Short Notes From The Modern Indian History (Part 1) | History(Prelims) by UPSC Toppers PDF Download

Peasant Movements—1857-1947 (I)

Indigo Revolt (1859-60)

• Revolt in bengal
• Forced by the planters to take advance money and enter into fraudulent contracts which were then used against the peasants
• Digambar Biswas and Bishnu Biswas of Nadia district

Tabna Agrarian Leagues

• 1870s and 1880s, large parts of Eastern Bengal witnessed agrarian unrest caused by oppressive practices of the zamindars
• Yusufshahi Pargana in Patna district
• Struggles spread throughout Patna and to other districts of East Bengal.
• The main form of struggle was that of legal resistance. There was very little violence
• In 1885, the Bengal Tenancy Act was passed.
• Young Indian intellectuals support-Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, R.C. Dutt and the Indian Association under Surendranath Banerjee.

Deccan Riots

• Heavy taxation under the Ryotwari system
• Peasants found themselves trapped in an endless network with the moneylender as the exploiter and the main beneficiary.
• Money lenders mostly outsiders including Marwaris or Gujaratis.
• In 1874, the growing tension between the moneylenders, and the peasants resulted in a social boycott movement organised by the ryots against the “outsider” moneylenders.
• Spread rapidly to the villages of Poona, Ahmednagar, Sholapur and Satara.
• Transformed into agrarian riots with systematic attacks on the moneylender’s houses and shops.
• The Deccan Agriculturists Relief Act was passed in 1879 in order to maintain peace and harmony.

LATER MOVEMENTS

The Kisan Sabha Movement

• Taken by the active members of Home Rule League in UP - Gauri Shankar Misra, Indra Narain Dwivedi supported by Madan Mohan Malviya.
• The UP Kisan Sabha, set up in 1918, had established 450 branches in 173 tehsils of the province by mid-1919.
• In the mid-1920, Baba Ramchandra emerged as the leader of peasants in Avadh and led a few hundred tenants from Jaunpur and Pratapgarh districts to Allahabad and apprised Jawaharlal Nehru of the conditions of the peasants.
• Nehru made several visits to the rural areas and developed close contacts with the Kisan Sabha Movement.
• Late 1920 an alternative Awadh Kisan Sabha at Pratapgarh with the efforts of Jawahar lal Nehru, Mata Badal Pande, Baba Ram Chandra, Dev Narayan Pande, and Kedar Nath bringing under its umbrella over 330 Kisan Sabhas.
• The Sabha exhorted peasants to refuse to till bedakhali land; not to offer har and begar ( forms of unpaid labour), boycott those who did not accept these conditions and to solve their disputes through panchayats.
• In 1921, the nature of peasant movement underwent a marked change with peasants indulging in looting of bazaars, houses, granaries and clashes with the police. The Government easily suppressed these outbreaks of violence & passed the Awadh Rent ( Amendment ) Act which though brought little relief to the tenants.

Eka Movement

• Towards the end of 1921, peasant discontent surfaced again in the districts of Hardoi, Bahraich and Sitapur
• Causes-Relating to the extraction of a rent that was generally 50 percent higher than the recorded rent.
• Congress and Khilafat leaders provided the initial thrust to the peasant grievances and the movement grew under the name Eka or unity movement.
• With grass-root leadership not in favour of non- violence taking over the movement, the authorities succeeded in bringing it to an end.
• The Kisan movements were also over shadowed by the Non-Cooperation Movement in UP.

Mappila Revolt

• Muslim tenants inhabiting the surging where most of the landlords were Hindus.
• Particularly encouraged by the demand or the local Congress body for a government legislation regulating tenant- landlord relations.
• Mappila movement merged with the ongoing Khilafat agitation.
• Khilafat-Non-Cooperation Movement like Gandhi, Shaukat Ali and Maulana Azad addressed Mappila meetings.
• Worse in August 1921 when the arrest of a respected priest leader, Ali Musaliar
• By December 1921, all resistance had come to a stop.

Bardoli Satyagraha

• Surat district had witnessed intense politicisation after the coming of Gandhi on the national political scene.
• Sparked off in January 1926 when the authorities decided to increase the land revenue by 30 per cent.
• In February 1926, Vallabhbhai Patel was called to lead the movement.
• The women of Bardoli gave him the title of “Sardar”.
• Under Patel, the Bardoli peasants resolved to refuse payments of the revised assessment
• Bardoli Satyagraha Patrika was brought out to mobilise public opinion.
• K.M. Munshi and Lalji Naranji resigned from the Bombay Legislative Council in support of the movement.
• Gandhi stand for emergency
• The Civil Disobedience Movement which took the form of no-rent, no-revenue movement in many areas.

India Kisan Congress Sabha

• Founded in Lucknow in April 1936
• Swami Sahjanand Saraswati as the president and N.G. Ranga as the general secretary.
• Held their sessions in Faizpur in 1936.

Peasants Activity in Provinces

Kerala

• Peasants Mobilised mainly by the congress socialist activists.
• Existence of Karsak Sanghams-Peasants Organisations
• Popular methods-Marching of jaths to the landlords for their acceptance of demands
• Malabar Tenancy Act-1938 (Significant campaign by the peasants)

Andhra

• Many provincial ryot associations were active.
• N.G. Ranga had set up the India Peasants’ Institute in 1933.
• After 1936, the Congress socialists started organising the peasants.
• At many places, the summer schools of economics and politics were held and addressed by leaders like P.C. Joshi, Ajoy Ghosh and R.D. Bhardwaj.

Bihar

• Sahjanand Saraswati was joined by Karyanand Sharma, Yadunandan Sharma, Rahul Sankritayan, Panchartan Sharma, Jamun Karjiti.
• In 1935, the Provincial Kisan Conference adopted the anti-zamindari slogan.
• The Provincial Kisan Sabha developed a rift with the Congress over the bakasht land issue because of an unfavorable government resolution which was not acceptable to the sabha.
• The movement ceased to exist by August 1939.

Punjab

• Punjab Naujawan Bharat Sabha, the Kirti Kisan Party, the Congress and the Akalis.
• A new direction to the movement was given by the Punjab Kisan Committee in 1937.
• The main targets of the movement were the landlords of western Punjab who dominated the unionist ministry.
• The immediate issues taken up were resettlement of land revenue in Amritsar and Lahore and increase in water rates in canal colonies of Multan and Montgomery where feudal levies were being demanded by the private contractors.
• Mainly concentrated in Jullundur, Amritsar, Hoshiarpur, Lyallpur and Shekhupura.

DURING THE WAR

• The AIKS was split on communist and non-communist lines and many veteran leaders like Sahianand, Indulal Yagnik and N.G. Ranga left the sabha.
• But the Kisan Sabha continued to work among the people and helped outstandingly during the famine of 1943.

POST-WAR PHASE

Tebhaga Movement

• an independence campaign initiated in Bengal by the Kisan Sabha
• The Flood Commission recommendations of tebhaga two-third share to the bargardars, the share croppers also known as bagehasi or adhyar, instead of the one-half share.
• The central slogan was “nij khamare dhan tolo” which means sharecroppers taking the paddy to their own threshing floor and not to the jotedar’s house, as before, so as to enforce tebhaga.
• The storm centre of the movement was north Bengal, principally among Rajbanshis, a low caste of tribal origin.
• Muslims also participated in large numbers.
• The movement dissipated soon, because of the League, ministry’s sop of the Bargardari Bill, an intensified repression, the popularisation of the Hindu Mahasabha’s agitation for a separate Bengal and renewed riots in Calcutta which ended the prospects of sympathetic support from the urban sections.

Telangana Movement

• Biggest peasant guerrilla war of modern Indian history.
• The princely state of Hyderabad under Asajahi Nizams
• Combination of religious-linguistic domination.
• Total lack of political and civil liberties, grossest forms of forced exploitation by deshmukhs, jagirdars, doras i.e. Landlords in forms of forced labour i.e. Vethi and illegal exactions.
• Wartime exactions, abuse of rationing, excessive rent and vethi.
• July 1946 -deshmukh’s thug murdered a village militant in jangaon taluq of nalgonda.
• Spread to warrangal and kharnmam.
• The peasants organised themselves into village sanghams, and attacked using lathis, stone slings and chilli powder.
• Faced brutal repression.
• Greatest intensity between august 1947 and september1948.
• The peasants brought about a rout of the razaqars, the nizam’s storm troopers.
• The telangana movement had many positive achievement to its credit.
• Vethi and forced labour disappeared, agricultural wages were raised, illegally seized lands were restored, steps were taken to fix ceilings and redistribute lands, measures to improve irrigation and fight cholera.
• An improvement in the condition of women.
• The autocratic-feudal regime of india’s biggest princely state
• The formation of andhra pradesh on linguistic lines.