KVS PGT Biology Mock Test - 4 - KVS PGT/TGT/PRT MCQ

Option C is correct answer.Explanation

• Use article "a" before walk in part C to make the sentence correct.
• If in a sentence a verb is used like a common noun then we use article "a/an" before it.
  • for eg: He is not expected to tell a lie.
• In the above sentence, "walk" is used as a noun
• since preposition 'for' needs its object which is only possible if "walk" act like a common noun.
• Hence, we need to add article 'a' before walk.

सही उत्तर है - "सती प्रथा" lव्याख्या

• राजा राममोहन राय ने सती प्रथा जैसी सामाजिक बुराई का विरोध किया था l
• उन्होंने सामाजिक बुराई के तौर पर सती प्रथा का विरोध सदैव किया l स्त्रियों के अधिकारों के लिए उन्होंने अनेक प्रयास किए और 1928 में ब्रह्म समाज की स्थापना की l
• उन्होंने सती प्रथा का विरोध किया तथा विधवा-विवाह और स्त्री-पुरुष के समानाधिकार का समर्थन किया और विशेष संदर्भ में पाश्चात्य संस्कृति को मूल्यवान समझा। इसीलिए उन्होंने अंग्रेज़ी शिक्षा-प्रणाली के प्रसार में योग दिया और ब्रिटिश राज्य की अच्छाइयों की प्रशंसा की।
• अन्य विकल्प:-
  • राजा राममोहन राय ने अन्य सभी विकल्पों में चर्चित सामाजिक बुराइयों का विरोध किया था परंतु, सती प्रथा इनमें से सर्वश्रेष्ठ उत्तर है l

अन्य संबंधित बिंदु

• सती प्रथा - यह एक ऐसी प्रथा थी जिसमें पति की मौत होने पर पति की चिता के साथ ही उसकी विधवा को भी जला दिया जाता था। कई बार तो इसके लिए विधवा की रजामंदी होती थी तो कभी-कभी उनको ऐसा करने के लिए जबरन मजबूर किया जाता था।
• पति की चिता के साथ जलने वाली महिला को सती कहा जाता था जिसका मतलब होता है पवित्र महिला।
• 4 दिसंबर, साल 1829 को लॉर्ड विलियम बेंटिक की अगुवाई और राजा राम मोहन राय जैसे भारतीय समाज सुधारकों के प्रयासों से सती प्रथा पर भारत में पूरी तरह से रोक लगी थी l

The correct answer is 'Acquit'.

• The most appropriate word for the given group of words is 'Acquit'.
• It means 'to state formally that a person is not guilty of a crime'. (किसी के निर्दोष होने की विधिवत घोषणा करना)
  • Example: The jury acquitted her of murder.

Other Related Points
Let's look at the meaning of other words:

• Sentence: a group of words containing a subject and a verb, that expresses a statement, a question, etc. When a sentence is written it begins with a big (capital) letter and ends with a full stop. [सामान्‍य कथन, प्रश्‍न आदि का व्‍यंजक ऐसा शब्दविन्‍यास जिसमें एक कर्ता हो और एक क्रिया। अंग्रेज़ी आदि में लिखते समय वाक्‍य का आरंभ बड़े अक्षर से होता है और अंत पूर्ण विराम (.) से; वाक्‍य]
• Pardon: used for asking somebody to repeat what he/she has just said because you did not hear or understand it. [बात को दुबारा कहने का अनुरोध करने के लिए प्रयुक्त (क्‍योंकि हम बात को पहले सुन या समझ नहीं सके)]
• Arrest: when the police arrest somebody, they take him/her prisoner in order to question him/her about a crime. (गिरफ़्तार करना; बंदी बनाना)

• As a responsible police officer, it is your duty to make sure that the kid is safe. So option 3 is eliminated.
• Since you do not know what exactly is happening, taking any action like arresting or calling for backup would be inappropriate.
• You should first figure out what is happening and then decide the next step.

Hence the correct answer is option 1.

According to the given information:
Friends: Raj, Amit, Varun, Kanchan, and Tiya are sitting facing the North.

• Three friends are sitting between Tiya and Raj.
• There are 2 possible cases.

Case I -

​

Case II -

• Varun is sitting to the immediate left of Raj and second to the right of Amit.
• If Raj sits to the extreme left Varun cant be seated to the immediate left of Raj, hence case II gets eliminated.

​

• The only position left for Kanchan is in the middle.

Thus, Kanchan sits in the middle position.
Hence, the correct answer is "Kanchan".​

Education has to be related to life at all points in response to the variety of forces that affect it. Education, therefore, cannot be regarded as an isolated activity. The school has to provide an idealistic vision of social life, reflecting within it all the worthwhile major activities that make up the life of any community.Explanation

• Community resources are used to strengthen schools, facilities, and student learning. As part of the larger community, schools and other programs fulfil important community goals.
• When schools and communities work together, both are strengthened in synergistic ways and make gains that outpace what either entity could accomplish on its own.
• Community participation involves Parent-teacher associations, Self-help groups, etc.

Parent-teacher association:

• Parent-teacher association is a formal community partnership.
• One of the major objectives of parent-teacher cooperation is to bring the community nearer to the school through consultation, and a variety of jointly organised and shared programmes.
• Over the past 100 years, it has been consistently demonstrated that effectively involving parents and families in support of children and their education produces meaningful and lasting results.

Self-help groups:

• Self-help groups are formal community partnerships.
• SHG is a group of 10-20 members who voluntarily associate themselves with common concerns, mainly to eradicate poverty. All the members agree on common savings, generate a common fund and utilize the same for their credit needs through management.

From the above points, we can conclude that statement I is correct regarding community participation.

Socialization is an important process for the functioning and continuation of society. Different societies have different ways and methods to train their newborn members so that they are able to develop their own personalities.
This training and building of the personality of the child are called socialization. It is a process of learning the rules, habits, and values of a group to which a person belongs whether it is family, friends, colleagues, or any other group. The child slowly becomes aware of her/himself as a member of a group and gains knowledge about the culture of the family and also the society into which she/he is born.ExplanationSecondary Socialisation

• Secondary Socialisation occurs once the infant passes into the childhood phase and continues into maturity. During this phase more than the family, some other agents of socialization like the school and friends’ group begin to play a role in socializing the child.
• Different kinds of social interaction through these different agents of socialization help the child to learn the moral standards, customs, and principles of their society and culture.

Hence, we can conclude that The child learns to behave with its peer group during the school stage and the social agency will be school.Other Related Points There are two main types of socialization -

According to Douglas and Holland, "Objective tests are intended to obtain marks and grades that are relatively uninfluenced by the subjective factors."

• Horrace Mann developed the first objective test in 1845 A.D.
• The answers and method of evaluation are definite, so these tests are called objective tests.

Explanation

An objective type test item is characterized by its total objectivity and unambiguity in scoring. The merits of the objective type test are:

• These tests are reliable, clear, and bear only one meaning and their answers too are definite.
• Reliability and validity are of a high level.
• These tests are more useful for performance tests, diagnosis, intelligence and aptitude tests, etc.
• Free from complication, hence save the students from misleading.
• The number of questions is more but their answers are short.
• It is possible to cover the entire content.
• This test discourages cramming and encourages thinking, observation, and scrutiny.
• It is easy to score more marks.
• In this students give more time of thinking and read.

Thus, it is concluded that it is possible to cover the entire content is one of the important merits of the objective type test.

Passion has a motivating factor; therefore, it is a significant need for high-quality learning and teaching.

Important Points

• Passion is seeking for the new and experiencing new ideas.
• Passion is on the basis of effective teaching.
• The passion which is indispensable for learning and teaching facilitates learning through the desire and enthusiasm it creates.
• Passionate teachers by creating effective learning environments endeavor to increase the learning potentials of their students.

Example: Every week a teacher who has a personal interest in music shares with the class current news about musicians and music events and then displays the articles on a bulletin board. The teacher then encourages students to share current events of their own choosing with the class because the teacher is showing enthusiasm for a topic and therefore engaging students in the learning process.

Other Related Points

• Only modeling any specific reading strategies or modeling making text-to-text connections by sharing the articles will not be able to keep students' motivation level high or encourage them to follow their passion. We learn by doing not only by reading or writing.

Hence we can conclude that the right answer to this question is promoting a passion for learning.

Adolescence is the period of development from childhood to adulthood. It is the period when the child moves from dependency to autonomy. It is a period demanding significant adjustment to the physical and social changes which distinguish childhood behavior from adult behavior.
Explanation
Cognitive and intellectual aspects of human beings refer to the processing of information through mental faculties. Mental development normally refers to the series of changes in cognitive development. It includes intelligence, thinking, imagination, and other aspects of the human mind.

• Cognitive development is a process of mental activities Introduction through which an individual develops their mental framework to understand the surrounding.
• The cognitive process enables the learners of this age group to deal with many social, emotional, and vocational problems.
• The information processing approach attempts to explain the cognitive strategy by which the human brain processes information.
• Cognitive growth during adolescence involves not only adding more facts to one's storehouse of knowledge but also qualitative increases in intellectual abilities with more complicated problems in daily life.
• Intellectual development takes place during adolescence.
• The adolescent becomes able to think in more abstract and logical terms.
• The quality of thinking in terms of great ideals also emerges during the period.
• Capacity to combine several factors and find a solution to a problem.
• Ability to see what effect one factor will have on other factors.

Thus, it is concluded that the information processing approach attempts to explain the cognitive strategy by which the human brain processes information correctly regarding cognitive and intellectual development in adolescents.

National Curriculum Framework commonly known as NCF is driven with the vision to address issues such as equality of opportunities, quality experiences, educational purposes, etc.

Socio-Cultural Context for Meaningful Learning as per NCF (2005):

“The child’s community and local environment form the primary context in which learning takes place and in which knowledge acquires its significance. It is in interaction with the environment that the child constructs knowledge and derives meaning.”

We cannot afford to neglect the conditions of family, locality and community in which the child is born and brought up for the following two essential reasons:

• the local environment provides facilitating conditions to the child to acquire immense experience
• constraints for education are created due to the socio-economic and cultural practices and beliefs of the family and the community

Hence, we conclude that the above statement is about Socio-cultural context for meaningful learning.

A few social skills are described and listed here. These have to be sought after while teaching children along with the other objectives in class.

Explanation

• Sharing space and equipment with others
• Waiting for one’s turn respecting others practised and achieved along with the teaching/practising motor skills
• Social skills “Follow rules and respect decision” may be practised when students frame the rules or understand them very well.
• Stay on task even in the absence of a teacher.
• Be the first person to congratulate the winners and thank everyone for giving you the game.
• Accept responsibility to bring/return equipment/stores; acts as a leader, follower official/umpire-to play a role.
• Take defeat and victory in a stride with calm.
• Appreciate good performance.
• Act safely but take reasonable risks

Important Points

• Observing how the child interacts with peers in team tasks or others is the most effective way to assess a child's social skills by the teacher.
• Intelligence tests or objective type tests would check the cognitive level of students rather than social skills.
• Observing the child when she solves the problems will give you insight into the child's understanding level or whether the learning objectives have been achieved.

Hence, Observing how the child interacts with peers in team tasks or others is the most effective way to assess a child's social skills by the teacher.

The correct answer is Frederick Griffith.

• Frederick Griffith performed this transformation experiment with Streptococcus pneumoniae in 1928.

Explanation

• In this experiment, bacteria are grown in a suitable culture medium; it produces smooth-walled strain as well as rough-walled strain.
• The smooth-walled strain has a polysaccharide coating and is also disease-causing.
• When S Strain is injected mice die whereas when R strain is injected mice do not die. And when S heat-killed is injected mice remain alive.
• But, when S heat-killed and R strain is injected into mice, Mice die.
• Hence the conclusion is R strain bacteria transformed by heat-killed S strain.

The correct answer is Both 1 and 2.Explanation

• Hepatitis B:
  • It is a liver disease that is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV).
  • The virus is known to interfere with the functions of the liver and causes pathological damage.
  • It can be both acute or chronic disease.
  • HBV is spread by contact with the blood or body fluids of an infected person.
• HIV/AIDS:
  • The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infects the immune system of humans and subsequently results in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
  • AIDS is a condition in which the immune system weakens and the human body becomes susceptible to life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers.
  • HIV can be spread through sexual intercourse, transfusion of infected blood, infected mother to her infant during pregnancy, and breast milk.
• According to the World Health Organisation HBV is 50 to 100 times more infectious than HIV, although both the viruses get spread in the same way, i.e., by contact with blood or body fluids of an infected person. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• HBV can also cause liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. A small percentage of infected people can not get rid of the virus and become chronically infected. Such people are at higher risk of death from liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

Option 1 is correct, i.e. Typhoid fever.

• Typhoid fever:
  • It can be diagnosed with the Widal test.
  • Widal test is named after Georges-Fernand Widal (inventor).
  • The test detects agglutinating antibodies against the O and H antigens of Salmonella Typhi Bacteria.

Extra facts:

• To diagnose Tuberculosis, a blood test is sufficient to find the bacteria.
• AIDS can be diagnosed by ELISA-Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay.
• The study of Cancer is Oncology.

Concept:

• A lichen is a symbiotic association between a fungi and an algae.
• The fungal component is called mycobiont and the algal component is called photobiont.
• The photobiont is the photosynthetic part of a lichen.

Important Points

• Litmus is a mixture of compounds that are obtained from some lichen species.
• These compounds are coloured and organic compounds that can be used as indicators of acid or base.
• Litmus turns red in acidic solutions and blue in alkaline solutions.
• Roccella montagnei is a fruticose lichen found in India.
• It is one of the species from which litmus compounds can be extracted.
• Several other species of Roccella are also used to obtain litmus.
• Lichens are treated with ammonia, potash and lime in the presence of air to obtain different coloured compounds.
• Compounds like erythrolitmin, erythrolein, azolitmin, etc. have been obtained by partially separating litmus.
• These compounds were found to be mixtures of closely related compounds that are derivatives of a heterocyclic compound called phenoxazine.

Other Related Points

• Cladonia rangiferina -
  • ​It is commonly called reindeer moss or lichen.
  • Reindeer moss is so called because it is a source of food for reindeer during winter in Scandinavian countries.
• Foliose lichen -
  • ​It is a type of lichen based on its thallus structure.
  • They have large, leaf-like thalli that is loosely attached to the substrate and have a distinct top and bottom.
• Crustose lichen -
  • It is also a type of lichen that form a thin crust-like covering and are tightly attached to the substrate.

The correct answer is option 3. Explanation

• Monoclonal antibodies are antibodies that are specific for a particular epitope or a single clone of antigenic epitopes.
• The epitope is the antigenic part to which the antibody attaches.
• It is created by fusing B-cells with malignant plasma cells (myelomas).
• It involves the following steps:
  • Lymphocyte harvest
  • Fusion to create hybridoma cells
  • Selecting fused hybrids
  • Reaching the clonality with limiting dilutions
• Lymphocyte harvest:
  • This involves the collection of the antibody-producing cells found in the spleen or lymph nodes.
  • These are B-lymphocytes that are antibody-producing immune cells.
• Fusion to create hybridoma cells:
  • These B-cells are fused with cancer plasma cells called myelomas.
  • This imparts immortality to the B-cells.
  • Polyethylene glycol or electroporation is used to disrupt the cell membranes of the two cells and facilitate their fusion.
  • The fused cells are called hybridoma cells.
• Selecting for fused hybrids:
  • A screening medium is used to select the hybridoma cells from unfused B-cells and myeloma cells.
  • The medium is called HAT or hypoxanthine aminopterin thymidine. It disrupts DNA synthesis in the cells.
  • Since hybridoma cells have an enzyme called thymidine kinase, they are able to perform DNA synthesis.
  • Thus, only hybridoma cells survive in the HAT medium.
• Reaching the clonality with limiting dilutions:
  • The hybridomas selected are heterogenous for a variety of antigens.
  • This step limits the dilution of the antibodies to the level where every dilution well contains a single cell.
  • This ensures that after repeated cycles of such a limited dilution, the antibodies are monoclonal.
• Monoclonal antibodes are utilised for diverse medical, biochemical, and immunological detections of antigens.

Concept:

• Growth models help us understand if the growth of any population over time follows a particular pattern or not.
• This also helps us to understand several other attributes of the population.
• Growth models explain 2 types of growth curves:
  • Exponential - This takes place when the resources are unlimited and the population keeps growing.
  • Logistic - This is a growth model that takes the limitations of resources into account.

Important PointsLogistic Growth:

• Resources are not available to any species population in unlimited amount.
• Thus, the species compete for the available resources to survive.
• This competition restricts the exponential or unlimited growth of any population.
• Any given habitat can only provide resources to support a maximum possible number, beyond which it further growth of population is not possible.
• This is known as the carrying capacity (K) for a particular species in a habitat.
• Such growth pattern is also known as the Verhulst-Pearl Logistic Growth.
• It can be denoted by the equation:

where, N = Population Density,
K = Carrying Capacity,
dN/dt = Rate of change of population density.

• Here, 'r' represents the intrinsic rate of natural increase, which is the difference between the per capita birth and death (b-d).
• The environmental resistance is represented in the equation as .

Explanation:

• When the population density (N) is plotted against time (t), it produces a sigmoid curve (S-shaped curve).
  
• Logistic growth shows 3 different phases:
  • Lag phase - This represents the initial lag time that a population shows before it starts growing.
  • Log phase - This is the phase of accelerated growth, which is itself an exponential growth.
  • Asymptote - This is the stationary phase where the population density reaches the carrying capacity.
• Hence, asymptote is obtained when K = N.

Option 1 is correct:

• Nissl's granules are found in the cell body.
• The cell body contains cytoplasm with typical cell organelles and certain granular bodies called Nissl’s granules.
• A neuron is a microscopic structure composed of three major parts, namely:
  • The cell body
  • Dendrites
  • Axon
• ​Axon is a single very long cylindrical process of uniform diameter.
• The axon contains neurofibril and neurotubules but lacks in Nissl's granules.
• The longest axons in the human body are the sciatic nerve.
• Which run from the base of the spinal cord to the big toe of each foot.
• The cell membrane of the axon is called axolemma and its cytoplasm is termed as axoplasm.
• There are two types of axons, namely, myelinated and nonmyelinated.
• The myelinated nerve fibres are enveloped with Schwann cells, which form a myelin sheath around the axon.
• The gaps between two adjacent myelin sheaths are called nodes of Ranvier.
• Myelinated nerve fibres are found in the spinal cord and cranial nerves.

Concept:

• DNA is a nucleic acid made up of several small monomeric units combined together called deoxyribose nucleotides
• It was first discovered by Meischer and the term DNA was given Zacharis.
• On the basis of the direction of twisting, DNA is of two types -

1. Right Handed DNA - It involves clockwise twisting. It is further divided into 4 types - A DNA, B DNA, C DNA, D DNA.
2. Left Handed DNA - It involves anticlockwise twisting. Eg - Z-DNA.

​Explanation:

• Z- DNA is left-handed DNA discovered by Rich.
• The phosphate and sugar bone in Z-DNA is zig-zag.
• Units of Z-DNA are dinucleotides i.e purines and pyrimidines in alternate order.

Other Related Points

• He was an American geneticist.
• He got Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1946 for discovering the role of X rays in mutagenesis.
• He discovered the chief principles of spontaneous mutation of genes.
• He demonstrated how hereditary changes and mutations can be artificially induced by X-rays.
• His work was based on Drosophila (fruit fly).​
• He exposed the fruit flies to X-rays, mated them and observed mutations in the offspring.
• His experiments established that X-rays are a cause of mutation in genes and the gamete cells are particularly susceptible to such mutations.
• His experiments also paved the way to considering X-rays as mutagen, so that it is used for medical purposes with caution.

• The earliest evidence of social life among early humans is typically attributed to Neanderthal man.
• Neanderthals, belonging to the species Homo neanderthalensis, are known for their relatively complex social structures and behaviors, which included caring for the sick and elderly, burying their dead, and possibly engaging in rituals, all indicating a form of social life.
• Cro-Magnon men (early modern humans) also exhibited advanced social structures, but they appear later in the archaeological record compared to Neanderthals.
• ‘Cro-Magnon Man’ is the name given to the early humans who existed 40,000-10,000 years ago.
• The name came from the five skeletons that were found from a rock shelter in France, which was known by the same name.
• They have been recently renamed as Early Modern Human because it was found after much research that they do not have significant differences from modern humans.
• They are our immediate ancestor hominin who were in the process of developing the modern human behaviours.
• The physical differences between Cro-Magnons and modern humans are key to the change in lifestyle from long-distance hunting to sedentism, which requires them to live in groups and thus have a social life.
• They are also known to have used modern tools and had burial rituals.

Other Related Points

• Java man – refers to an extinct hominin of the species Homo erectus that was discovered from Java. The thighbones discovered indicated their upright posture.
• Peking man – refers to Homo erectus fossils that were found from Zhoukoudian site of China. They lived about 2 million – 250,000 years ago.

• Immunoglobulin (Ig): These are the protein molecules also called antibodies. These act against the foreign antigens entering the body, and neutralizes them.
• An antibody has a Y-shaped structure.
• Each antibody molecule consists of four polypeptide chains, two are long called heavy (H) chains while the other two are short called light (L) chains. Hence, an antibody is represented as H₂L₂.
• Antibodies can be classified into five types IgA, IgM, IgE, IgG & IgD.

Explanation:

• IgE: IgE is produced in plasma cells. It is primarily found in mammals.
• It constitutes 0.05% of the total Ig in serum. It has a molecular weight of 200,000 daltons
• It mediates hypersensitive or allergic reactions like dust allergy, pollen allergy, etc that cause symptoms like sneezing, coughing, itchy eyes, etc.
• When the body encounters an IgE-specific antigen, the IgE gets attached to the mast cells which causes a release of powerful chemical mediators like histamine from the mast cells and an allergic reaction is initiated.
  ​

Other Related Points

• IgA: It constitutes about 10-15% of the total serum Ig. It is present mainly in secretions like breast milk, saliva & tears.
• IgG: It is the most abundant type of antibody present in serum. It constitutes about 80% of the total serum Ig. There are four subclasses of IgG IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4. It can pass through the placenta and thus can provide immunity to the fetus.
• IgM: It is the largest type of antibody. It constitutes 5-10% of the total Ig in serum. It has a total molecular weight of 180,000 daltons. It provides the first and primary immune response to an antigen.

• Assertion : TRUE
  • Transgenic organisms- Organisms whose genome is manipulated using genetic engineering are known as transgenic organisms.
  • Transgenic organisms carry genes that are naturally absent in them.
  • The gene of interest from the donor organism is introduced into another organism through a suitable vector and is allowed to express.
  • The genes being introduced from different species it is possible that the products of these genes may have some adverse effects on humans like allergies.
  • Example - Scientists introduced a gene from Brazil nut to increase the Methionine production in soybeans. The insertion of this gene caused allergic reactions to the soybean in those with known nut allergies.
• Reason : TRUE
  • The genes for antibiotic resistance act as marker genes for differentiating the non-transformed cells (cells without recombinant DNA) and transformed cells (cells with recombinant DNA).
  • GMOs offer us the possibility of introducing additional nutrients into foods, also antibiotics and vaccines.
  • GMOs provide nutrition and disease resistance to people of those countries that do not have the resources to provide these, otherwise.
  • The GM food carrying antibiotic genes may be taken up by the bacteria present in the alimentary canal of human beings and may become antibiotic-resistant.

Explanation:

• The Reason is NOT a correct explanation of the Assertion:
  • The reason behind toxicity and product allergy in human beings due to consumption of GMOs is due to the products formed by the foreign genes present in the transgenic food.
  • The antibiotic resistance gained by bacteria, present in the alimentary canal of human beings, does not cause the toxicity or allergy in humans.

The correct answer is Only D.Explanation

• Ethylene plays a key role in the ripening of the fruit.​
• Ethylene:
  • ​Ethylene has been found as not harmful or toxic to humans.
  • Ethylene is a gas (C₂H₄) produced by plants and known as the “ripening hormone,”.
  • It stimulates fruit ripening.

​​Concept:

• Calcium carbide is also used in some countries for artificially ripening fruit.
• When calcium carbide comes in contact with moisture, it produces acetylene gas.
• Acetylene gas provides similar effects to the natural ripening agent, ethylene.

Other Related Points

• Abscisic acid, Auxins, Cytokinins, Ethylene, and Gibberellins are the 5 plant hormones.
• Auxins:
  • Auxins are compounds that positively influence cell enlargement, bud formation, and root initiation.
• Gibberellins:
  • ​Gibberellins include a large range of chemicals that are produced naturally within plants and by fungi.
  • Controls plant growth and other aspects.
• Zeatin:
  • ​Zeatin is a coconut milk-derived plant hormone (cytokinin) that promotes the growth of lateral buds.

The correct answer is Telophase.Explanation

• The fifth and final phase of mitosis is known as telophase.
• This method divides the duplicate genetic material present in a parent cell's nucleus into two identical daughter cells.
• Once the duplicated, paired chromosomes have been split apart and brought to the cell's poles, or opposite sides, telophase has begun.
• To isolate the nuclear DNA from the cytoplasm, a nuclear membrane develops around each set of chromosomes during telophase.
• The chromosomes start to uncoil, becoming less compact and dispersed.
• The cell goes through a process known as cytokinesis, which separates the cytoplasm of the parental cell into two daughter cells, along with telophase.
• This phase of the cell cycle is called the ‘distance phase’.​

Other Related Points

• Anaphase:
  • The fourth stage of mitosis, known as anaphase, divides the duplicated genetic material contained in a parent cell's nucleus into two identical daughter cells.

• Prometaphase:
  • It is the second stage of mitosis.
  • The nuclear envelope, a physical barrier that protects the nucleus, disintegrates during prometaphase.
• Prophase:
  • The chromatin, a combination of DNA and proteins found in the nucleus, condenses during prophase.

Concept

• Archegoniate: The group of plants that have archegonium as their female sex organ is called archegoniate.
• For example Bryophytes, pteridophytes & gymnosperms.
• Bryophytes were the first ones to have archegonium as their female reproductive organ and gymnosperms are the last to have.

Explanation

• Funaria & Riccia both belong to the group Bryophyta. Funaria is a moss while Riccia is a liverwort
• They have archegonia as their female reproductive organ. Archegonium is flask-shaped and produces a single egg.
• At maturity, the archegonium consists of two parts basally swollen part Ventre and slender long neck
• The male reproductive organ is called the Antheridium. They produce biflagellate antherozoids.
• The antherozoids are released into the water where they come in contact with archegonium. An antherozoid fuses with the egg to produce the zygote.

Other Related Points
The antheridia & Archegonia are borne on antheridiophore & archegoniophore respectively

Concept:

• The study of the internal structure of plants is known as anatomy.
• It includes the study of cells and different tissues in plants.

Explanation:

Option 1:

• Apical meristem is present at the tips of roots and stems. They contain meristematic cells capable of rapid cell division.
• They are responsible for increasing the length of roots and stems.

Option 2:

• Vascular cambium consists of the primary xylem and primary phloem.
• They are important for secondary growth in plants. Secondary growth occurs in dicots only due to the presence of cambium in it.
• Secondary growth does not occur in monocots as they lack vascular cambium. For example, grasses.

Option 3:

• The axillary meristem is located at the axil of the leaf.
• These meristems enable the branching. They are influenced by the action of the auxin hormone.

Option 4:

• Cork cambium is present as a part of the epidermis in many vascular plants. Cork cambium is also known as phellogen.
• Cork cambium forms the periderm (replaces the epidermis at the time of secondary growth).

So, the correct answer is option 2.

The correct answer is D.
Explanation

Other Related Points

• Hormones:
  • The chemical messengers, found in the gut are critical in regulating the intake of food and energy expenditure.
  • The body’s biggest hormone-producing structure, the gut secretes more than 20 various peptide hormones, some of these affect the eating pattern, sensation of pleasure during nibbling while some others target the brain to control appetite and so on.
• Gastrin:
• It is a peptide hormone primarily responsible for enhancing gastric mucosal growth, gastric motility, and secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl) into the stomach.
• It is present in G cells of the gastric antrum and duodenum.
• Endocrine cells present in different parts of the gastro-intestinal tract secrete four major peptide hormones -
  • Gastrin, Secretin, Cholecystokinin (CCK), and Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP).
• Gastrin acts on the gastric glands and stimulates the secretion of hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen.

The blood of Mollusca contains Copper.
Key Points

• The blood of molluscs is called Hemocyanin.
• It contains copper and is found in some arthropods and molluscs.
• The hemocyanin protein is found in the plasma in small aggregates.

Additional Information
Phylum Mollusca:-

• Main features:
  • The body is divided into a head and a muscular foot.
  • The mantle is always present in it.
  • The alimentary canal is well developed.
  • Respiration takes place through gills or ctenidia.
  • Blood is colorless.
  • Excretion takes place through the kidneys.
  • Example: Pila, Octopus