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Deficiency Diseases |
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Names |
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Disease |
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Comments |
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Vitamin A |
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Xerophtalmia |
Lachrimal glands stop producing tears leading to blindness. |
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(retinol) |
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Dermatosis |
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Thiamine |
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Beri Beri |
Extreme weakness, swelling, pain in legs, loss of appetite, |
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(Vitamin B1) |
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enlarged heart, headache & shortness of breath |
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Riboflavin |
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Ariboflavinosis |
Blurred vision, burning of the eye & tongue, cracking of skin |
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(Vitamin B2) |
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at angle of mouth |
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Niacin |
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Pellagra |
Tip & lateral margins of tongue, mouth & gums become red, |
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(Nicotinamide) |
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swollen & develop ulcers |
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Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) |
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Pantothenic Acid |
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Biotin |
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Cobalamin |
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Perinicious or |
Reduction of Haemoglobin due to disturbance in formation of |
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(Vitamin B12) |
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Megaloblastic |
RBC. |
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Anemia |
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Folic Acid |
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Vitamin C |
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Scurvy |
Pain in joints, loss of weight, gums become spongy & bleed. |
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(Ascorbic acid) |
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Teeth loose & fragile. |
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Vitamin D |
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Rickets |
Occurs in Children. Softness & deformities of bones. |
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(cholecalciferol) |
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Osteomalacia |
Bones susceptible to fracture. |
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Vitamin E (Tocopherol) |
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Vitamin K (Phylloquinone) |
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Potassium |
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Hypokalemia |
Rise in heart beat rate. Kidney damage. |
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Sodium |
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Hyponatremia |
Low blood pressure. |
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Proteins |
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Kwashiorkar |
Potbelly due to retention of water by the cells (Oedema). |
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Diseases Caused By Microorganisms |
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Virus |
Bacteria |
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Protozoas |
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Fungi |
Worms |
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Small Pox |
Sore throat |
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Malaria |
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Ringworm |
Taeniasis |
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Chicken Pox |
Diptheria |
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Amoebic dysentry |
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Athlete’s Foot |
Schistosomiasis |
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Common Cold |
Pneumonia |
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Trypanosomiasis |
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Madura Toot |
Bilharziasis |
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Influenza/Flu |
Tuberculosis |
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Oriental Sore |
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Dhobie Itch |
Ancylostormiasis |
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Measles |
Plague |
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Kala Azar |
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Hook Worm |
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Mumps |
Tetanus |
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Giardiasis or |
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Ascariasis |
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Encephalitis |
Typhoid |
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Diarrhoea |
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Enterobiasis |
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Poliomyelitus |
Cholera |
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Vaginitis |
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Pinworm disease |
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Rabies |
Bacillary Dysentry |
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Filariasis |
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Dengue |
Whooping Cough |
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Elephantiasis |
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Herpes |
Gonorrhea |
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AIDS |
Leprosy |
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Botulism |
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Trpanosomiasis is also known as sleeping sickness (tse-tse fly). |
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Taeniasis is transmitted through eating pork. |
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Genetic Diseases |
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1. |
Albinism |
Absence of pigment melanin in the skin. Cause by a recessive gene |
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that blocks the conversion of amino acid tyrosine to melanin. |
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2. |
Cri-du-chat syndrome |
Caused by deformity of chromosome 5. Infants cry like mewing of |
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cat, small head. |
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3. |
Cystic Fibrosis |
Results because of recessive autosomal gene. Cause abnormal |
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pancreatic functions & generally leads to early death |
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4. |
Down Syndrome |
Also called Mongolism. Chromosome 21 occurs in triplicate (trisomy) |
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rather than duplicate. Affected individuals carry 47 chromosomes are |
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greatly retard mentally & physically. |
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5. |
Edwards Syndrome |
Trisomy of chromosome 18. Infants die before 6 months. |
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6. |
Fabry’s Disease |
Caused by recessive X-linked gene that affects metabolism of |
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glycosphingolipids. These lipids deposit in hear, kidneys & eyes. |
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7. |
Galactosemia |
Recessive autosomal gene causes defect in the enzyme utilizing the |
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sugar galactose. Causes high level of galactose leading to cataracts & |
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brain damage. |
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8. |
Haemophilia |
Sex linked recessive gene. Bleeding can be stopped by injecting a |
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protein (factor VIII) |
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9. |
Huntington’s Disease |
Caused by dominant autosomal gene which leads to progressive |
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deterioration of the nervous system. Develops at an age of 30 to 40 |
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years causing loss of control of limbs. |
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10. |
Klinefelter Syndrome |
Improper development of testes due to addition X chromosome |
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(XXY). Permanent sterility. |
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11. |
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome |
Sex linked recessive trait resulting into the development of |
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involuntary movements, mental retardation & kidney damage. |
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12. |
Marfan Syndrome |
Autosomal dominant resulting in abnormalities of body parts |
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especially eyes & fingers. |
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13. |
Muscular Dystrophy |
Sex linked recessive disease developing during 1-6 years. Patient |
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becomes confined to wheel chair by 12 year of age. People die before |
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20. |
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14. |
Patau Syndrome |
Trisomy of chromosome 13. Die within 3 months of birth. |
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15. |
Phenylketonuria (PKU) |
Recessive autosomal gene results into lack of an enzyme essential for |
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the metabolism of amino acid phenylalanine. As a result the amino |
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acid accumulates in the brain causing damage. It detected soon it can |
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be prevented by feeding the child on low Phenylalanine. |
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16. |
Sickle Cell Anemia |
Caused by abnormal haemoglobin molecule due to recessive gene in |
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homozygous condition resulting in sickling of RBCs. |
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17. |
Tay Sachs Disease |
Caused by autosomal recessive gene. Leads to progressive mental |
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degradation resulting in death by the age of 2-3 years. |
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18. |
Thalassemia |
Also called Cooley’s Anaemia. Occurs mostly in children & is nearly |
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fatal. Controlled by a recessive gene which causes severe anaemia. |
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19. |
Turner Syndrome |
Affected individuals are phenotypically females but have rudimentary |
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sex organs & mammary glands. Results from lack of an X |
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chromosome, that is the comliment of XO with 45 chromosomes (45, |
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XO). |
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20. |
Xeroderma Pigmentosum |
Extremely sensitive to UV radiation. Sunlight causes lesions which |
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frequently become cancerous. |
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Hormones
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Gland |
Hormone |
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Effect |
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Pituitary/Hypophysis |
Growth Hormone or |
Growth of long bones, muscles. |
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Anterior Lobe |
Somatotrophic hormone (STH). |
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Thyroid Stimulating Hor. (TSH) |
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Adreno Corticotrophic hormone |
Influences the production of corticosteroids |
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(ACTH) |
by adrenal cortex involved in defending body |
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against physiological stress. |
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Follicle Stimulating hormone |
Growth & maturation of follicles in the |
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(FSH) |
ovary, production of female sex hormone |
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Estrogen & maturation of spermatozoa in |
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males. |
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Luteinizing Hormone (LH) |
Stimulates interstitial cells in the testis to |
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produce |
testosterone. |
Causes ovulation. |
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Release of estrogen & formulation of corpus |
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luteum in female. |
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Prolactin or Luteotrophic |
Helps to maintain pregnancy. Stimualate |
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Hormone (LH) |
mammary glands to secrete milk. |
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Middle Lobe |
Melanophore stimulating |
Associated with melaonophyte which give |
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Hormone (MSH) |
skin its colour |
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Posterior Lobe |
Vasopressin or Anti-diuretic |
Controls water reabsorption in the kidney |
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Hormone |
tubule. |
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Oxytocin |
Causes uterine contractions & active |
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expulsion of milk during & after birth. |
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Hypothalamus |
Releasing Hormone (RH) for |
Production of all the anterior pituitary |
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each anterior pituitary hormone: |
hormone is controlled by messages from the |
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GH-RH, TSH-RH, ACTH-RH, |
hypothalamus via |
hypophyseal portal |
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FSH-RH & likewise |
vessels. |
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Thyroid |
Thyroxine |
BMR. Influences heat production. |
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Calcitonin |
Calcium level in blood |
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Parathyroids |
Parathormone |
Raises blood calcium level |
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Adrenals |
Aldosterone |
Regulates sodium and potassium levels in the |
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blood to control blood pressure |
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Hydrocortisone |
Plays key role in stress response; increases |
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blood glucose levels and mobilizes fat stores; |
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reduces inflammatation |
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Epinephrine or Adrenalin |
Increases blood pressure, heart and metabolic |
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rate, and blood sugar levels; dilates blood |
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vessels. Also released during exercise |
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Norepinephrine/ Noradrenalin |
Increases blood pressure and heart rate; |
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constricts blood vessels |
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Thymus |
Thymosin |
Development of white blood cells |
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Pancreas or Islets of |
Insulin |
Lower the blood sugar level |
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Langerhans |
Glucagon |
Increse the blood sugar level. |
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Ovaries |
Estrogen |
Secondary sexual characteristics. |
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Progesterone |
Prepares Endometrium (inner lining of |
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Uterus) |
& maintains it during pregnancy |
Classification of Hormones
Amines |
Peptide hormones |
Steroids/ sterols |
Lipids |
Adrenaline |
Acth Or Corticotropin) |
Cortisol |
Prostaglandins |
Dopamine |
Vasopressin |
Aldosterone |
Leukotrienes |
Noradrenaline |
Calcitonin |
Testosterone |
Prostacyclin |
Melatonin |
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (Crh) |
Androstenedione |
Thromboxane |
Serotonin |
Erythropoietin (Epo) |
Oestrogen |
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Thyroxine |
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (Fsh) |
Estradiol |
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Triiodothyronine |
Gastrin |
Progesterone |
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Glucagon |
Progestins |
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Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (Gnrh) |
Calcitriol |
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Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH) |
(Sterol) |
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Growth Hormone (GH Or Hgh) |
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Insulin |
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Leptin |
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Luteinizing Hormone (LH) |
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Oxytocin |
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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) |
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Prolactin (PRL) |
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Possible Combinations of Blood Groups
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Male |
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Female |
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Blood group of Children not possible |
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A |
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A |
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B & AB |
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A |
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B |
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- |
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A |
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AB |
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O |
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A |
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O |
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B or AB |
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B |
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B |
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A, AB |
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B |
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AB |
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O |
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B |
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O |
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A, AB |
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AB |
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AB |
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O |
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AB |
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O |
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O, AB |
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O |
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O |
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A, B, AB |
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Plant Diseases |
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Fungi |
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Bacterial Diseases |
Viral Diseases |
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Late blight of Potato |
Paddy blight |
Tobacco Mosaic |
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Downy Mildew |
Brown rot of Potato |
Bunchy top of Banana |
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Loose smut of Wheat |
Ring rot of Potato |
Leaf curl |
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Smut of Bajra |
Tundu disease of wheat |
Potato leaf roll |
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Bunt of rice |
Citrus canker |
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Coffee rust |
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Crown Gall of fruits |
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Black/Brown rust |
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Red rot of sugarcane |
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Wilt of cotton |
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Ergot of Bajra |
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Foot rot of Paddy |
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Pollution Linked Diseases |
Heavy Metal |
Human Impacts |
Mercury |
Kidney damage, ulcers, death if in the form of methyl mercury, Minamata disease |
Lead |
Kidney damage, metabolic interference, central and peripheral nervous system |
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toxicity, depressed biosynthesis of protein and red blood cells, irritability, anemia |
Cadmium |
Renal disease. Various cancers |
Arsenic |
Hyperkeratosis, hyperpigmentation, skin tumors and cancer, damage to |
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gastrointestinal tract and liver |
Aluminum |
Linked to Alzheimer's disease, anemia, softening of bones, senile dementia |
1. What are deficiency diseases? |
2. Which nutrients are commonly associated with deficiency diseases? |
3. How do deficiency diseases affect the body? |
4. How can deficiency diseases be prevented? |
5. Can deficiency diseases be treated? |
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