April 4 – GS1/Indian Society: 2026 | UPSC Daily Answer Writing Practice PDF Download

Q: Instances of the prevalence of bonded labour system in India are noticed now and then even long after its abolition. What are the reasons that have kept the bonded labour system still alive? (150 words)

Introduction

The Bonded Labour (Abolition) Act, 1976 defines the bonded labour system as a form of forced labour where a debtor commits to providing services to a creditor, either personally or through a family member, for a specific or unspecified period, often without proper wages. This system predominantly affects lower castes, indigenous peoples, minorities, and migrant workers, who already face discrimination and social exclusion.

Body

• Prohibition of Forced Labour: The Constitution of India, through Article 23, prohibits forced labour in any form.
• Enactment of the Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976: The Central Government passed this Act to identify and rehabilitate bonded labourers across the country.
• Centrally Sponsored Plan Scheme for Rehabilitation of Bonded Labour: This scheme has been in operation since 1978, aimed at rehabilitating bonded labourers and providing them with necessary support.

Despite these measures, the instances of bonded labour have been increasing. The core of the problem lies in deep-rooted social customs and economic necessities.

The bonded labour system originates, grows, and persists due to a combination of economic, social, and religious factors. These include:

• Economic Causes: Extreme poverty and the inability to secure a livelihood are primary drivers. Inadequate landholdings, lack of access to small-scale loans, and natural disasters like droughts and floods exacerbate the situation.
• Social and Religious Causes: Discrimination based on religion, ethnicity, or caste, along with social exclusion, plays a significant role.
• Lack of Education and Awareness: Worker illiteracy and limited access to information leave workers vulnerable.
• Employer Monopolies: Dominance of employers in local financial and labour markets restricts workers’ options.
• Disorganization of Workers: The lack of organization among workers diminishes their bargaining power.
• Inadequate Social Services: Poor education systems, limited healthcare access, and unjust social relations contribute to the perpetuation of bonded labour.

 Conclusion 

 Over the years, bonded labour has evolved. It is no longer confined to traditional agricultural practices where lower castes perform menial tasks in exchange for basic sustenance. Today, it manifests as debt bondage that continues to fuel poverty. To eradicate this system, it is crucial to implement the Bonded Labour (Abolition) Act of 1976 effectively. Additionally, measures such as economic rehabilitation, ensuring minimum wages, providing training in skills and crafts, improving education, allotting agricultural land, and establishing a robust healthcare system are essential. These steps are vital for India to break free from the shackles of unjust bonded labour.