Data Transfer & Manipulation | Computer Architecture & Organisation (CAO) - Computer Science Engineering (CSE) PDF Download

Data Transfer and Manipulation
Data transfer instructions cause transfer of data from one location to another without changing the binary information. The most common transfer are between the ·

  • Memory and Processor registers
  • Processor registers and input output devices
  • Processor registers themselves

Data Transfer & Manipulation | Computer Architecture & Organisation (CAO) - Computer Science Engineering (CSE)

Data manipulation Instructions
Data manipulation instructions perform operations on data and provide the computational capabilities for the computer. These instructions perform arithmetic, logic and shift operations.
Data Transfer & Manipulation | Computer Architecture & Organisation (CAO) - Computer Science Engineering (CSE)

Data Transfer & Manipulation | Computer Architecture & Organisation (CAO) - Computer Science Engineering (CSE)

Data Transfer & Manipulation | Computer Architecture & Organisation (CAO) - Computer Science Engineering (CSE)

Program Control Instructions
The program control instructions provide decision making capabilities and change the path taken by the program when executed in computer. These instructions specify conditions for altering the content of the program counter. The change in value of program counter as a result of execution of program control instruction causes a break in sequence of instruction execution. Some typical program control instructions are:

Data Transfer & Manipulation | Computer Architecture & Organisation (CAO) - Computer Science Engineering (CSE)

Subroutine call and Return
A subroutine call instruction consists of an operation code together with an address that specifies the beginning of the subroutine. The instruction is executed by performing two tasks:

  • The address of the next instruction available in the program counter (the return address) is stored in a temporary location (stack) so the subroutine knows where to return.
  • Control is transferred to the beginning of the subroutine.

The last instruction of every subroutine, commonly called return from subroutine; transfer the return address from the temporary location into the program counter. This results in a transfer of program control to the instruction where address was originally stored in the temporary location.

 

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Interrupt
The interrupt procedure is, in principle, quite similar to a subroutine call except for three variations:

  • The interrupt is usually initiated by an external or internal signal rather than from execution of an instruction.
  • The address of the interrupt service program is determined by the hardware rather than from the address field of an instruction.
  • An interrupt procedure usually stores all the information necessary to define the state of the CPU rather than storing only the program counter.
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FAQs on Data Transfer & Manipulation - Computer Architecture & Organisation (CAO) - Computer Science Engineering (CSE)

1. What is data transfer?
Ans. Data transfer refers to the movement of digital data from one device or location to another. It involves the process of transmitting data over a network, such as the internet, or directly between devices, such as through a USB cable.
2. What is data manipulation?
Ans. Data manipulation refers to the process of changing or transforming data in order to derive meaningful insights or to prepare it for analysis. This can involve tasks such as filtering, sorting, aggregating, joining, and transforming data.
3. What are some common tools used for data transfer and manipulation?
Ans. There are many tools available for data transfer and manipulation, ranging from open-source software to commercial applications. Some common examples include FTP (File Transfer Protocol) for transferring files over a network, CSV (Comma-Separated Values) files for data manipulation in spreadsheets, and SQL (Structured Query Language) for querying and manipulating data in databases.
4. What are some best practices for ensuring secure data transfer?
Ans. To ensure secure data transfer, it is important to use encryption to protect data as it moves over a network. This can be done using protocols such as HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) or SSL (Secure Sockets Layer). It is also important to implement strong authentication mechanisms, such as two-factor authentication, to prevent unauthorized access to data.
5. What are some common challenges associated with data transfer and manipulation?
Ans. Some common challenges associated with data transfer and manipulation include data quality issues, such as missing or inconsistent data, as well as performance issues, such as slow transfer speeds or long processing times. Additionally, ensuring compatibility between different data formats and systems can be a challenge, particularly when working with data from multiple sources.
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