs, and ragas from Hindustani and Carnatic music.
• Dance Content: Covers eight classical dance forms: Bharatnatyam, Kathak, Kathakali, Kuchipudi, Manipuri, Mohiniyattam, Odissi, and Sattriya. Draws inspiration from ancient texts like Natyashastra, Brihaddeshi, Sangita Damodara, and Abhinaya Darpanam.
• Pedagogy: Emphasizes storytelling, expressions (abhinaya), theatre, and group performances rather than skills mastery.

Classical Dance Forms Mentioned

• Bharatnatyam (Tamil Nadu): The oldest dance form with temple origins, characterized by fixed torso, bent legs, intricate footwork, and devotional themes.
• Kathak (North India): A storytelling tradition known for fast spins (chakkars) and rhythmic footwork, evolved in temples and Mughal courts.
• Kathakali (Kerala): A dance-drama form featuring elaborate costumes and gestures, based on epics like the Ramayana.
• Kuchipudi (Andhra Pradesh): Combines dance and drama, includes dialogue, and features the famous Tarangam item.
• Manipuri (Manipur): A graceful form linked to the Ras Lila of Krishna, known for lyrical movements.
• Mohiniyattam (Kerala): Known as the "Dance of the Enchantress," characterized by soft and gentle movements.
• Odissi (Odisha): A temple dance associated with Jagannath worship, recognized for its sculptural qualities.
• Sattriya (Assam): Introduced by Srimanta Sankardev, recognized as a classical form in 2000, combines dance, drama, and music.

For examination preparation, consider the following question:

How do you distinguish between Kuchipudi and Bharatanatyam dances?

• 1. Dancers occasionally speaking dialogues is found in Kuchipudi dance but not in Bharatanatyam.
• 2. Dancing on the brass plate by keeping the feet on its edges is a feature of Bharatanatyam but Kuchipudi does not have such movements.

The correct answer is: (a) 1 only

GS3/Economy

BioE3 Policy - India’s Push for Biomanufacturing Hubs

Why in News?

India is significantly reliant on imports for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), fermentation-based drugs, enzymes for biofuels, and biofertilizer reagents. Following the Covid-19 pandemic, the Indian government has intensified efforts to boost domestic manufacturing through initiatives like the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme. The BioE3 Policy, which stands for Biotechnology for Economy, Environment, and Employment, aims to establish 16 biomanufacturing hubs to enhance the bioeconomy and promote self-reliance, also known as Atmanirbharta.

Key Takeaways

• India’s bioeconomy contributes 4.25% to the national GDP.
• The BioE3 Policy was launched in August 2024 to promote advanced biomanufacturing technologies.
• Six biofoundries are already operational, supporting various biotechnological innovations.

Additional Details

• India’s Bioeconomy: The bioeconomy is an economic system that leverages renewable biological resources from plants, animals, and microorganisms to produce food, feed, energy, and bio-based products. As of December 2023, India's bioeconomy has expanded from $10 billion in 2014 to $151 billion in 2023, surpassing earlier projections.
• BioE3 Policy: This policy provides a framework for adopting advanced technologies and fostering high-performance biomanufacturing across various sectors. It aligns with India’s vision for Green Growth and the LiFE initiative focused on sustainability.
• Biomanufacturing hubs: The plan includes setting up 16 hubs with large fermenters, focusing on products such as fermentation-based medicines, bioproducts, and carbon capture technologies.

The BioE3 policy aims to reduce India's dependency on imports in critical pharmaceutical and bio-based sectors, strengthen the bioeconomy, support the innovation-to-market pipeline, enhance collaboration between government and industry, and stimulate the biotechnology startup ecosystem. By integrating biofoundries with biomanufacturing hubs, India is poised to become a global leader in biotechnology-driven solutions for health, energy, and agriculture. Continued investment, collaboration, and supportive regulatory frameworks will be essential for realizing a self-reliant bioeconomy.

GS2/International Relations

Nepal Officially Joins IBCA

Why in News?

Nepal has officially joined the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA), a global initiative led by India aimed at protecting seven species of big cats.

Key Takeaways

• Nepal's membership enhances the collaborative efforts to conserve big cat species.
• The IBCA focuses on multiple aspects of big cat conservation, including habitat protection and conflict mitigation.

Additional Details

• International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA): A multi-country, multi-agency coalition involving 95 countries that aims to conserve big cats and their habitats, launched in April 2023 during Project Tiger’s 50th anniversary.
• Conservation Scope: The alliance works to protect seven big cat species: tiger, lion, leopard, snow leopard, cheetah, jaguar, and puma.
• Functions: The IBCA operates through advocacy, knowledge-sharing, promoting eco-tourism, and mobilizing resources.
• Conflict Mitigation: The alliance aims to reduce human-wildlife conflict and restore degraded habitats.
• Governance Structure: Managed by a General Assembly, an elected Council, and a Secretariat led by a Secretary-General with its headquarters in India.
• Global Participation: Members include countries from Asia, Africa, the Americas, and Europe, such as India, China, and Kenya.
• India's Role: India is a biodiversity hub, hosting five of the seven big cat species and contributing significantly to global conservation efforts.
• Funding: The Indian government has committed ₹150 crore for the period 2023-2028 to support the initiative.

This collaboration marks a significant step in international wildlife conservation, showcasing the commitment of participating nations to protect big cats and their ecosystems.

UPSC 2024

Consider the following statements:

• 1. Lions do not have a particular breeding season.
• 2. Unlike most other big cats, cheetahs do not roar.
• 3. Unlike male lions, male leopards do not proclaim their territory by scent marking.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

• (a) 1 and 2 only
• (b) 2 and 3 only
• (c) 1 and 3 only
• (d) 1, 2, and 3

GS2/ Polity and Governance

SC Calls for Regulating Social Media

Why in News?

 The Supreme Court (SC) of India recently made important observations while hearing a case involving comedians accused of making derogatory remarks. The court pointed out that social media influencers often commercialize free speech, which can be harmful to the dignity of vulnerable groups. The SC urged the government to create effective guidelines that balance free speech with societal sensitivities. 

Key Observations:

• Commercialisation & Accountability: Social media influencers often monetise free speech, which can overlap with prohibited speech. The Court warned that such expression should not be used to target vulnerable groups such as the disabled, women, children, minorities, and senior citizens. 
• Humour vs. Dignity: While humour is important, derogatory jokes and insensitive remarks contribute to stigma and discrimination. These remarks undermine the constitutional principle of inclusivity and hinder the integration of disadvantaged sections of society. 
• Clear Boundaries in Digital Space: The Court stressed the need to clearly differentiate between free speech, commercial speech, and prohibited speech. Irresponsible online remarks can damage dignity, social harmony, and community trust. 

Recommendations:

• Guidelines with Consequences: The Court directed the Union Government to formulate regulatory guidelines for influencers and podcasters, ensuring proportionate and enforceable consequences. These guidelines should avoid being mere formalities. 
• Sensitisation & Responsibility: The importance of awareness, sensitisation, and digital ethics among social media users was emphasised. Violators should be held accountable for the harm they cause to society. 
• Apology & Balance of Rights: Influencers were ordered to issue unconditional apologies on their platforms. The Court clarified that its intention is not to curtail free speech but to balance liberty with dignity and protect community rights in a diverse society. 

What are the Key Regulations Governing Social Media Usage in India?

Key Legislations:

• Information Technology Act, 2000: This is the main law governing electronic communication and social media in India. 
• Section 79(1): Provides “safe harbour” protection to intermediaries like Facebook, X, and Instagram, shielding them from liability for third-party content, as long as they act as neutral platforms. 
• Section 69A: Allows the Government to block online content for reasons such as protecting sovereignty, security, and public order. 
• Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021: Mandates social media platforms to ensure user safety, remove unlawful content, and raise awareness on issues like privacy and national security. 
• 2023 Amendment: Required intermediaries to remove false or misleading content about the Government of India, although its enforcement is currently stayed by the Supreme Court. 

Key Judicial Pronouncements:

• Shreya Singhal v. Union of India (2015): The Supreme Court struck down Section 66A of the IT Act for being vague and reaffirmed that criticism and dissent are protected under Article 19(1)(a) unless they fall under reasonable restrictions. 
• K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017): The Supreme Court recognised privacy as a fundamental right, influencing data protection measures like the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, and the regulation of WhatsApp privacy policies. 

Why is there a Need for Regulating Social Media?

• Protection of Vulnerable Groups: Vulnerable groups such as women, children, senior citizens, minorities, and persons with disabilities are at risk of derogatory content, cyberbullying, trolling, and exploitation on unregulated platforms. 
• Curbing Misinformation & Hate Speech: The rapid spread of fake news, deepfakes, hate campaigns, and extremist propaganda poses a threat to social harmony, democratic discourse, and national security. Effective regulation can help mitigate disinformation and maintain public order. 
• Safeguarding Mental Health & Ethical Values: Features like endless scrolling, Fear of Missing Out (FOMO), and curated identities contribute to addiction, anxiety, and depression, especially among youth. Regulations can promote digital well-being and responsible design. 
• Ensuring Accountability of Influencers: The rise of influencer marketing brings risks of misleading financial promotions and illegitimate products. Regulation ensures transparency and consumer protection in influencer marketing. 
• Data Privacy & Security: Social media platforms often collect user data without informed consent, leading to privacy violations and surveillance. Regulation is necessary to uphold constitutional privacy rights. 
• Balancing Free Speech with Responsibility: While free speech is protected, it is subject to reasonable restrictions. Regulation helps distinguish between legitimate free expression and harmful content. 

What are the Key Challenges in Regulating Social Media in India?

• Volume & Anonymity: The vast amount of online content makes monitoring challenging. Anonymity encourages hate speech and misinformation, complicating regulatory efforts. 
• Transparency & Accountability Gaps: Social media platforms often lack transparency and accountability in content moderation. The absence of independent oversight raises concerns about arbitrary practices. 
• Defining Harmful Content: There is no consensus on what constitutes harmful content, as social and cultural differences create grey areas between acceptable expression and prohibited speech. 
• Free Speech vs. Censorship: Regulatory efforts may be perceived as censorship if criteria are not clear and objective, risking backlash. 
• Cross-Border Jurisdictional Issues: Much harmful content originates outside India, complicating enforcement under domestic law. 
• Political Neutrality Concerns: Content moderation is often accused of political bias, undermining trust in regulatory systems and platform neutrality. 

What Measures Can be Taken to Improve the Credibility and Utility of Social Media in India?

• Robust Legal-Policy Framework: Update the IT Act through the Digital India Act to ensure platform accountability, data protection, and freedom of expression, with judicial oversight to prevent overreach. 
• Algorithmic Transparency & Accountability: Require algorithm audits, transparency reports, and independent oversight; encourage AI-driven moderation tools for neutrality and quick redressal. 
• Technological & Institutional Capacity: Enhance cyber forensic capabilities, agency capacity, and AI-enabled monitoring systems while protecting privacy and encryption standards. 
• Digital Literacy & Ethical Usage: Promote digital literacy against misinformation and cyberbullying; encourage responsible online behavior and ethical design prioritizing user well-being. 
• Global & Multi-Stakeholder Cooperation: Strengthen international collaboration on cross-border regulation and involve various stakeholders in creating an inclusive digital ecosystem. 

Conclusion:

 Balancing freedom of expression with the rights and dignity of vulnerable groups is crucial in social media regulation. A combination of strong legal frameworks, technological advancements, digital literacy, and ethical practices can ensure accountability, reduce misinformation, and create a safe and inclusive online environment. 

GS3/Economy

What is the Export Promotion Mission?

Why in News?

The government is contemplating support measures amounting to approximately Rs 25,000 crore for exporters as part of the Export Promotion Mission, which was announced in the Budget for the financial years 2025 to 2031.

Key Takeaways

• The Export Promotion Mission is a flagship initiative introduced in the Union Budget for 2025-26.
• The goal is to facilitate broad-based, inclusive, and sustainable export growth over a six-year period (FY 2025-31).
• This initiative will explore innovative approaches to tackle significant challenges faced by Indian exporters, particularly Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs).

Additional Details

• Jointly Driven By: The initiative is being implemented collaboratively by the Ministries of Commerce and Industry, Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, and Finance.
• Objectives: To enhance export competitiveness through improved access to export credit and assistance in overcoming non-tariff barriers in global markets.
• Lead Department: The Department of Commerce is the primary department overseeing this mission.
• The mission will be executed via two sub-schemes:
  • Niryat Protsahan: Allocated over Rs 10,000 crore.
  • Niryat Disha: Allocated over Rs 14,500 crore.
• Main Elements of Niryat Protsahan:
  • Interest equalisation support exceeding Rs 5,000 crore over the six financial years (2025-2031).
  • Support for alternative trade finance instruments.
  • Introduction of a credit card specifically for e-commerce exporters.
  • Other financing mechanisms to address liquidity challenges faced by exporters.
• Proposed Components of Niryat Disha:
  • Support for export quality compliance (around Rs 4,000 crore).
  • Overseas market development (over Rs 4,000 crore).
  • Branding, export warehousing, and logistics.
  • Capacity building to integrate more Indian enterprises into global value chains.

This initiative marks a significant step towards enhancing India's export capabilities and addressing the challenges faced by exporters, particularly MSMEs, in the global marketplace.

GS3/Environment

Key Facts about Pong Dam

Why in News?

Recently, the water level at Pong Dam has breached the danger mark, raising concerns about potential flooding in the surrounding areas.

Key Takeaways

• The Pong Dam is also known as the Beas Dam and is located in the Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh.
• Construction of the dam began in 1961 and was completed in 1974, making it the tallest earth-fill embankment dam in India at that time.
• The dam created the artificial lake Maharana Pratap Sagar, named after a prominent ruler of Mewar.
• In 1983, it was designated as a bird sanctuary due to its diverse waterfowl population.

Additional Details

• Pong Dam: This earth-fill embankment dam stands 133 meters tall and stretches 1,951 meters in length, featuring a gravel shell.
• Reservoir Significance: The reservoir is a vital habitat for migratory birds and was designated as a Ramsar Wetland Site in 2002 due to its ecological importance.
• It supports various avifauna species, including Bar-headed Geese, Red-necked Grebe, and Common Teal, among others.
• The dam is crucial for irrigation and hydroelectric power generation in the region.

The Pong Dam not only serves significant economic purposes but also plays a critical role in biodiversity conservation, making it an essential feature of the Himalayan ecosystem.

GS2/Polity

The Constitution (One Hundred and Thirtieth Amendment) Bill, 2025

Why in News?

The recent introduction of the Constitution (One Hundred and Thirtieth Amendment) Bill, 2025, in the Lok Sabha on August 20, 2025, aims to tackle the issue of accountability among political leaders in India, amidst growing concerns about the integrity of elected representatives.

Key Takeaways

• The Bill proposes automatic removal of Ministers, Chief Ministers, and the Prime Minister if they remain in custody for over thirty consecutive days due to serious criminal charges.
• It draws upon Articles 75, 164, and 239AA of the Indian Constitution, which outline the appointment and tenure of ministers.
• The Bill raises concerns about undermining the presumption of innocence and introducing inconsistencies between the treatment of legislators and ministers.

Additional Details

• Constitutional Foundations: The Bill's basis lies in judicial interpretations from landmark cases, such as S.R. Bommai v. Union of India, emphasizing constitutional morality in governance.
• Presumption of Innocence: The Bill faces criticism for potentially violating the presumption of innocence, as it may lead to penalizing individuals before a conviction is secured.
• Political Manipulation: The dual mechanism for removal could allow political leaders to manipulate the process, shielding allies while targeting rivals.
• Practical Dilemmas: The possibility of a revolving door effect due to reappointments could create instability in governance.
• Need for Reform: While addressing the issue of criminalization in politics is essential, the approach should ensure fairness and stability; linking removal to judicial milestones could be a more balanced solution.

The Constitution (One Hundred and Thirtieth Amendment) Bill, 2025, attempts to legislate accountability in Indian politics but must be refined to avoid compromising fundamental rights and governance stability. Without proper safeguards, it risks exacerbating existing issues rather than resolving them.

GS2/Governance

Detoxifying India’s Entrance Examination System

Why in News?

The entrance examination system in India has become a source of immense stress and competition, with approximately 70 lakh students competing annually for a limited number of undergraduate seats. The current model not only fuels a vast coaching industry but has also led to serious issues such as financial exploitation, mental health crises, and tragic student suicides. This situation prompts a need to reimagine admissions to prioritize fairness and student well-being.

Key Takeaways

• The entrance examination system promotes a culture of hyper-competition.
• Coaching centers impose financial burdens on families, charging exorbitant fees.
• There is a growing concern over the mental health impact on students.
• Current admissions often favor affluent students over equally capable rural ones.

Additional Details

• Coaching Crisis: The coaching industry has become a significant issue, with fees reaching ₹6-7 lakh for two years. Students as young as 14 are subjected to intense academic pressure, leading to stress and social isolation.
• Illusion of Meritocracy: The belief that success is solely based on individual merit ignores the advantages of privilege and resources, creating a skewed competitive landscape.
• Global Models: Countries like the Netherlands and China have implemented reforms such as weighted lotteries and reduced private tutoring to balance access and equity in education.
• Proposed Reforms: Simplifying admissions by relying on Class 12 board exams and implementing a lottery system could provide a fairer approach. Additionally, integrating reservation policies for underprivileged students could enhance social justice.

Ultimately, India faces a choice: continue the toxic rat race that harms its youth or adopt a fairer system that promotes equity and well-being. Transitioning to a lottery-based admissions process could alleviate pressure on students, making elite education accessible to all qualified candidates while fostering an environment conducive to learning and growth.

GS2/International Relations

Shipki-La Pass

Why in News?

Recently, during the visit of China's Foreign Minister Wang Yi to India, an agreement in principle was reached to resume trade through the Shipki-La Pass located in Kinnaur district, Himachal Pradesh.

Key Takeaways

• Shipki-La Pass is a vital motorable mountain pass between India and China.
• The pass has historical significance as a trade corridor between India and Tibet.
• Its reopening is aimed at boosting economic growth in the border regions of Kinnaur and Lahaul-Spiti.

Additional Details

• Shipki-La Pass: Situated at an altitude of 3,930 meters, this pass serves as a boundary post and is one of the highest motorable passes in the world.
• Significance: The Sutlej River, known as Langqen Zangbo in Tibet, enters India through this pass, enhancing its importance as a trade route.
• The pass was originally named Pema La, or Shared Gate, and was rebranded by the Indo-Tibetan Border Police post-1962.

The opening of Shipki-La to tourists and trade is part of a broader economic strategy aimed at revitalizing the Kinnaur and Lahaul-Spiti regions, which share a 240-km border with China.