Test: Class 8 Geography NCERT Based - 1 - UPSC MCQ

• Tidal energy is one of the oldest forms of energy generation. It is a renewable form of energy that converts the natural rise and fall of the tides into electricity.

• Tides are caused by the combined effects of gravitational forces exerted by the Moon, the Sun, and Earth's rotation. Tidal energy presents an evolving technology with tremendous potential.

• However, it can only be installed along coastlines. Coastlines often experience two high tides and two low tides daily.

• The difference in water levels must be at least 5 meters high to produce electricity. Tidal electricity can be created from several technologies: tidal barrages, tidal fences and tidal turbines.

• In agricultural economics, intensive agriculture is a system of cultivation using large amounts of labour and capital relative to land area.

• Large amounts of labour and capital are necessary to apply fertilizer, insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides to growing crops.

• Capital is significant to the acquisition and maintenance of high-efficiency machinery for planting, cultivating, and harvesting and irrigation equipment where that is required.

• Optimal use of these materials and machines produces significantly greater crop yields per unit of land than extensive agriculture, which uses little capital or labour. As a result, a farm using intensive agriculture will require less land than an extensive agriculture farm to produce a similar profit.

• Transhumance is a pastoral practise that is organized around the movement of livestock between winter and summer pastures.

• In montane areas, it means movement between lower valleys during winters and higher fields in summers.

• The herders who practice seasonal pastoralism have a permanent settlement where their families live, and only a small group of people migrate with the herd.

• Transhumance is common in the highlands, mountains, and regions that are too cold to be utilized and inhabited except during summer.

• Agriculture in India is an important topic in Indian geography. 49% of the population in India is dependent on agriculture.

• There are three chief cropping seasons in India, namely Kharif, Rabi and Zaid. The Kharif season spreads from July to the month of October and the Rabi season is from October to the month of March. The crops cultivated between March and June are called Zaid.

• Human-made resources are items or substances that value human lives that do not occur in the natural world. Examples of human-made resources include plastic, paper, soda, sheet metal, rubber and brass.

Shifting Cultivation is known as

Ladang in Indonesia,

Caingin in the Philippines,

Milpa in Central America & Mexico,

Ray in Vietnam,

Taungya In Myanmar,

Tamrai in Thailand,

Chena in Sri Lanka,

Conoco in Venezuela,

Roca in Brazil,

Masole in central Africa.

• Jute is known as the Golden Fibre. That's an appropriate name for the yellowish-brown, shiny, natural vegetable fibre produced from genus Corchorus plants.

• It occupies a place next to cotton in the amount produced and the variety of uses. Due to its inherent high tensile strength, low extensibility, moderate moisture retention and better breathability, jute is used extensively in agricultural bulk packaging.

• Mixed farming exists in many forms depending on external and internal factors. External factors are weather patterns, market prices, political stability, technological developments, etc.

• Internal factors relate to local soil characteristics, the composition of the family and farmers' ingenuity.

• Farmers can decide to opt for mixed enterprises when they want to save resources by interchanging them on the farm - because these permit wider crop rotations and thus reduce dependence on chemicals, because they consider mixed systems closer to nature, or because they allow diversification for better risk management.

• Sedimentary rocks are formed from pre-existing rocks or pieces of once-living organisms. They form from deposits that accumulate on the Earth's surface.

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  Sedimentary rocks often have distinctive layering or bedding—many of the picturesque views of the desert southwest show mesas and arches made of layered sedimentary rock.

• Ore is a deposit in Earth's crust of one or more valuable minerals. The most valuable ore deposits contain metals crucial to industry and trade, like copper, gold, and iron. Copper ore is mined for a variety of industrial uses.

• "Sustainable development is a development that meets the needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."

• Biogas is a type of biofuel that is naturally produced from the decomposition of organic waste.

• When organic matter, such as food scraps and animal waste, break down in an anaerobic environment (an environment absent of oxygen) they release a blend of gases, primarily methane and carbon dioxide.

• Monoculture farming is the raising of a single crop within a specified area. Most of the US's commercial farms are now monoculture in nature, with crops like corn and soy taking top billing.

• This contrasts to the traditional farming method, which relied on multiple crops being planted within a specific area. Many indoor farms growing medicinal herbs and flowers are considered to be monoculture farms.

• Abiotic resources are nonliving. Human depletion of abiotic resources, such as water, soil, and minerals, is a source of concern for humans. These resources are not easily replenished and used above the rate that they can be naturally replaced.

• Nuclear energy comes from splitting atoms in a reactor to heat water into steam, turn a turbine and generate electricity.

• Ninety-six nuclear reactors in 29 states generate nearly 20 per cent of the nation's electricity, all without carbon emissions because reactors use uranium, not fossil fuels.

• These plants are always on: well-operated to avoid interruptions and built to withstand extreme weather, supporting the grid 24/7.

• Deforestation is the clearing of trees, transforming a wooded area into cleared land. The first step in turning the wilderness into a shopping centre is deforestation.

• You can see the word forest in deforestation. The prefix de- means "remove", and the suffixation signals the act or state of.

• GEOTHERMAL ENERGY HAS been used for thousands of years in some countries for cooking and heating. It is simply power derived from the Earth's internal heat.

• This thermal energy is contained in the rock and fluids beneath Earth's crust. It can be found from the shallow ground to several miles below the surface, and even farther down to the scorching molten rock called magma.

• Natural gas is a mixture of gases which are rich in hydrocarbons. All these gases (methane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide etc.) are naturally found in the atmosphere.

• Natural gas reserves are deep inside the earth near other solid & liquid hydrocarbons beds like coal and crude oil.

• Natural gas is not used in its pure form; it is processed and converted into cleaner fuel for consumption.

• Renewable resources refer to resources that can naturally regenerate after use.

• They include resources such as wind, water, natural vegetation, solar energy, and animals. These resources exist in nature in abundance.

• There is little concern about depleting renewable resources because their production rate exceeds the rate of human consumption.

• Throughout the world, conservationists advocate for the use of renewable resources because they are readily available and less costly to the environment.

• Slash and burn farming is a form of shifting agriculture where the natural vegetation is cut down and burned to clear the land for cultivation.

• When the plot becomes infertile, the farmer moves to a new fresh plat and does the same again. This process is repeated over and over.

• Minerals are solid substances present in nature and can be made of one element or more elements combined (chemical compounds).

• Gold, Silver and carbon are elements that form minerals on their own. They are called native elements.

• Coffee requires warm and wet climate and well-drained loamy soil. Rice needs high temperature, high humidity and rainfall.

• It grows best in alluvial clayey soil, which can retain water. Tea requires cool climate and well-distributed high rainfall throughout the year for the growth of its tender leaves.

• Millet, any of several cereal grass types in the family Poaceae, cultivated for their small edible seeds.

• Millets were probably first cultivated in Asia more than 4,000 years ago, and they were major grains in Europe during the Middle Ages.

• Today, though they are used chiefly for pasture or to produce hay in the United States and western Europe, they remain important food staples in less-developed countries worldwide.

• Millet grains are high in carbohydrates, with protein content varying from 6 to 11 per cent and fat varying from 1.5 to 5 per cent.

• They are somewhat strong in taste and are mainly consumed in flatbreads and porridges or prepared and eaten much like rice.

• The resource that resides in the knowledge, skills, and motivation of people.

• Human resource is the least mobile of the four factors of production, and (under right conditions) it improves with age and experience, which no other resource can do.

• Therefore, it is regarded as the scarcest and most crucial productive resource that creates the largest and longest-lasting advantage for an organization.

• Natural resources are components that exist in the world without the input of humans.

• These natural resources are diverse, ranging from renewable resources to non-renewable resources, living to non-living resources, tangible to intangible resources.

• Natural resources are essential to the survival of humans and all other living organisms.