May 24 – GS2/International Relations: 2026 | UPSC Daily Answer Writing Practice PDF Download

Q: "Climate change diplomacy has emerged as a critical aspect of international relations." Evaluate India's position and contributions in global climate negotiations, highlighting both challenges and opportunities. (250 Words)

Introduction

Climate change diplomacy is a key part of international relations, with India playing an important role as a major emerging economy and a representative for developing countries.

As the third-largest emitter of greenhouse gases, India's position greatly impacts global climate efforts, balancing its need for development with its environmental responsibilities.

Body

India's Position and Contributions in Global Climate Negotiations 

• India advocates for equity-based burden-sharing in climate action.
• At COP26 (2021), the Indian Prime Minister introduced " Lifestyle for Environment. (LiFE), promoting sustainable lifestyles.
• India pushes for developed nations to achieve "net-negative" emissions, surpassing net-zero targets.

Ambitious Climate Targets:

• India’s five commitments from COP26 have been integrated into enhanced Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement.
• Aims for net zero emissions by 2070.

Leadership in Global Initiatives:

• International Solar Alliance (ISA)
• Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI)

Technology and Innovation:

• Green Grids Initiative - One Sun One World One Grid (GGI-OSOWOG): Launched at COP26 to create a transnational electricity grid.
• National Hydrogen Mission: Aims to make India a global hub for green hydrogen production and export.
• Loss and Damage Fund: At COP27, India played a crucial role in establishing a fund for vulnerable countries.
• G20 Presidency (2023): Prioritized climate action and sustainable development, launching the Global Biofuels Alliance to promote sustainable biofuels.
• Voice of the Global South: India positions itself as a leader of developing nations in climate negotiations, advocating for climate finance and technology transfer to support transitions.

Challenges:

• Financial Constraints: Implementing climate adaptation and mitigation measures requires substantial financial resources. India argues for increased climate finance from developed nations, which has been a point of contention in negotiations.
• Technological Limitations: Access to and affordability of green technologies remain significant hurdles. Intellectual property rights issues often impede technology transfer from developed to developing countries.
• Energy Transition Complexities: India's heavy reliance on coal for energy poses challenges in transitioning to cleaner sources. The socio-economic impact of phasing out coal, including job losses, presents political and economic challenges.
• Adaptation to Climate Impacts: India's diverse geography makes it vulnerable to various climate change impacts, necessitating region-specific adaptation strategies. Balancing adaptation and mitigation efforts within limited resources is challenging.

Opportunities:

• Renewable Energy Leadership: India's ambitious renewable energy targets present an opportunity to become a global leader in clean energy. The potential to create a robust domestic renewable energy industry can boost economic growth and job creation.
• Green Technology Innovation: Investing in R&D for green technologies can position India as an innovator and exporter of climate solutions. Opportunities for start-ups and entrepreneurs in the cleantech sector can drive economic growth.
• Climate Diplomacy and Soft Power: India's leadership in initiatives like ISA enhances its soft power and diplomatic influence. Potential to bridge North-South divides in climate negotiations, positioning India as a key mediator.
• Climate-Resilient Agriculture: Developing and implementing climate-resilient agricultural practices can enhance food security and rural livelihoods. Potential to become a global leader in sustainable agriculture techniques suitable for tropical and subtropical regions.
• Carbon Market Opportunities: India's large potential for emissions reduction presents opportunities in global carbon markets. Developing a robust domestic carbon market could attract international investment and technology transfer.

Conclusion

India's approach to climate diplomacy reflects the complex balance between national growth and global environmental stewardship. While facing significant challenges in transitioning to a low-carbon economy, India also possesses unique opportunities to lead in sustainable development. As climate negotiations evolve, India's role remains crucial in forging an equitable and effective international climate regime.