Test: Democracy In The Contemporary World Concepts - 2 - UPSC MCQ

Universal Adult Franchise means that the right to vote should be given to all adult citizens without the discrimination of caste, class, colour, religion or gender. It is based on equality, which is a basic principle of democracy.

The 1956 election returned the Convention People's Party (CPP) to power with 71 of the 104 seats in the Legislative Assembly. Ghana became an independent state on March 6, 1957, when Britain relinquished its control over the Gold Coast and Ashanti, the Northern Territories Protectorate, and British Togoland.

First Prime Minister and President of Ghana:
- The first Prime Minister and then President of Ghana after Independence was Kwame Nkrumah.
- Kwame Nkrumah played a significant role in the independence movement of Ghana and became a prominent leader in the fight against colonial rule.
- He was a key figure in the formation of the Convention People's Party (CPP) and led Ghana to independence from British colonial rule in 1957.
- Nkrumah served as the Prime Minister of Ghana from 1957 to 1960 and then became the President when Ghana became a republic in 1960.
- He was known for his pan-Africanist ideals and his vision of a united Africa.
- Nkrumah implemented various social and economic policies, including the expansion of education and healthcare, industrialization, and the promotion of African unity.
- However, his leadership also faced criticism for his authoritarian rule and economic challenges.
- Nkrumah was overthrown in a military coup in 1966 and lived in exile until his death in 1972.
- Nevertheless, he remains a significant figure in Ghanaian history and is often revered as the father of Ghana's independence movement.

Many of these countries became democracies immediately after the end of the Second World War in 1945. By 2005, about 140 countries were holding multi-party elections. This number was higher than ever before.

On 4 January 1948, the nation became an independent republic, named the Union of Burma, with Sao Shwe Thaik as its first President and U Nu as its first Prime Minister. Unlike most other former British colonies and overseas territories, Burma did not become a member of the Commonwealth.

Aung San Suu Kyi is a Burmese politician, diplomat, author, and a 1991 Nobel Peace Prize laureate. The first and incumbent State Counsellor of Myanmar, she is also the leader of the National League for Democracy and played a vital role in the state's transition from military junta to partial democracy. 

Chief Administrative Officer of the U.N.
The Chief Administrative Officer of the United Nations is referred to as the Secretary General. The Secretary General is the highest-ranking official in the United Nations and is responsible for the overall administration of the organization.
Answer: B
Explanation:
The role of the Secretary General can be further explained with the following details:
- The Secretary General is appointed by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council.
- The Secretary General acts as the chief administrative officer of the United Nations and is responsible for the management of its operations and resources.
- The Secretary General represents the United Nations in various international forums and interacts with member states, non-governmental organizations, and other stakeholders.
- The Secretary General also plays a crucial role in diplomatic negotiations, conflict resolution, and promoting international cooperation.
- The current Secretary General of the United Nations is António Guterres, who assumed office on January 1, 2017.
In conclusion, the Chief Administrative Officer of the United Nations is the Secretary General.

Security Council
The Security Council is the organ of the United Nations responsible for maintaining peace and security among countries. It is one of the six main organs of the UN and has the primary responsibility for determining threats to international peace and security and taking appropriate actions to address them.
Composition of the Security Council:
- The Security Council consists of 15 member states, including 5 permanent members (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) and 10 non-permanent members elected by the General Assembly for two-year terms.
- Each member has one vote, and decisions on substantive matters require the affirmative votes of at least nine members, including the concurring votes of all five permanent members.
Responsibilities and Powers of the Security Council:
- The Security Council has the authority to impose sanctions, authorize the use of force, establish peacekeeping missions, and intervene in conflicts to maintain or restore international peace and security.
- It can investigate any dispute or situation that may lead to international friction and make recommendations or take measures to resolve the conflict.
- The Security Council can also refer cases to the International Court of Justice for legal opinions on matters related to international law.
Significance:
- The Security Council plays a crucial role in preventing and resolving conflicts, as its decisions are binding on all member states.
- It serves as a platform for diplomatic negotiations and discussions to address global challenges and maintain stability.
- The Security Council's decisions and actions have a direct impact on international relations and the security of nations worldwide.
In conclusion, the Security Council is the organ of the United Nations responsible for maintaining peace and security among countries. It has the authority and power to take decisive actions to address threats to international peace, making it a vital component of the UN's efforts to promote global stability and security.

The body of the U.N. which acts like a Parliament is the General Assembly.
The General Assembly is the main deliberative, policy-making, and representative organ of the United Nations. It is composed of all 193 member states of the U.N., each having one vote. The General Assembly meets annually in a regular session and holds special sessions when needed.
Here are some key points about the General Assembly:
1. Representation: All member states have equal representation in the General Assembly, regardless of their size or power. This ensures that every country has a voice in the decision-making process.
2. Decision-making: The General Assembly discusses and makes decisions on a wide range of international issues, including peace and security, development, human rights, and international law. Resolutions adopted by the General Assembly are not legally binding but carry significant political weight.
3. Agenda Setting: The General Assembly sets its own agenda, which includes topics of global concern. Member states can propose agenda items for consideration, and the General Assembly decides which issues to prioritize.
4. Voting: Decisions in the General Assembly are usually made by a two-thirds majority vote. However, important decisions on issues such as peace and security require a two-thirds majority of the members present and voting, including the concurring votes of all five permanent members of the Security Council.
5. Functions: The General Assembly elects the non-permanent members of the Security Council, approves the budget of the United Nations, and appoints the Secretary-General based on the recommendation of the Security Council.
In summary, the General Assembly is the body of the United Nations that acts like a Parliament, representing all member states and making decisions on various global issues. It serves as a platform for dialogue, cooperation, and consensus-building among nations.

The Council is composed of 15 Members: Five permanent members: China, France, Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, and the United States, and ten non-permanent members elected for two-year terms by the General Assembly (with end of term year): Belgium (2020)

The five permanent members of the Security Council are:
- United States (US)
- France
- Britain (United Kingdom)
- Russia
- China
Explanation:
- The Security Council is one of the six main organs of the United Nations and is responsible for maintaining international peace and security.
- It consists of 15 members, with 5 permanent members and 10 non-permanent members elected by the General Assembly for a two-year term.
- The five permanent members, also known as the P5, have the power of veto, which means they can block any substantive resolution of the Security Council.
- The P5 are considered the most powerful countries in the world, both politically and economically.
- The current five permanent members of the Security Council are the United States, France, Britain, Russia, and China.
- These countries were selected as permanent members due to their status as major powers and their significant contributions to the United Nations and international affairs.
- The P5 play a crucial role in decision-making and have a unique responsibility in maintaining global peace and security.

Which country contributes most of the money to U.N.?
The country that contributes the most money to the United Nations (U.N.) is the United States of America (USA). Here is a detailed explanation:
Reasoning:
- The United Nations is primarily funded through member states' contributions, which are based on a specific formula called the "scale of assessments."
- This formula takes into account each member state's relative wealth and economic capacity.
- The United States has the largest economy in the world and, therefore, contributes the most money to the U.N.
Breakdown of the contributions:
- The United States currently contributes approximately 22% of the U.N.'s regular budget, which funds the organization's day-to-day operations and activities.
- In addition to the regular budget, the U.N. also has various specialized agencies and programs, such as UNICEF and the World Health Organization (WHO).
- The United States is also a major contributor to these specialized agencies and programs, providing significant funding to support their initiatives.
Other countries' contributions:
- While the U.S. contributes the most money to the U.N., other countries also make substantial financial contributions.
- The United Kingdom (U.K.), France, and China, which are listed as options A, B, and D in the question, all contribute significantly to the U.N. but not as much as the U.S.
- The U.K., France, and China, along with the U.S., are permanent members of the U.N. Security Council and have a higher financial responsibility compared to other member states.
Conclusion:
- In conclusion, the country that contributes the most money to the United Nations is the United States of America (USA).
- The U.S. contributes approximately 22% of the U.N.'s regular budget and also provides significant funding to specialized agencies and programs.
- While other countries like the U.K., France, and China also contribute significantly, the U.S. remains the largest financial contributor to the U.N.

First of all Jim Yong Kim is the president of world bank. he has always been an american citizen and has been chosen by united states [USA]. the world bank was created in the year 1944.

C is the correct option.Paul Dundes Wolfowitz is an American political scientist and diplomat who served as the 10th President of the World Bank, U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense, U.S. Ambassador to Indonesia, and former dean of Johns Hopkins SAIS. He is currently a visiting scholar at the American Enterprise Institute.

Answer:
The correct answer is C: Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party.
Here is a detailed explanation:
Background:
The Ba'ath Party is a political party that originated in Syria and later spread to Iraq. It was founded in 1947 with the aim of promoting Arab nationalism, socialism, and the unification of Arab countries. In Iraq, the Ba'ath Party came to power through a military coup in 1968.
The Ba'ath Party in Iraq:
Since 1968, the Ba'ath Party, specifically the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, has ruled Iraq. Under the leadership of Saddam Hussein, the Ba'ath Party implemented authoritarian policies and maintained a strong grip on power for several decades.
Main features of Ba'ath Party rule in Iraq:
- Saddam Hussein became the President of Iraq in 1979 and remained in power until 2003.
- The Ba'ath Party implemented a totalitarian regime, suppressing political opposition and dissent.
- The party promoted Arab nationalism and sought to maintain Iraq's Arab identity.
- The Ba'ath Party implemented socialist policies, including state control of key industries and the redistribution of wealth.
- Iraq under Ba'ath Party rule engaged in several conflicts, including the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) and the Gulf War (1990-1991).
End of Ba'ath Party rule:
Ba'ath Party rule in Iraq came to an end with the U.S.-led invasion in 2003. Saddam Hussein was overthrown, and the Ba'ath Party was disbanded by the Coalition Provisional Authority.
In conclusion, the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party ruled Iraq since 1968 until its downfall in 2003.

Sadam was the fifth President of Iraq from 16 July 1979 . Saddam Hussein was a secularist who rose through the Baath political party to assume a dictatorial presidency. Under his rule, segments of the populace enjoyed the benefits of oil wealth, while those in opposition faced torture and execution.

Democratic rights in international organizations is where every country is equal. The international organization should be fair with every country in terms of freedom of speech and all the countries should be allowed to express their opinion.

The organizations should have respect for minority rights and freedom of judiciary. The countries should operate within the systems and put up their grievances against the system in a legal manner.