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Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - UPSC MCQ


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30 Questions MCQ Test - Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2

Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 for UPSC 2024 is part of UPSC preparation. The Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 questions and answers have been prepared according to the UPSC exam syllabus.The Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 MCQs are made for UPSC 2024 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, notes, meanings, examples, exercises, MCQs and online tests for Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 below.
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Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 1
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Consider the following statements about the population density/growth in India. Which are Correct?

1. Assam and most of the peninsular states have moderate population densities

2. The Northern Plains and Kerala in the south have high to very high population densities

3. Since 1981 the rate of population growth started declining gradually in India

4. Meghalaya is having the highest decadal growth in the 2011 census

Detailed Solution for Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 1
All the statements are correct.

Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 2
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Consider the following statement (s) related to Human resources.

1. The environmental factors such as high altitude, extreme cold, aridity, relief, climate, soil, vegetation types, mineral, and energy resources influences the population distribution

2. Technological and economic advancements influences the population distribution

Which is / are the correct option?

Detailed Solution for Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 2

  • We as human beings are social animals. We need to interact and cooperate with other people for various purposes, such as requiring their help, their assistance in our day to day work and making them understand the intent and purpose of our actions.

  • Now what we saw here is the need of other people in our day to day life but when you take the perspective of a whole nation, you need to understand the need of people on a macro level. Without question, people of a nation are its greatest asset.

  • It is their everyday skills and abilities that turn them into a resource for the nation. Healthy, educated and motivated people develop resources as per their requirement.

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Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 3
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Which of the following state's population growth rate is around or equal to India's population growth rate?

Detailed Solution for Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 3
The population growth rate of Chandigarh, Uttarakhand and Assam is around or equal to India's population growth rate (17%)

Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 4
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Consider the following statement (s) related to rural settlements.

1. On the basis of setting: The main types are plain villages, plateau villages, coastal villages, forest villages and desert villages.

2. On the basis of functions: There may be farming villages, fishermen’s villages, lumberjack villages, pastoral villages etc.

Which is / are correct option?

Detailed Solution for Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 4

  • The rural settlements are concerned with the degree of dispersion of the dwellings and the life is supported by land based primary economic activities.

  • Rural people are less mobile and therefore, social relations among them are intimate. In India, the rural settlement varies with the diversity of climatic conditions. In India, a compact or clustered village of a few hundred houses is a rather universal feature, particularly in the northern plains.

  • The rural settlements are concerned with the degree of dispersion of the dwellings and the life is supported by land based primary economic activities. Rural people are less mobile and therefore, social relations among them are intimate.

  • In India, the rural settlement varies with the diversity of climatic conditions. In India, a compact or clustered village of a few hundred houses is a rather universal feature, particularly in the northern plains. However, there are several areas, which have other forms of rural settlements.

Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 5
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Consider the following statement (s) related to composition of population.

1. The population is usually divided into three age groups- children (0-14yrs), adults (15-59yrs) and aged (60 and over).

2. Population of males and females, children, young and old comprises the population of a country.

Which is / are correct option?

Detailed Solution for Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 5
Population of males and females, children, young and old comprises the population of a country. The population is usually divided into three age groups- children (0-14yrs), adults (15-59yrs) and aged (60 and over). This is called the age-group of the population. The proportion of the adult population is the least variable in the three groups. The main difference is found in the population of children and old people.

Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 6
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Consider the following statement (s) related to pillars of human development.

1. Equity means making equal access to opportunities available to everybody that opportunities available to people must be equal irrespective of their gender, race, income and in the Indian case, caste.

2. Sustainability to the human labour productivity or productivity in terms of human work that must be constantly enriched by building capabilities in people.

Which is / are correct option?

Detailed Solution for Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 6

Components of Human Development:

1. Equality, 2. Sustainability, 3. Productivity, and 4. Empowerment.

1. Equality: If development is viewed in terms of enhancing people’s basic capabilities, people must enjoy equitable access to opportunities. Such may be called equality-related capabilities. To ensure equality-related capabilities or access to opportunities what is essential is that the societal institutional structure needs to be more favourable or progressive. In other words, the unfavourable initial asset distribution, like land, can be made more farmer-friendly through land reform and other redistributive measures. In addition, uneven income distribution may be addressed through various tax-expenditure policies.

2. Sustainability: Another important facet of human development is that development should ‘keep going’, should ‘last long’. The concept of sustainable development focuses on the need to maintain the long term protective capacity of the biosphere. This then suggests that growth cannot go on indefinitely; there are, of course, ‘limits to growth.

3. Productivity: Another component of human development is productivity which requires investment in people. This is commonly called investment in human capital. Investment in human capital—in addition to physical capital—can add more productivity.

4. Empowerment: The empowerment of people—particularly women—is another component of human development. In other words, genuine human development requires empowerment in all aspects of life. Empowerment implies a political democracy in which people themselves make the decisions about their lives. Under it, people enjoy greater political and civil liberties and remain free from excessive controls and regulations. Empowerment refers to decentralisation of power so that the benefits of governance are reaped by all peoples. It focuses on grassroots participation which promotes democracy by enfranchising the disadvantaged groups.

Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 7
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Which one of the following streams is dominated by male migrants in India?
Detailed Solution for Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 7

  • Rural-urban migration is a form of so-called internal migration which means a movement within a country and which stays in contrast to international or intercontinental migration. It refers to the movement of people from the countryside respectively the rural areas into the cities, often the metropolitan cities of a country.

Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 8
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Which of the following statements is/are true?

1. The sex ratio in India is 940.

2. The sex ratio has seen a decline in the past decade.

3. India had the worst sex ratio in 1991 when it was 927.

Detailed Solution for Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 8

  • In the Population Census of 2011 it was revealed that the population ratio in India 2011 is 940 females per 1000 of males. The Sex Ratio 2011 shows an upward trend from the census 2001 data. Census 2001 revealed that there were 933 females to that of 1000 males Sex ratio is used to describe the number of females per 1000 of males. Sex ratio is a valuable source for finding the population of women in India and what is the ratio of women to that of men in India.

  • In the Population Census of 2011 it was revealed that the population ratio in India 2011 is 940 females per 1000 of males. The Sex Ratio 2011 shows an upward trend from the census 2001 data. Census 2001 revealed that there were 933 females to that of 1000 males. Since decades India has seen a decrease in the sex ratio 2011, but since the last two of the decades there has been in slight increase in the sex ratio. Since the last five decades the sex ratio has been moving around 930 of females to that of 1000 of males. The major cause of the decrease of the female birth ratio in India is considered to be the violent treatments meted out to the girl child at the time of the birth.

Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 9
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Which of the following statements is/are true?

1. From 1901 to 1911 India’s population registered a four-fold growth.

2. From 1901 to 1951, India’s population grew only one and half times.
Detailed Solution for Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 9

India’s population has grown steadily from 1901, except for a decrease in 1921. It increased from 23.8 crore in 1901 to 36.1 crore in 1951 and further to 102.7 crore in 2001, as shown in Table 31.1. It reveals that during the first 50 years from 1901 to 1951, population grew by 12.3 crore while during the next 50 years from 1951 to 2001, it increased by more than 5 times, that is, by 66.6 crore.

Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 10
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During which decade did India see a negative population growth?

India witnessed a negative population growth during 1911-21.
Detailed Solution for Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 10
India's Negative Population Growth
During which decade did India see a negative population growth?
Answer: C. 1911-21
Explanation:
During the period of 1911-21, India witnessed a negative population growth. Here is a detailed explanation of this scenario:
Factors contributing to negative population growth:
- The decade of 1911-21 was marked by several factors that led to a decrease in India's population:
- The outbreak of the First World War (1914-1918) resulted in casualties and reduced fertility rates.
- The occurrence of the Spanish flu pandemic in 1918 further contributed to a decline in population.
- The economic hardships during this period, such as inflation and crop failures, also impacted population growth negatively.
Key points:
- Negative population growth refers to a decline in the total population of a country or region over a specific period.
- India's negative population growth occurred during the decade of 1911-21.
- The First World War and the Spanish flu pandemic were significant factors contributing to this decline.
- Economic difficulties, including inflation and crop failures, further exacerbated the population decrease.
Conclusion:
India experienced a negative population growth during the decade of 1911-21, primarily due to the impact of the First World War, the Spanish flu pandemic, and economic hardships.
Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 11
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Which of the following types of farming is more suitable for the production of crops like sugarcane, wheat and rice?
Detailed Solution for Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 11

  • Irrigated farming- This type of farming is practiced in the areas where average rainfall is between 80 and 200 cms which is insufficient for certain crops. This system of farming can be practised only in those areas where availability of water from underground or surface water bodies like rivers, tanks, and lakes is sufficient throughout the year. The other condition for this farming is the availability of levelled agricultural land.

  • The main areas where much farming is practised are in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, north western Tamil Nadu and the deltas of peninsular rivers. The other important pockets of irrigated farming are found in the Deccan Plateau region particularly in Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Wheat, Rice and Sugarcane are important crops of this farming.

Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 12
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With reference to various types of farming, which of the following is correctly matched? Types of farming Description
Detailed Solution for Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 12
The bases for the classification of different types of agriculture in India are rainfall, irrigational facilities, purpose of production, ownership and size of holding and technology used. On the basis of these factors a number of farming can be identified. Some of the main types of farming in India are

1. Dry Farming: This type of farming is practised in the areas where the amount of annual rainfall is generally less than 80 cms. In such regions, the farmers are generally dependent upon rainfall. Here, moisture content in the soil is less.

Hence, only one crop can be grown in a year.

2. Wet Farming: This type of farming is practised in the areas of alluvial soils where annual average rainfall is more than 200cm. Here, more than one crop is grown in a year because enough moisture in the soil is available. Rice and jute are the main crops of this type of farming. West Bengal, Assam, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Tripura, Manipur, Mizoram and Malabar Coast fall under this category of farming.

3. Irrigated Farming: This type of farming is practiced in the areas where average rainfall is between 80 and 200 cms which is insufficient for certain crops. This system of farming can be practised only in those areas where availability of water from underground or surface water bodies like rivers, tanks, and lakes is sufficient throughout the year.

4. Subsistence Farming: These types of farming are practised primarily to fulfil self-requirements of the people of the area. The main objective of this farming is to provide subsistence to the largest number of people of a given area. Size of holdings is small, use of manual labour and simple farm implements are common features of this type of farming.

5. Shifting Cultivation: In this type of cultivation land is cleared by cutting and burning of forests for raising crops. The crops are grown for a few years (2-3 years). As fertility of land declines, farmers move to new areas, clear the forests and grow crops there for next few years.

Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 13
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Consider the following statements regarding the Agricultural Land Use in India:

1. The net sown area, current fallows and land under tree crops and groves are included in agricultural land use.

2. The agricultural land in India is little more than 50 per cent of the total geographical area in the country.

3. The per capita agricultural land in some select countries is lesser than India.

Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?

Detailed Solution for Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 13

  • The net sown area, current fallows and land under tree crops and groves are included in agricultural land use. The agricultural land in India is little more than 50 per cent of the total geographical area in the country.

  • This is the highest share of land in any country in the world. But due to the large size of population in India, per capita arable land is available at only 0.17 hectares, which is lower than the world average (0.24 hec). The per capita agricultural land in some select countries is much higher than India.

Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 14
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Which of the following types of land locally known as reh?
Detailed Solution for Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 14

  • Cultivable Waste is the land in which crops were raised for some period of time but has not been cultivated for the last five years due to certain deficiencies such as alkalinity and salinity in the soils.

  • Such cultivable wastes are locally known as reh, bhur, usar, and khola in some parts of North India. Meghalaya, Himachal Pradesh and Rajasthan have a very high share of cultivable waste land in total land use in respective states.

Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 15
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With reference to the Fallow Lands which of the following statements is incorrect?
Detailed Solution for Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 15

  • When lands are left unused to regain their lost fertility in a natural way is called fallow land. On the basis of usability criteria, lands can be divided into two groups current and old.

  • Current fallow is the land in which no crop is raised during the current year. Old fallow land remains unused for a period of one or more years but not exceeding 5 years.

  • This is due to low investment capacity of numerous small and marginal farmers in advanced technology, lack of awareness, loss of fertility of soil, inadequacy of rainfall, lacking in irrigational facilities etc.

  • The fallow land occupies about 7.5 per cent of the total reported area. The states of Mizoram, Tamil Nadu, Meghalaya, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan have a high percentage of area under fallow land. It is to be noted here that old fallow land may not be economically important but from ecological point of view fallow land is an important category of land.

Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 16
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Consider the following

1. Wheat is sown in mid-October-mid-November and harvested in March.

2. Wheat grows well in cool, moist climates and ripens in a warm, dry climate.

Which of the above statement (s) is/are correct about climatic conditions for Growing Wheat?

Detailed Solution for Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 16

  • Wheat is a Rabi crop. It is sown in mid-October-mid-November and harvested in March. It grows well in cool, moist climate and ripens in a warm, dry climate.

  • The cool winters and the hot summers are conducive to a good crop. A cloudless sky having bright sunshine during ripening and harvesting periods will make better quality wheat. Winter rainfall is ideal.

Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 17
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Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the treatment of waste water?
Detailed Solution for Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 17
Removal of pollutants to transform polluted water into usable form

1. Proper treatment of domestic and municipal wastewater which is rich in organic matter and pathogens material also helps to conserve water.

Treatment ensures the removal of pollutants, germs and toxic elements.

2. Growing algae or floating masses of water hyacinth also helps in cleaning the water polluted by absorbing phosphates, nitrates and other nutrients. These aquatic plants can be harvested for producing biogas.

Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 18
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Which of the following methods is suitable for conservation of water?
Detailed Solution for Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 18
We can do conservation of water by using various methods such as reforestation, re-use, recycle, increase water use efficiency, water harvesting and ground water recharge.

1. Reforestation: There is a continuous interchange of moisture between earth and atmosphere, constituting the hydrological cycle. The movement of water through the hydrological cycle has a major influence on rainfall distribution and temperature modification. Plants play an important role in the hydrological cycle through the process of transpiration. In tropical forests, 75% of the annual precipitation is returned to the atmosphere by the plants. Thus forests play a very important role in maintaining water balance of the soil and atmosphere. Forests play a protective function and conserve soil and water.

2. Recycling of water: The wastewater from industrial or domestic sources can be used after proper treatment for irrigation, recharging ground water and even for industrial and municipal use. Agricultural lands close to cities can be irrigated with municipal wastewater. Household level recycled ‘grey water’ (untreated household water which does not come in contact with toilet waste) can be used for various purposes. Grey water from showers , baths, washbasins, laundry troughs and washing machines can be put to various uses to reduce pure water requirements. Pure water after use in bath and shower can be used for watering plants.

3. Reuse of wastewater: Wastewater containing lots of nutrients.

These nutrients may help the growth of plants when such water is used in irrigation. Reuse of wastewater occurs most effectively with on-site or small treatment systems. The reuse option in the local context at the community level must be seriously considered.

4. Water harvesting: Water harvesting is collecting rainwater that falls on a house or on and around any building and then putting it to use later on or simply replenishing the ground water by allowing the water to reach underground.

5. Recharging of groundwater: The available groundwater is about 13-20 times as much as water available on the surface. The groundwater consists of water contained in the soil or aquifers (underground natural water reservoir). Rain water is the major source of water for irrigation of agricultural fields in the country and for recharging the groundwater. Rainfall is restricted to three months in a year therefore rain water should be stored and use of ground water well planned as groundwater is a renewable water source and gets replenished by natural process of recharge.

Loss of water through seepage and evaporation, water wasted on weeds, cost of bringing water from ponds to place of use should be minimized.

Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 19
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Which of the following factors are responsible for increasing water demand?
Detailed Solution for Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 19

1. Expansion of irrigation: India is an agricultural country hence plenty of water is needed for irrigation. 5.36 billion Cubic meter water was used for irrigation in the year 2000. It is 81% of the total water used. The remaining percentage (19%) of water was used for domestic, industrial and other purposes mentioned above. There has been a rapid increase in the irrigated area in India since independence. Thus the demand for irrigation in India has been increasing continuously.

2. Industrial use of water: Most industries require water at various stages of production of goods and products. Water is used in industries in both consumptive and non-consumptive ways. Be it agro-based industries (cotton, textile, jute, sugar and paper) or mineral based industries (iron, steel, chemical and cement). Water is needed in large amounts during the production process or as heat exchanger for cooling various machine parts which get heated up during the production process.

3. Rising demand for growing population: Population of India has been increasing continuously and it has increased three times since independence. Due to this increase in population, the demand for water has increased. We need water for drinking, for flushing or draining sewage or human waste, domestic use, irrigation, industries.

4. Changing lifestyle: Industrial development led to economic development. Purchasing capacity of individuals has increased. Thus the lifestyle of people changed and the standard of living has gone up. Large number of attractive appliances, gadgets and fittings for kitchen and bathroom are available in the market and people are generally tempted to use them, for example taps and showers are designed in such a way that large amounts of water come out when they are turned on.

Washing machines and dishwashers use large amounts of water but are convenient and suit the present day lifestyle.

Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 20
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Consider the following statements regarding the Net Sown Area (NSA) of any region:

1. The total land area on which crops are grown in a region is called net sown area.

2. The net sown area and the area sown more than once together are called gross cultivated areas.

3. In India, about 47 per cent of the total reporting area is under the net sown area.

Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
Detailed Solution for Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 20

  • The total land area on which crops are grown in a region is called net sown area. The net sown area and the area sown more than once together are called gross cultivated areas. In India, about 47 per cent of the total reporting area is under the net sown area.

  • States namely Punjab, Haryana, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, have the higher proportional share of NSA than the national average. Against this, the share of NSA is less than one half of the national average in states of Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Meghalaya, Manipur, Nagaland, Mizoram, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.

Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 21
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A naturally occurring substance that has a definite chemical composition is known as:
Detailed Solution for Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 21
Mineral are solid substances that are present in nature and can be made of one element or more elements combined together (chemical compounds). Gold, Silver and carbon are elements that form minerals on their own.

Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 22
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Assertion (A): In India, 98% of the coal is found in Gondwana rocks of the Moran region.

Reason (R): The main regions of Gondwana rocks are found in West Bengal, Jharkhand and Odisha.

Detailed Solution for Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 22
Around 67% of total commercial energy produced in India and 98% of India's total account is found in Gondwana rocks of Moran region. The main regions of Gondwana rocks are found in West Bengal, Jharkhand and Odisha.

Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 23
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Assertion (A): India has its fifth largest Bauxite reserves (5%) of the world.

Reason (R): Odisha, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat stand first and third respectively.

Detailed Solution for Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 23

  • Bauxite is an important ore which is used for making aluminium. It is an oxide of aluminium (name derived after Le Beaux in France).

  • India’s bauxite ore production has remained reasonably in line with its aluminium output and is estimated to rise this year buoyed by increasing domestic demand. As per the UNFC system, resources of bauxite in India are placed at about 3,480Mt which is about 5% of the world total.

  • These resources include 593Mt reserves and 2,887Mt remaining resources. A number of projects have been lined up which include development of the Pottangi bauxite mines for Nalco.

Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 24
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Consider the following statements regarding the mineral deposits found in North-western region of India:

1. This belt extends from the gulf of Khambhat in Gujarat to the Aravalli range in Rajasthan.

2. Petroleum and natural gas are principal resources of this belt.

3. The region is known for reserves and production of several non-ferrous metals particularly copper, silver, lead, and Zinc.

Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?

Detailed Solution for Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 24
This belt extends from the gulf of Khambhat in Gujarat to the Aravalli range in Rajasthan. Petroleum and natural gas are principal resources of this belt. Deposits of other minerals are small and scattered. However, it is known for reserves and production of several non-ferrous metals particularly copper, silver, lead, and Zinc.

Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 25
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Which two of the following extreme locations are connected by the east west corridor?
Detailed Solution for Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 25

  • In the North East, the East-West Corridor starts at Srirampur and ends at Silchar. This project aims to improve the connectivity of the North Eastern Region with the rest of India through a 670 kms long four-lane divided highway between Shrirampur and Silchar.

  • The Corridor does not go beyond Assam. Entire East West Corridor is targeted for completion by Dec, 2011 to Dec, 2012 except the five packages of NC Hills district re-awarded for the balance work targeted for completion March, 2014.

  • Reasons for delay, inter-alia, problems inland acquisition, forest clearance for cutting trees, transfer of electric poles, etc.

Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 26
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Which of the following are correct with reference to economic reforms (LPG reforms) and public policies?

1. Economic reforms have placed limits on the growth of public expenditure especially in social sectors.

2. The reform policies involving tariff reduction have curtailed the scope for raising revenue through customs duties.

3. In order to attract foreign investment, tax incentives were provided to foreign investors which further reduced the scope for raising tax revenues.

Select the correct statements using the codes given below:

Detailed Solution for Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 26

  • The economy of India had undergone significant policy shifts in the beginning of the 1990s. This new model of economic reforms is commonly known as the LPG or Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation model.

  • The primary objective of this model was to make the economy of India the fastest developing economy in the globe with capabilities that help it match up with the biggest economies of the world.

Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 27
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Consider the following statements:

1. Natural gas occurs in the Gondwana beds.

2. Mica occurs in abundance in Kodarma.

3. Dharwars are famous for petroleum.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Detailed Solution for Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 27
Dharwar rocks are non fossiliferous rather they are metalliferous. They bear out gold, iron ore, manganese mica, cobalt, chromium, copper, tungsten, lead, nickel, precious stones and budding stones. Kodarma is a store house of mica and Gondwana beds has coal and not natural gas.

Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 28
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With reference to two non-conventional energy sources called ‘coal bed methane’ and ‘shale gas’, consider the following ‘statements:

1. Coal bed methane is the pure methane gas extracted from coal seams, while shale gas is a mixture of propane and butane only that can be extracted from fine-grained sedimentary rocks.

2. In India abundant coal bed methane sources exist, but so far no shale gas sources have been found.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Detailed Solution for Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 28

  • Coal Bed Methane (CBM) is an unconventional form of natural gas found in coal deposits or coal seams.

  • CMB is formed during the process of coalification, the transformation of plant material into coal.It is considered a valuable energy resource with reserves and production having grown nearly every year since 1989.

  • Varied methods of recovery make CBM a stable source of energy. CBM can be recovered from underground coal before, during, or after mining operations. It can also be extracted from “unmineable” coal seams that are relatively deep, thin or of poor or inconsistent quality. Vertical and horizontal wells are used to develop CBM resources. Extraction requires drilling wells into the coal seams and removing water contained in the seam to reduce hydrostatic pressure and release absorbed (and free) gas out of the coal.

Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 29
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Which of the following agencies markets steel for the public sector plants?
Detailed Solution for Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 29

  • Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) is an Indian state-owned steel making company based in New Delhi, India. It is a public sector undertaking, owned and operated by the Government of India with an annual turnover of INR 66,267 Crore (US$9.32 Billion) for fiscal year 2018-19. Incorporated on 24 January 1974, SAIL has 71,021 employees (as of 01-Oct-2019).

  • With an annual production of 16.30 million metric tons, SAIL is the 20th largest steel producer in the world and the 3rd largest in India. The Hot Metal production capacity of the company will further increase and is expected to reach a level of 50 million tonnes per annum by 2025.

Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 30
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Which of the following statements is/are correct about Smelting?
Detailed Solution for Test: Class 12 Geography (India People And Economy) NCERT Based - 2 - Question 30

  • Smelting, a process by which a metal is obtained, either as the element or as a simple compound, from its ore by heating beyond the melting point, ordinarily in the presence of oxidizing agents, such as air, or reducing agents, such as coke.

  • The first metal to be smelted in the ancient Middle East was probably copper (by 5000 BCE), followed by tin, lead, and silver. To achieve the high temperatures required for smelting, furnaces with forced-air draft were developed; for iron, temperatures even higher were required.

  • Smelting thus represented a major technological achievement. In modern ore treatment, various preliminary steps are usually carried out before smelting in order to concentrate the metal ore as much as possible. In the smelting process a metal that is combined with oxygen—for example, iron oxide—is heated to a high temperature, and the oxide is caused to combine with the carbon in the fuel, escaping as carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide.

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