Q1. Choose the correct answer from the four alternatives given below.
(i) Which one of the following places receives the highest rainfall in the world?
(a) Silchar
(b) Mawsynram
(c) Cherrapunji
(d) Guwahati
Ans: (b) Mawsynram
Mawsynram, located in the state of Meghalaya, India, is known for receiving the highest rainfall in the world.
(ii) The wind blowing in the northern plains in summers is known as:
(a) Kaal Baisakhi
(b) Loo
(c) Trade Winds
(d) None of the above
Ans: (b) Loo
The Loo is a hot, dry wind blowing across the northern plains of India during the summer months
(iii) Monsoon arrives in India approximately in:
(a) Early May
(b) Early July
(c) Early June
(d) Early August
Ans: (c) Early June
Monsoon generally arrives in India around early June, bringing much-needed rain to various parts of the country.
(iv) Which one of the following characterises the cold-weather season in India?
(a) Warm days and warm nights
(b) Warm days and cold nights
(c) Cool days and cold nights
(d) Cold days and warm nights
Ans: (b) Warm days and cold nights
The cold-weather season is characterized by warm days and cold nights, as daytime temperatures are more comfortable compared to the significantly colder nighttime temperatures.
Q2. Answer the following questions briefly.
(i) What are the controls affecting the climate of India?
Ans: The climate of India is influenced by six main factors:
(ii) Why does India have a monsoon type of climate?
Ans: India has a monsoon type of climate due to the influence of monsoon winds, which primarily operate between 20° North and 20° South.
(iii) Which part of India does experience the highest diurnal range of temperature and why?
Ans: The Indian desert, located in the north-western part of India, experiences the highest diurnal range of temperature. This is due to the following reasons:
(iv) Which winds account for rainfall along the Malabar Coast?
Ans: Malabar Coast gets rains from South-West Monsoon Winds.
(v) Define monsoons. What do you understand by “break” in monsoon?
Ans: Monsoons are a significant wind system that affects large climatic areas, reversing direction with the seasons. They are characterized by:
(vi) Why is the monsoon considered a unifying bond?
Ans: The monsoon is considered a unifying bond because:
Q3. Why does the rainfall decrease from the east to the west in Northern India?
Ans: The rainfall decreases from the east to the west in Northern India because of the following reason:
Q4. Give reasons as to why.
(i) Seasonal reversal of wind direction takes place over the Indian subcontinent.
Ans: The seasonal reversal of wind direction over the Indian subcontinent happens because:
(ii) The bulk of rainfall in India is concentrated over a few months.
Ans: The monsoon in India starts in early June and quickly spreads across the country by mid-July. Most of the rainfall occurs during a few months, primarily from June to August.
(iii) The Tamil Nadu coast receives winter rainfall.
Ans: The Tamil Nadu coast receives winter rainfall because of the movement of low-pressure conditions to the Bay of Bengal.
(iv) The delta region of the eastern coast is frequently struck by cyclones.
Ans: The Bay of Bengal is a hotspot for pressure changes, leading to a high likelihood of cyclone formation. Consequently, the delta region along the eastern coast often experiences cyclones.
(v) Parts of Rajasthan, Gujarat and the leeward side of the Western Ghats are drought-prone.
Ans: Mountains play an important role in the distribution of rainfall in India. The moisture-laden winds (South West Monsoons) cause heavy rain on the windward slopes of the Western Ghats and Khasi-Garo hills. When winds cross over mountains, they lose most of their moisture on the windward side (the side facing the wind), resulting in less rainfall on the leeward side (the side sheltered from the wind). This dry area on the leeward side, which gets very little rain, is often drought-prone. Rajasthan is an example of such a region; it lies in the rain shadow of the Aravalli Hills, meaning it receives significantly less rainfall compared to areas on the windward side of the hills.
Q5. Describe the regional variations in the climatic conditions of India with the help of suitable examples.
Ans: There is regional variation in the climatic conditions of India. Temperature and Precipitation vary from place to place and season to season.
Q6. Give an account of weather conditions and characteristics of the cold season.
Ans: The cold weather season in northern India has several distinct features:
Q7. Give the characteristics and effects of the monsoon rainfall in India.
Ans: Characteristics of the monsoon rainfall in India:
Effects of the monsoon rainfall in India:
Q. On an outline map of India, show the following.
(i) Areas receiving rainfall over 400 cm.
(ii) Areas receiving less than 20 cm of rainfall.
(iii) The direction of the southwest monsoon over India.
Ans:
(i) The Western Coast and North Eastern India receive rainfall over 400 cm. Mawsynram and Cherrapunji in Meghalaya are known for receiving maximum rainfall in the world. The Andaman Islands and Lakshadweep Islands are also known to receive annual rainfall above 400 cm.
(ii) The parts of Northern Kashmir, Western Rajasthan, Deccan Plateau and Punjab are known to be the areas that receive scanty rainfall that is less than 20 cm. In the Northern part of India, rainfall decreases toward the west, while in the peninsular region except for Tamil Nadu, the rainfall decreases eastwards.
(iii) In early June, a low-pressure area over northern India attracts southeast trade winds from the southern hemisphere. These winds blow southwesterly into India, bringing moisture and abundant rainfall. Moving at about 30 km per hour, the southwest monsoon signals the start of the rainy season, transforming the weather across the country.
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