Q1. What were the steps taken by Musharraf in Pakistan to empower himself? [Important]
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Q2. With reference to Zimbabwe, describe how the popular approval of rulers is necessary in a democracy but not sufficient.
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Q3. On the basis of the various examples given in the chapter, state what should be the four features of a democracy.
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Final Decision-Making Power:The ultimate decision-making authority must rest with elected representatives. This ensures that the rulers are chosen by the people and are accountable to them.
Free and Fair Elections:Elections must be genuinely competitive and offer a real choice between political alternatives. It should be possible for people to remove the current rulers through the electoral process.
Universal Adult Franchise:Every adult citizen must have the right to vote, and each vote must carry equal value. This principle ensures political equality and prevents discrimination based on gender, ethnicity, or other factors.
Rule of Law and Respect for Rights:A democratic government operates within the constraints of the law and must respect basic rights and freedoms of all citizens. It should allow for political opposition, free expression, and equal treatment under the law. Additionally, a democratic government must not act arbitrarily; it must adhere to constitutional limits and respect the rights of minorities.
These features collectively ensure that a government functions democratically by being accountable to the people, maintaining fair electoral practices, ensuring equal voting rights, and upholding fundamental rights and legal constraints.
Q4. Discuss the disadvantages of democracy.
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Instability:
In democracy, there is frequent turnover of leaders and political parties, which results in political instability.
Low Morality:
Democracy revolves around political competition and power struggles, often without regard for moral considerations.
Delays in Decision Making:
Decision-making processes in democracy involve parliamentary approval and extensive consultation with numerous individuals and institutions, leading to delays.
Bad Decisions:
Due to a lack of comprehensive understanding of the people's best interests among many leaders, democracy can result in poor decision-making.
Corruption:
Electoral competition inherent in democracy fosters corruption, with many political parties resorting to financial and coercive tactics to gain power.
Illiterate and Politically Unaware Voters:
In many developing countries, voters lack literacy and political awareness, often leading to the election of inappropriate candidates.
Q6. Which characteristics make democratic government so popular?
Accountable Government:
Democracy stands out from other forms of government because it represents the needs of the people. It does not rely on the arbitrary decisions of a ruler or dictator. Simply put, democracy is designed for the people and ensures accountability in governance.
Based on Consultation and Discussion:
Democracy operates on the foundation of consultation and discussion. This approach allows for timely rectification of many mistakes, thereby enhancing the quality of decision-making.
Deals with Differences:
Democracy provides a peaceful resolution to every issue and offers the most effective method for managing differences and conflicts. It is particularly suitable for diverse countries like India, which encompass a variety of languages, religions, castes, and creeds. Through discussions, every problem finds a solution, thereby fostering national unity.
Political Equality:
Democracy is built on the principle of political equality, ensuring equal rights for both the affluent and the disadvantaged, the educated and the uneducated. In this sense, democracy contributes to the dignity of every citizen.
Q7. Write any five arguments in favour and five against democracy as a form of government.
Arguments in Favor of Democracy:
Arguments Against Democracy:
Prevention of Autocratic Rule: The rule of law ensures that leaders can't exceed their authority or act without limits. In Zimbabwe, the lack of legal constraints allowed the leader to become autocratic. Upholding the rule of law prevents such concentration of power and promotes fair governance.
Protection of Citizens’ Rights: Fundamental rights like free speech and assembly are essential for democracy. Zimbabwe's suppression of these rights hindered political freedom and dissent. Respecting these rights allows citizens to express their views and participate fully in political life.
Ensuring Fair Elections and Accountability: Fair elections depend on adherence to legal standards. Zimbabwe’s electoral manipulation highlighted how ignoring these rules can corrupt the democratic process. By following legal procedures, elections can better reflect the people's will and hold leaders accountable.
Institutional Checks and Balances: Independent institutions, like the judiciary, are crucial for overseeing government actions. Zimbabwe’s pressure on judges showed how weakening these institutions can lead to unchecked power. Strong checks and balances ensure that all branches of government remain accountable and operate within their legal limits.
Democracy is often referred to as a "government by discussion" because it emphasizes the importance of open dialogue, debate, and participation in decision-making processes. Here’s why this characterization fits:
Participation and Debate: Democracy encourages the active involvement of citizens in governance through discussion and debate. Unlike autocratic systems where decisions are made unilaterally by a single ruler or a small group, democracies rely on a broad range of opinions and viewpoints. This open discussion helps ensure that various perspectives are considered before making decisions that affect the whole society.
Transparency and Accountability: In a democratic system, public officials are expected to engage in discussions with the public and other stakeholders. This transparency is crucial for holding leaders accountable and ensuring that their actions reflect the will and needs of the people. Regular discussions, public consultations, and debates help in maintaining this accountability.
Conflict Resolution: Democracy uses discussion as a tool to resolve conflicts and build consensus. By fostering an environment where different groups can voice their concerns and negotiate solutions, democracy aims to address diverse interests and achieve balanced and fair outcomes.
Informed Decision-Making: Discussions and debates in a democracy contribute to informed decision-making. By examining different viewpoints and evidence, democratic processes help ensure that decisions are well-considered and based on a thorough understanding of the issues at hand.
Overall, calling democracy a "government by discussion" highlights its foundational commitment to inclusivity, openness, and collaborative problem-solving.
Fig. Democracy means power to people
Q10. ‘‘Democracy enhances the dignity of citizen.’’ Justify this statement.
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Q11. ‘‘Democracy improve the quality of decision making.’’ Explain.
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Q12. Give any four reasons why democracies resolve conflict in a better way than other forms of governments.
Ans. Democracies resolve conflict in a better way. Reasons —
Q13. Despite its demerits why is democracy the most preferred form of government? Explain.
Ans. Despite its demerits democracy is still the most preferred form of government as it is:
Accountable Government:
Democracy surpasses other forms of government because it represents the people's interests, not the whims of a ruler or dictator. In essence, democracy is by and for the people, embodying accountability in governance.
Based on Consultation and Discussion:
Democracy hinges on consultation and discussion, allowing timely rectification of errors. Consequently, democracy enhances the quality of decision-making processes.
Deals with Differences:
Democracy offers a peaceful resolution to every issue, serving as the optimal method for managing differences and conflicts. It aptly suits diverse countries like India, encompassing a variety of languages, religions, castes, and creeds. Discussions lead to solutions, thereby promoting national unity.
Political Equality:
Democracy rests on political equality, ensuring equal rights for all—regardless of wealth, education, or social status. This aspect of democracy enhances the dignity of every citizen.
Room for Correction:
Only in democracy are mistakes acknowledged and efforts made to rectify them. Democracy provides the space to admit and correct mistakes, fostering continual improvement and accountability.
Opportunity for Individual Flourishing:
Democracy allows citizens to thrive according to their abilities, providing them with opportunities to pursue personal growth and fulfillment.
Q14. Why is democracy government a better government? Mention four reasons.
Ans.Fig: Democratic government.A democratic government is a better government as—
Q15. What are the various aspects of democracy?
Ans. We can identify three dimensions of democracy—political, social, and economic.
Q16. Why did the Institutional Revolutionary Party in Mexico never lose any election till 2000?
Ans. The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) in Mexico maintained an unbroken winning streak until 2000. Several factors contributed to its enduring dominance:
Q17. Write some common features of the non-democratic countries.
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1. What is Democracy? |
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3. How does Democracy differ from other forms of government? |
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