Test: Class 9 Geography NCERT Based - 2 - UPSC MCQ

A drainage pattern in which consequent streams radiate or diverge outward, like the spokes of a wheel, from a high central area; it is best developed on the slopes of a young, unbreached domal structure or of a volcanic cone.

• An oxbow lake starts as a curve, or meander, in a river. A lake forms as the river finds a different, shorter, course.

• The meander becomes an oxbow lake along the side of the river.

• Oxbow lakes usually form in flat, low-lying plains close to where the river empties into another water body.

• On these plains, rivers often have wide meanders. Meanders that form oxbow lakes have two sets of curves: one curving away from the river's straight path and one curving back.

• The corners of the curves closest to each other are called concave banks. The concave banks erode over time.

• The force of the rivers flowing water wears away the land on the meander's concave banks. The banks opposite the concave banks are called convex banks.

• The opposite of erosion happens here. Silt and sediment build up on convex banks. This build-up is called deposition.

• Erosion and deposition eventually cause a new channel to be cut through the small piece of land at the meander's narrow end. The river makes a shortcut. Oxbow lakes are the remains of the bend in the river.

• Indus River, Tibetan and Sanskrit Sindhu, Sindhi Sindhu, or Mehran, a great trans-Himalayan river of South Asia.

• It is one of the longest rivers globally, with a length of some 2,000 miles (3,200 km).

• Its total drainage area is about 450,000 square miles (1,165,000 square km), of which 175,000 square miles (453,000 square km) lie in the ranges and foothills of the Himalayas, the Hindu Kush, and the Karakoram Range; the rest is in the semiarid plains of Pakistan.

• Kaveri River, Kaveri also spelt Cauvery, the sacred river of southern India. It rises on Brahmagiri Hill of the Western Ghats in southwestern Karnataka state, flows in a southeasterly direction for 475 miles (765 km) through the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, and descends the Eastern Ghats in a series of great falls.

• Right, Bank Tributaries are :- Hemavati , Shimsha , Arkaveri , Chovrai , Turunan Muttai . Left bank Tributaries are :- Lakshmantirath , Kabini ,Suvarnevati , Bhavani , Noyil , Amravati.

The correct option is C Neither 1 nor 2
The term weather refers to the state of the atmosphere over an area at a given point in time. And since atmospheric conditions keep changing, the weather changes too. Sometimes in a matter of minutes! This makes it very difficult to track the weather.

Climate refers to the sum total of weather conditions and variations over a large area for a long period of time. Generally, the time period considered is more than 30 years! Unlike weather, the climate of a place doesn’t change over short periods of time. The climate of a given place is a result of the combined effect of many factors like temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, humidity and precipitation.

• Characteristics of the Indian Monsoon

• 1. These winds generally strike the Indian coast in the first week of June, but their arrival and departure may be before time or may be delayed.

• 2. Monsoon is not steady winds. They are irregular in nature affected by different atmospheric conditions i.e. due to regional climatic conditions.

• 3. Monsoons are not equally distributed. The spatial distribution of rainfall is uneven – some regions may receive heavy rains while the others will have to be content with meagre or scanty rains.

• 4. When the monsoon arrives, it gives heavy rainfall which continues for several days. This is known as the 'burst of monsoon'. This occurs mainly at the Kerala coast where it reaches first.

• 5. Generally, these winds start retreating by the end of September. But, sometimes, their departure may be delayed till October or they may retreat even much earlier.

• The cold weather season begins with November in north India, and by the beginning of December, the whole country comes under its grip.

• In this season the southerly branch of the jet stream occupies position south of the Himalayas indicating that oil more the Northern Hemisphere polar dynamics in command of the situation.

• The westerly jet stream's return is accompanied by the restriction of light north-east trade winds (monsoon) toll surface, withdrawal of the ITC, formation of antic clinic cell over northwestern India and dry wealth conditions prevailing over most of the part of the country.

Punjab, Uttrakhand and Delhi.

• Retreating monsoon season commences with the southwest monsoon [mid-September – November] and lasts till early January.

• It is a 3-month long process where it starts from the peninsula in October and from the extreme southeastern tip by December.

• The southwest monsoons withdraw from the Coromandel coast in mid-December.

• In Punjab, the southwest monsoons withdraw from there in the second week of September. During this period, the temperature comes down sharply.

• The sky also becomes clear. The most severe and destructive tropical cyclones are originated in the Indian seas and the Bay of Bengal during the retreating monsoons.

• During the retreating monsoon season in India, the southeastern coast receives much rainfall; tropical cyclones also occur.

• The state of Tamil Nadu receives almost half of its annual rainfall during this time. This is called the winter monsoon or the northeast monsoons.

The major west-flowing rivers in Peninsular India are Narmada and Tapi. It is located mainly in Madhya Pradesh. The Narmada River is also known as the Rewa River. The River originates from the Maikala range near Amarkantak.

The sex ratio means the number of females per 1000 males. According to the 2011 census, India's sex ratio is 943 females per 1,000 males. The highest sex ratio in the whole India is in Kerala.

• Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is the number of deaths per 1,000 live births of children under age of one year. The present level of IMR (33 infant deaths per thousand live births, for the year 2017) is about one-fourth as compared to 1971 (129 infant deaths per thousand live births). In the last ten years, IMR has witnessed a decline of about 36.7% in rural areas and about 36% in urban areas.

• The Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) is the annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management (excluding accidental or incidental causes).

• For its calculation, the number of deaths due to infant birth is divided by the total number of infant births.

• The Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) in India has declined from 167 in 2011-2013 to 130 in 2014-2016, according to a special bulletin issued by the Health Ministry today. MMR is defined as the proportion of maternal deaths per 1,00,000 live births.

According to Census 2011, the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) in India was 2.4 which has come down to 2.3 in the year 2016. The aim of the Government of India is to reduce it to 2.1.

The state with the lowest Infant Mortality Rate in India is Goa, where the Infant Mortality Rate is only 8 and Madhya Pradesh has highest Infant Mortality Rate i.e.47/1000.

The three main factors that cause population change: birth, migration, and death.

Population density is measured in person per km. It is measured that how many people live in one km. India's current yearly growth rate is 1.02%. The country as a whole has a population density of 416 people per square kilometer, which ranks 31st in the world. In Mumbai, the population density is 21,000 people per square kilometer (54,000/square mile).

First Census in India
The first census in India was held in the year 1872. Here is a detailed explanation of the first census in India:
Background:
- The idea of conducting a census in India was first proposed in 1857 by Lord Mayo, the Viceroy of India.
- The main objective of the census was to gather demographic data and gather information about the population, religion, caste, and occupation of the people.
Key Points:
- The first census of India was conducted in 1872 under the supervision of Lord Mayo.
- The census covered the entire Indian subcontinent, including present-day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar.
- It aimed to collect data on the population, religion, caste, and occupation of the people.
- The census was conducted by British officials with the help of enumerators who were appointed to collect the data at the local level.
- It was carried out through a house-to-house survey in rural areas, while in urban areas, people were required to visit designated census centers to provide their information.
- The data collected during the census was recorded manually and analyzed to provide a comprehensive report on the population of India.
Significance:
- The first census in India laid the foundation for subsequent censuses conducted in the country.
- It provided valuable insights into the population distribution, religious composition, and social structure of India.
- The data collected during the census proved useful for the formulation of various government policies and planning.
Conclusion:
The first census in India was held in 1872 and it played a crucial role in understanding the population dynamics and demographics of the country. The census provided valuable data that helped in shaping government policies and planning for the future.

• Literacy rate of population is defined as the percentage of literates to the total population age 7 years and above.

• Literacy rate is the number of persons who are 7 or above, who have the ability to read, write and understand any language. India's literacy rate is at 74.04%. Kerala has achieved a literacy rate of 93.91%. Bihar is the least literate state in India, with a literacy of 63.82%.

Kerala has the highest sex ratio in India i.e. 1084.