NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Civics Chapter 9 - Public Facilities

Q1. Why do you think there are so few cases of private water supply in the world?

Ans: Water is an essential amenity. The reasons for the limited number of private water supply cases worldwide include:

• Government Responsibility: Many governments view access to clean water as a basic human right. They invest in public water systems to ensure that all citizens have equitable access and meet quality standards.
• Cost and Affordability: Maintaining a private water supply can be expensive. Many individuals or communities lack the financial resources to invest in such infrastructure, particularly in economically disadvantaged areas.
• Infrastructure Challenges: Building and managing water supply systems requires technical expertise and resources. Private entities may struggle with acquiring land, constructing pipelines, and ensuring sustainable water sources.
• Equity and Access: Private water systems may focus on profitability rather than equitable access, raising concerns about affordability for marginalised or low-income communities.

Q2. Do you think water in Chennai is available to and affordable by all? Discuss.

Ans: In Chennai, access to water is not equal for all residents. The availability of a consistent water supply often depends on one’s income level:

• On average, the municipal supply meets only about half of the city's water needs.
• Areas like Anna Nagar, where senior officials reside, can easily arrange for water tankers.
• In contrast, places like Mylapore receive water only once every two days.
• Residents in Madipakkam often resort to buying bottled water for drinking.
• In slums, a single tap may serve over thirty families for less than an hour each day.

Q3. How is the sale of water by farmers to water dealers in Chennai affecting the local people? Do you think local people can object to such exploitation of ground water? Can the government do anything in this regard?

Ans: The sale of water by farmers to water dealers in Chennai impacts local communities in several significant ways:

• The water sold is primarily used for irrigation, which negatively affects agricultural productivity.
• This water is also essential for drinking and general supply for villagers.
• Heavy exploitation has led to a drastic drop in groundwater levels in these areas.

Local residents can indeed object to the excessive exploitation of groundwater, as it is a public resource that everyone has the right to access. The government has a vital role to play in addressing this issue. The Constitution recognises access to safe drinking water as part of the Right to Life. Therefore, it is essential for the government to protect these rights, ensuring that all individuals can lead a decent life.

Q4. Why are most of the private hospitals and private schools located in major cities and not in towns or rural areas?

Ans: Most private hospitals and schools are found in major cities rather than in towns or rural areas due to several key factors:

• Market Demand: Major cities have larger populations, leading to a higher demand for quality healthcare and education.
• Infrastructure: Urban areas provide better facilities and resources necessary for operating private hospitals and schools.
• Profitability: Cities offer greater opportunities for revenue and profit, thanks to a wealthier client base.
• Access: Residents in cities have better access to private services, creating disparities with rural areas.
• Regulatory Environment: Urban areas often have more favorable regulations or incentives for private investment.

Q5. Do you think the distribution of public facilities in our country is adequate and fair? Give an example of your own to explain.

Ans: Public facilities are essential for meeting the basic needs of all citizens. However, their distribution in our country is neither adequate nor fair. 

• In cities like Delhi, residents have access to various public facilities such as healthcare, sanitation, water, electricity, schools, and public transport.
• In contrast, areas like Mathura and Aligarh face significant shortages of these services.
• Water shortages and frequent electricity cut-offs are common in these regions.
• Public transport is also poorly developed outside major cities, leaving towns and villages underserved.
• There is a stark contrast between wealthy and poorer localities, with the latter receiving less service.

Q6. Take some of the public facilities in your area, such as water, electricity, etc. Is there scope to improve these? What in your opinion should be done? Complete the table.

Ans:

Q7. Are the above public facilities shared equally by all the people in your area? Elaborate.

Ans: No, the facilities mentioned are not shared equally in the area. Key points include:

• The water supply is unevenly distributed. Slum dwellers often rely on a single water tap, while middle-class homes have separate connections.
• Middle-class families may purchase water from tankers to meet their needs, which slum residents cannot afford.
• Other facilities, such as electricity, roads, and public transport, are shared more equally among all residents.

Q8. Data on some of the public facilities are collected as part of the Census. Discuss with your teacher when and how the Census is conducted.

Ans: The Census is conducted every ten years to count the entire population of the country. It gathers detailed information about citizens, including:

• Age
• Education
• Occupations

This data helps in understanding the demographics and planning for public services.

Q9. Private educational institutions – schools, colleges, universities, technical and vocational training institutes are coming up in our country in a big way. On the other hand, educational institutes run by the government are becoming relatively less important. What do you think would be the impact of this? Discuss.

Ans: Private educational institutions have been expanding in India, while government-run institutions are becoming less significant. This shift raises concerns about affordability, quality, and accessibility of education. The potential impacts include:

• Social Inequality: Increased privatisation may widen the gap between wealthy and lower-income families, as the former can afford better education.
• Political Influence: Private institutions might gain political power through lobbying, affecting education policies.
• Quality Disparities: Although private institutions may provide superior facilities, their profit motives could compromise educational quality, leading to disparities with government schools.
• Economic Effects: While private education can boost economic growth, it may also commercialise education, limiting social mobility.

The rise of private educational institutions over government ones can significantly impact society, politics, and the economy. While there are benefits like innovation and growth, concerns regarding social inequality and access to quality education remain. Policymakers must find a balance between private and public education to ensure it is accessible, affordable, and of high quality for all.