Test: The Making of a Global World - 3 - UPSC MCQ

The Bretton Wood Conference established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to deal with external surplus and deficits of its member nations. The IMF and World Bank are referred as twins of Bretton Woods. The post-war international economic system is also described as the Bretton Woods System.

Topic in NCERT: Post-war Settlement and the Bretton Woods Institutions

Line in NCERT: "The post-war international economic system also often described as the Bretton Woods system."

Bonded labor is a specific form of forced labor in which compulsion into servitude is derived from debt. Child labor, agricultural debt bondage, and bonded migrant labor are persistent forms of modern slavery that fall under the Indian constitutional definition of forced labor.

Topic in NCERT: New words

Line in NCERT: "Indentured labour - A bonded labourer under contract to work for an employer for a specific amount of time, to pay off his passage to a new country or home"

The British Indian government built a network of irrigation canals to transform semi-desert wastes into fertile agricultural lands that could grow wheat and cotton for export. The Canal Colonies, as the areas irrigated by the new canals were called, were settled by peasants from other parts of Punjab.

Topic in NCERT: A World Economy Takes Shape

Line in NCERT: "The Canal Colonies, as the areas irrigated by the new canals were called, were settled by peasants from other parts of Punjab."

Question: Which food traveled west from China to be called "Spaghetti"?
Answer:
The food that traveled west from China to be called "Spaghetti" is noodles. Here is a detailed explanation:
Noodles:
- Noodles are a staple food in China and have a long history.
- They were first made from wheat flour and water in China during the Han Dynasty.
- Noodles were initially consumed as a staple food in China and gradually spread to other parts of the world.
- As trade routes expanded, noodles reached the Middle East and Europe through the Silk Road.
- In Italy, noodles were adapted and transformed into the popular dish known as "Spaghetti."
- The Italian word "Spaghetti" means "thin string" or "twine."
- It is believed that Marco Polo, the famous Italian explorer, introduced noodles to Italy during his travels to China.
- Over time, noodles became a significant part of Italian cuisine and are commonly associated with pasta dishes.
In summary, the food that traveled west from China to be called "Spaghetti" is noodles. Its journey through trade routes and cultural adaptation led to its transformation into the popular Italian dish we know today.

Topic in NCERT: Food Travels: Spaghetti and Potato

Line in NCERT: "Take spaghetti and noodles. It is believed that noodles travelled west from China to become spaghetti."

The disease that spread like wildfire in Africa in the 1890s was cattle plague.
Explanation:
- Cattle plague, also known as rinderpest, is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cattle and other cloven-hoofed animals.
- It was introduced to Africa in the late 19th century, most likely through imported livestock.
- The disease spread rapidly across the continent, causing devastating losses in cattle populations and impacting the livelihoods of many communities that relied on them.
- Cattle plague is characterized by high fever, diarrhea, and the development of lesions in the mouth and nose of infected animals.
- The disease is transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or their bodily fluids.
- It can also be spread through contaminated objects or insects such as ticks.
- In the 1890s, the lack of knowledge and effective control measures resulted in the rapid spread of the disease, leading to significant economic and social consequences for African communities.
- It was not until the early 20th century that effective vaccines were developed and implemented, eventually leading to the eradication of rinderpest worldwide in 2011.
- Today, the successful eradication of cattle plague stands as a landmark achievement in veterinary medicine and disease control.

Topic in NCERT: Rinderpest, or the Cattle Plague

Line in NCERT: "In Africa, in the 1890s, a fast-spreading disease of cattle plague or Rinderpest had a terrifying impact on people's livelihoods and the local economy."

Outcome of the Bretton Woods Conference: Establishment of the International Monetary Fund (IMF)

The Bretton Woods Conference, held in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, in July 1944, was a major international gathering of representatives from 44 countries. The conference aimed to establish a framework for international economic cooperation and to design a system for managing global financial affairs after the end of World War II.

Topic in NCERT: Post-war Settlement and the Bretton Woods Institutions

Line in NCERT: "The Bretton Woods conference established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to deal with external surpluses and deficits of its member nations."

The Concept of Assembly Line in Automobile Production
The concept of the assembly line revolutionized the manufacturing industry, particularly in the production of automobiles. This method allowed for the mass production of vehicles, significantly increasing efficiency and reducing costs.
Henry Ford and the Adoption of Assembly Line
Henry Ford, the founder of Ford Motor Company, is credited with adopting and implementing the concept of the assembly line in automobile production. Here are the key points regarding his contribution:
1. Introduction of the Moving Assembly Line: In 1913, Henry Ford introduced the moving assembly line at his Highland Park Plant in Michigan, United States. This innovative production system involved workers stationed along a line, with each worker responsible for a specific task.
2. Mass Production: By implementing the assembly line, Ford significantly increased the speed and efficiency of automobile production. This allowed for mass production, enabling Ford to manufacture vehicles at a much faster rate than ever before.
3. Model T: The assembly line was instrumental in the production of the Ford Model T, which became one of the most popular cars in history. The efficient manufacturing process made the Model T affordable for the average consumer, revolutionizing transportation.
4. Impact on the Industry: Ford's adoption of the assembly line set a new standard for manufacturing practices worldwide. Other automobile manufacturers began to implement similar production methods, leading to increased productivity and the growth of the industry as a whole.
In conclusion, it was Henry Ford who adopted and implemented the concept of the assembly line in automobile production. This innovation revolutionized the manufacturing industry, making automobiles more accessible to the general public and setting new standards for efficiency and productivity.

Topic in NCERT: Rise of Mass Production and Consumption

Line in NCERT: ". A well-known pioneer of mass production was the car manufacturer Henry Ford. He adapted the assembly line of a Chicago slaughterhouse (in which slaughtered animals were picked apart by butchers as they came down a conveyor belt) to his new car plant in Detroit."

Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul TC was a Trinidadian and Tobagonian British writer of works of fiction and nonfiction in English. He received a knighthood in Britain in 1990, and in 2001, the Nobel Prize in Literature. In the late 19th century, Naipaul's grandparents had emigrated from India to work in Trinidad's plantations as indentured servants.

Topic in NCERT: Indentured Labour Migration from India

Line in NCERT: "Have you heard of the Nobel Prize-winning writer V.S. Naipaul?"

The Great Depression was the worst economic downturn in the history of the industrialized world, lasting from 1929 to 1939. It began after the stock market crash of October 1929, which sent Wall Street into a panic and wiped out millions of investors.

Topic in NCERT: The Great Depression

Line in NCERT: "The Great Depression began around 1929 and lasted till the mid-1930s."

The American continent was discovered only when the sea-route through the Atlantic Ocean to America was found.

Due to both of the above reasons, there was increased interaction among the people living in various continents of the world, thus causing the world to 'Shrink' in metaphorical terms.
 

Topic in NCERT: Conquest, Disease and Trade

Line in NCERT: "The pre-modern world shrank greatly in the sixteenth century after European sailors found a sea route to Asia and also successfully crossed the western ocean to America."