Land reforms in India Part 1 - Post Independence Consolidation & Agriculture - GS I & III Video Lecture | Indian Economy for Government Exams (Hindi) - Bank Exams

[Music]
[Applause]
hello everyone welcome to study IQ in
this video I am going to discuss about
land reforms okay so the topic of
today's discussion is basically land
reforms now this is one of the most
important topic for your manes so you
can get question both in paper 1 as well
as in paper 3 right paper 3 directly
this topic is there issues related to
agriculture or dialect directly land
reform topic is there and in paper 1 you
have a topic post-independence
consolidation in that also you can get
this question ok so this topic is going
to be very very important and we need to
see this topic in detail so before we
move on to this particular topic I
basically want to discuss a little bit
about agriculture or rather we will just
discuss about the problems of
Agriculture or okay now when you talk
about agriculture the first point that
you need to answer if you are writing an
essay or if you are writing any question
the first point that you need to answer
is basically why this particular sector
is so much important okay or why we are
giving so much importance to
agricultural sector why now we already
know that agricultural sectors very much
under performing and more than 60
percentage of people are actually
employed in this sector but if you see
the income or the contribution to GDP by
agriculture is hardly 13 percentage
right so 12 to 15 percent is in between
right so now looking into this itself
you can understand the bad performance
of agriculture right maximum people are
employed and hardly 13 percentages the
return see if 60 percentage are employed
if you are getting 60 percentage return
then okay it is okay it is performing
better because 60 percent of people are
there and 60 percent is income as there
means there is no problem but the
problem is hardly 13 percentage and this
you need to divide among see that
suppose 100 people are working okay
so this is the case 100 people are
working
and you are earning 100 rupees you're
earning 100 rupees now what does this
scenario means out of this 100 people 60
are in agriculture okay 40 are doing
rest of the jobs and out of this 113
rupees is coming from agriculture so 60
people is actually sharing 13 rupees I
hope this is clear for you right so how
much one person is getting 13 divided by
60 now I hope you can clearly understand
the problem of Agriculture with this
simple calculation right so the most
important problem that you have seen
here is the average income or per capita
income from agriculture is very very
less why we already saw the contribution
to GDP is less and if you divide it with
the population who is employed in
agriculture sector you will get the per
capita and since the income is less
obviously the per capita income of the
average income will be very very less
and that is one of the most important
problem but even then why we are giving
so much stress on agriculture is what we
need to see what is what is what is the
importance of Agriculture see if you see
the points which you can mention or the
important points that you can write
about agriculture is basically rural or
urban migration now what happened what
will happen if agriculture is
underperforming the poor farmers from
rural area have to migrate to urban area
for their livelihood right and their
unskilled laborers and they will be
exploited in urban area so they won't
get a better job over there and that
will create a lot of social problem I am
NOT interested to discuss all those
problems now so this will be a short
video so we will just cover it up faster
ok
so first point is rural urban migration
I hope you understood this point now
second point if you look at poverty the
statistics the poverty in India is
primarily rural so if it is rural means
it has to do something with agriculture
so if the agriculture is better
performing you can to an extent control
poverty okay so that is also one of the
most important point that you can
highlight when we discuss about the
importance of agriculture then
another point that you can write is
actually industrial growth industrial
growth see if you need to have a vibrant
industrial growth you need to have a
better agricultural setup okay so if you
need to have a good growth in industry
you need to have raw materials and which
sector will provide the raw material
agriculture will provide the raw
material so if you need to have a
vibrant industrial growth you need to
have a better prospect in agriculture
okay now next point you can write and
the most important time or all points
that we have discussed is actually food
security
okay so food security is the most
important point you can't even survive
without food right so forget about all
these industry migration poverty etc
survival is more important right so food
security is the most important point
among all so for these reasons
agriculture is important so this is
going to be a first paragraph hardly you
will write 20 to 30 words about the
importance of Agriculture if you get any
question related to agriculture I am not
beating around the bush we are going to
discuss about land reform but just to
give you an intro or just to highlight
the importance of Agriculture I just
wasted some time okay so this five
minutes is not that important but still
this is going to be very very useful for
you to write introductions okay now now
let's move on to the topic okay see we
have seen record food grain production
over the last few years right but still
even after marking this record food
grain production if you see the
statistics the per capita food is
actually very very less okay so the per
capita availability of food is very less
now what is the reason for this see we
have land we have workers and still we
are lacking in terms of per capita
availability of food the reason is
basically the productivity is very less
okay so the productivity the most
important problem of our agricultural
sector is basically productivity see
when I say productivity what do I mean
this much amount of land is there you
can cultivate with two or three people
but in our setup what we are doing we
are employed
more than what is required so more
people are working so actually
productivity is very very less now there
are many other reasons also for lack of
productivity because our land is
fragmented and different facilities that
we have was also not that great or not
that adequate but still after Green
Revolution the productivity was improved
drastically till there are problems
right see if you see after green
devolution the productivity was improved
drastically but still there are problems
and now even after Green Revolution if
you see we are ranking 38 in terms of
productivity of wheat okay
so in terms of wheat productivity we
have ranking 38 we are ranked 38 now if
you look for rice we have we are 50 so
this itself will actually show or tell
the problem that we are facing in terms
of productivity and the major concern is
in terms of pulses see India is the
largest producer for in terms of
quantity in terms of the production of
pulses but still if you see the rank in
terms of productivity India ranked the
130 so this is one of the most important
problem productivity is one of the most
important problem that we are facing
when it comes to agriculture now what is
the problem why we have a very low
productivity what is the reason for this
see there are two reasons I would like
to highlight two reasons
see oneness technological factors
technological factors seen technological
factors I bring or I will include
everything which is related to use and
availability of technology see
technology might be available but you
may not be able to use it in some times
and on some other cases technology may
not be available okay so I will
categorize everything which is related
to use and availability of technology in
technological factors then other if you
see these are institutional factors
institutional factors okay so these are
the two most important problems
institutional factors means I am talking
about
the ownership of land or the relation of
the actual cultivator and the land
holder so I hope you understood what do
you mean by technological factors see
technology may be available but you may
not be use it and/or you may not be able
to afford it see government help you by
giving certain subsidies but that's not
a long-term solution and related to
subsidy we will have another discussion
so I am NOT discussing too much details
about subsidy here ok now why technology
is not affordable because farmers don't
have money right now farmers have two
choices one they will get money from
bank ok now other thing is government
spending right so other way is basically
government spending now from bank they
have a priority sector lending so
through PSL you can get lon then you may
be able to use it otherwise government
have to help you now if you see
government spending we also call it as
public expenditure that you already know
through the economic lectures right so
government spending is public
expenditure and if you see in India a
public expenditure is very huge but
still there are problems in agriculture
why because if you see in India the
public expenditure is maximum or mostly
in terms of subsidies so if you see
three by fourth of the public
expenditure is going as subsidy and
hardly one by fourth or 25 percentage is
becoming the investment or
infrastructural development or an hardly
25 percent they just spend for
infrastructural development and what you
need you need to spend maximum for
infrastructure development that is
actually the long-term solution subsidy
is a short-term solution you give it and
consume it end of it you give fertilizer
subsidy by subs by fertiliser consume at
end of it similarly water subsidy
consume it end of it similarly diesel
everything right but if you develop
infrastructure that is going to be
useful for long-term right so if you
look from a long term perspective you
need to increase your public expenditure
in infrastructure so this is also a
major problem the public expenditure
maximum is going as subsidies also a
major problem now
what do you mean by institutional
factors what I mean by institutional
factors so two problems which I've
discussed this technological factors
which means the use and availability of
technology what do you mean by
institutional factors it is basically
the relation between the producer and
the land see the producer or the actual
cultivator is not necessarily the order
of the land right so in history we have
discussed about land revenue settlement
in that we have seen various settlements
laws I mean that is settlement mahalo
resettlement very settlement etc so you
clearly know the land revenue settlement
and the relation of land holder and the
actual cultivator so in India there are
concepts of tenants share law posts etc
right so the actual cultivator is not
necessarily the owner of the lab and
that is one of the most important
problem see if you are owner of the land
and if you are cultivating you have no
problem to invest on the land right you
can invest in irrigation you can invest
in fertilizer or anything but in this
situation if you are a tenant or if
you're a sharecropper you don't know at
what time you're going to be evicted
from the land so a long-term investment
possibility is not there and if you
don't have a long-term investment
possibility you there is no scope of
improving the productivity so this is
what I mean by institutional factors now
to solve all these problems is what
basically we are going to discuss about
land reforms okay
so land reform is basically the
objective of land reform is not only to
give land to landless it is also to
improve the productivity why and how if
you are giving land to the landless
landless people are the actual
cultivated so they will be motivated to
produce more because they are the owners
of the land now
I hope this point is clear so that see
there are two objectives the social
objective if you see that is basically
to give land to the landless and if you
see from the economic side the objective
is basically to increase the
productivity so you are giving ownership
so the assumption is the productivity
will be improved because the actual
cultivate
going to invest more and is going to
work more now here you need to briefly
mention about the land revenue
settlement also before you start the
answer of land reform and that
discussion we have already done
Zamindari settlement reward for a
settlement and Mahalo marriage
settlement and Lord Byron hasting
introduced that Quinn Quinn heel
settlement also for five years so these
are four types of settlements that we
have already covered so that you need to
briefly mention here in one paragraph
and after that we will move on to land
reforms that's how the pattern okay
that's how you need to write this answer
so here I am skipping that part which we
have already covered now I'm going to
discuss about the land reforms the first
and the most important reformers
abolition of intermediaries abolition of
intermediaries so what do you mean by
this see in seminary settlement if you
see the peasant or the actual cultivator
will pay the tax to the Zeeman De Anza
mean that will pay to the government so
this led to a lot of exploitation by the
seminar and ximena's charge lot of taxes
from the peasant of the actual
cultivator so that became a problem so
the first effort towards the land reform
was this abolition of intermediaries
that means this group will no more exist
okay so abolition of intermediaries so
now there is no intermediaries like SME
the solute the jagged are sick cetera
but the problem was this reform is going
to benefit only some subsets of tenants
not everyone what kind of tenants the
occupancy tenants occupancy tenants now
what do you mean by occupancy tenants
they have certain occupancy rights over
the land so what is that right till the
time you pay the tax to this I mean
that's you have an occupancy right right
so occupancy tenants are going to
benefit not all the people who are
cultivating okay so I hope this point
have to be very clear for you abolition
of seminars benefited
only the occupancy tenants and not
everyone and occupancy tenants are
basically very very less compared to all
people who are employed in agriculture
so now there is no more Simon de
and occupancy tenants got the benefit
because of this now they can directly
pay the tax to the government so I hope
this idea of occupancy tenant is clear
for you right they have some amount of
land and they have occupancy rights over
that land till the time they paid tax
okay now the problem was sub tenants or
landless Labor's they did not get any
benefit out of it right see the problem
now is going to be this occupancy
tenants who have certain rights of the
land now they will become the Samina C
there are other people who are working
on his land so he will pay very nice
wages or he even exploit the other
people because he is going to get
occupancy right now there is no as I
mean das so he even exploited the others
now that is a problem so basically that
is one of the problem with this
otherwise the advantages occupancy time
has got the benefit the disadvantage of
the D Meritus other people did not get
any benefit like sub tenants or
sharecroppers etc okay now this was one
of the land reform which was very
successful obviously the reason is
political okay then now why it was
successful
basically because during freedom
struggle and all these peoples I mean
das and landlords were treated as bad
people so public sentiments was against
them so to overthrow them or to take
away the cemetery ship was not a big
task for the politicians and that's why
it was a successful one
one more point which I need to tell you
there's a mean does here were
compensated although the seminary ship
was abolished the ximénez were
compensated unlike in Russia where this
reform was introduced and there were no
compensation for seminars so the point
is in India during this reform the
intermediaries of the ximena's were
compensated but in Soviet Union they
simply took away the land and there were
no such compensation okay now we have
already understood what is abolition of
intermediaries and we have seen the
problem that was not enough right
because the sub tenants of the share
purpose did not get any benefit so for
them they introduced the second reform
that's what we call as tenancy reform
tenancy reform okay
and there were three points we need to
see in tenancy reform first and
for the occupancy tenants see those
occupancy tenants who got the occupancy
rights and that rights were conferred
here okay so the they conferred
ownership rights now they are going to
be the owners of the land okay so they
conferred ownership rights that's the
first point in tenancy reform but the
next two points are more important and
the next two points are for the sub
tenants of the sharecroppers of the
landless laborers so they have given the
ownership they got the ownership now now
they can employ others or they can give
it for rent etc but there should be a
security of tenure rights so the second
does security of tenure for sub tenants
of sharecroppers and a third is
recognition of rent you can't charge the
rent as you wish okay so regulation of
rent so these are the three points that
we need to discuss under tenancy reform
so tenancy reform so three aspects are
there there are three points that you
need to writers convert ownership rights
then security of tenure and regulation
of rent so conferred ownership here
so conferred ownership price that's for
the first category right occupancy
tenants they now given the ownership
also second security of tenure that is
given for sub tenants or sharecroppers
or landless laborers regulation of rent
now they cannot charge as they wish
right there is a regulation so these are
the three key points that we need to
discuss under tenancy reform the problem
is it was not implemented properly as in
the case of abolition of intermediaries
now if you see the number of
sharecroppers or sub tenants who
benefited out of it
it is 11 million okay around 11 million
sub 10 and social tapas have benefitted
out of this tenancy reform now if you
compare it with the previous one we have
seen around 25 to 30 million occupancy
tenants benefited in the first reform
abolition of intermediaries one more
important point that you need to keep in
mind us this 25 to 30 million occupancy
tenants out of total if you compare the
tour
number of occupancy tenants is very very
very small compared to the total number
of sub tenants and sharecroppers and
landless laborers and all right so sub
tenants or sharecropper landless
laborers if you take the number of
people are huge but occupancy tenants
number of people are less but still 25
to 30 million occupancy tenants
benefited but hardly 11 million tenants
or sub-tenants benefited out of tenancy
reform so that itself will tell you this
is not that successful compared to the
previous one in fact it was not that
successful so when we talk about the
implementation of program it is it is
not easy to compare in terms of numbers
right if you look for numbers see here
it is 25 to 30 million
here it is Neven million so half
benefited right that's what you may
think but the base is huge right here
the total if you see it's huge big huge
so you cannot make proper comparison so
it is always better to understand the
implementation in terms of area right
see total four percentage of the total
area this was implemented properly the
reason as you know the state wise
legislation is required right since this
is related to land now different states
are a different level of implementation
and if you see this four percentage
itself is confined to six or seven
states okay
so hardly seven states did this properly
what are the seven states out of this
Kerala and West Bengal performed very
well the reason is obviously the
government okay communist government
they have pro formas and pro-labor so
obviously they performed much better
compared to the other states other
states who did well are maharashtra okay
then gujarat then he module pradesh then
assam and then karnataka then Karnataka
so these are the states who performed
well when it comes to tenancy reform but
this is also not that great but still
they performed well so these are the
seven states that I talked about now why
it was not
implemented properly or what was the
problem in implementation the problem in
implementation is basically the
identification of sharecroppers of the
sub-tenants does they mean thus or the
occupancy tenants who got the occupancy
rights they are not allowing the
strength purpose to go to village office
and register etc so the registration was
not there and identification of share
purpose was the biggest problem and that
was the challenge that they face during
the implementation of this reform
identification of sharecroppers okay now
when we discuss about this challenge
when we discuss about this problem one
important point that I need to mention
us in 1977 in West Bengal there was
something called as operation Booga
operation booga-booga means a
sharecropper so this operation was
basically to identify the sharecroppers
that means village officials went to the
villages and they identified the
sharecroppers and they forcefully made
them to register and because of these
efforts only west bengal did well in
tenancy reform so you can expect a
multiple choice question on operation
Borga it was in West Bengal in 1977 to
identify the sharecropper and to provide
the benefit of tenancy reforms so first
reformers abolition of intermediaries
second is tenancy reform in tenancy
reform three points are there conferred
ownership rights to the occupancy
tenants then security of tenure is given
to the sub tenants of the sharecropper
and there is a regulation of rent now
let us look for the third reform okay
the third s ceiling on land holding
ceiling on land holding that means there
is a fixed set amount of land that you
can hold after that if you have excess
amount of land it will be taken away and
will be redistributed to the landless
okay that is the idea now how much
amount that you can hold that depends on
state okay so different states having
different amount of land holding
capacity
see if you look for states like Kerala
which is very small and the population
is maximum the land holding capacity
will be very very small but if you look
for states
you big states then you can have a more
land holding capacity so it depends on
state here no landlord is allowed to own
more than a particular amount of land
which is fixed now it was also not that
successful when it comes to the success
we will obviously talk about Kerala
again communist government but still it
was again not that successful because
political will is very important in this
case also right because state wise
implementation is very necessary
now other problem is even though it is
implemented the land is taken away and
redistributed but still see if you have
10 acres of land ok you have 10 acres of
land and you're allowed to hold 5 acres
out of this right but out of this 10
acre of 5 is for Thailand 5 was the
infertile or 5 was very good land and 5
was a land were you not get water and
etcetera right so which land you will
surrender you will surrender the
inferior land so when you redistribute
this to the landless labor of the
subdennis there is of no use he cannot
do anything you don't have money so you
can't do anything in that lack right so
this is also another problem in most of
the cases inferior land is surrendered
so there are obviously issues with
productivity right so inferior land and
there are issues with productivity then
other thing else if you can have this
much amount of land let's suppose 10
acres of land that you can hold you have
hundred acres with you now you need to
give 90 acres to the government and
government will redistribute now rather
than giving this 90 acres to the
government what you will do you will
write these lands into the name of your
relatives or your friends etc so there
were a lot of road transaction with the
help of village of regions etc there
were a lot of instances of corruption
the village official big landlord nexus
was there so a lot of road transactions
was there even the land was transferred
to the pits also like cat the dogs etc
right so you can see a lot of fraud
transaction that is also one of the
problem of one of the problem in the
implementation of this reform then you
can see one of the impactors split till
family see earlier see earlier you can
have one person can have certain
of land but later what happened us a
family can have this much amount of land
so if a family can have this much amount
of flan earlier a joint family for ten
people were there now this will be
splitted as nuclear family because one
family can have certain amount of land
right so this is one of the impact of
the ceiling on land holding nuclear
family a mosque now when we discuss
about socialist issues unlike in Europe
for the nuclear families they must do to
urbanization and industrialization in
India
the actual reason for emergence of
nuclear families the feeling on land
holding there was a little joint family
and the then you can break the ceiling
right but because of all these problems
in 1972 the central government come up
with the advisory and they divided the
land into three category best land
second best land and there is a third
category so third category right so best
land means the most fertile land so you
can have up to ten acres again it
depends on state okay now second best
you can have 80 to 27 acres and third
means that is lease for tail and very
very inferior land okay so that you can
have twenty seven to fifteen four acres
so obviously most fertile land ceiling
is very less and least for ten man okay
that means inferior lamp ceiling is like
high okay you can have more amount of
land so this is by the center this is
given by the center in seventy in 1972
when we talk about our ceiling on land
holding one pole in which you cannot
miss this actually booth and movement
okay see booth and moment
is a very special moment the idea is
very similar to land ceiling
okay land ceiling act or land ceiling
that law that we have discussed but the
differences land ceiling act was
compulsory and which was imposed by the
state but busan woman does voluntary
that means if an individual have excess
amount of land he will donate it to the
landless labour so who's behind this
Bhutan woman Acharya Vinoba Bhave very
very important very important ok we
in fact this question was asked booth
and woman was asked in 2014 mains okay
so you will get land reform question you
will get booth and moment also asked
right so these are very expected
questions so what is booth and moment
idea you voluntarily surrender the land
means you will give it to the landless
people and this was also not that
successful obviously this is voluntary
so the scope of success is also minimum
see they targeted around 20 million had
touched to be redistributed but hardly 1
million they redistributed 1 million
hectares was what they redistributed it
was successful and be hard to an extent
but in other states it was not that
successful now in both case whether it
is whether it is imposed by the
government whether it is voluntary or
forceful what happened what is the most
important problem here you always
surrender the inferior land that's the
most important problem ok so inferior
land is surrender so there is an issue
with productivity now out of this if you
see the states which perform better
Jammu Kashmir ok Jammu Kashmir did well
then Assam did very well then obviously
West Bengal I told you political will is
very very important right so Jammu
Kashmir are some unrest laying all other
states which perform better when it
comes to this feeling on land holding
the next point which I need to discuss
so we have so far covered three law
reforms abolition of intermediaries
tenancy reform and ceiling on land
holding next is consolidation of land
holding consolidation of land holding so
the most important problem related to
productivity was the Lancer in India is
actually scattered right you will have
plots very small plots like this you run
you don't have a large plot like this
see if you have these small plots and if
you have this large plot which one of
these easy to handy for cultivation and
for everything see for irrigation you
need to have one time investment here
but here you need forward right
similarly number of people engaged is
also you can reduce you can use machines
right so you can use technologies and
the fencing and everything is costing
more if you have fragmented lamp but
have a consolidated land it is going to
be very good so if you have a
consolidated land ideas you can increase
the productivity so the government come
up with an initiative that you surrender
your fragmented land and the government
will give you the same amount of
consolidated land okay
so let's suppose you have this as 1 acre
this is 2 acre this is 3 acre this is 4
acre so total you have 10 acres of
certain fragmented land so you'll get a
consolidated plot of 10 acre like this
so the advantage you can have use of
technology manpower become very less
irrigation facility fertilizer
everything you can use in a large scale
see when we discuss about Green
Revolution we have we have seen that
Green Revolution was very highly
successful in punjab and haryana the
reason us on Japan Harry and I
implemented this forcefully it was
compulsory okay this reform was
compulsory in punjab and haryana and
when it comes to green revolution you
need everything in landscape so land is
also have to be consolidated but other
states it was voluntary punjab and
haryana did it compulsory okay now what
will be the problem in implementation
see the most important problem is the
traditional people they have very
emotional attachment with the land right
so these cattle lands you have but you
know you might have got these captured
lands from your grandfather grand
grandfather etc so you don't want to
transfer it to some other person you
don't want to give it to government so
even though you are getting less
productivity you don't want to give it
to government so people who are
reluctant to give it to the government
because you will lose the ownership of
that land and you don't want to lose the
ownership although you get the same
amount of land somewhere else but still
the land that you got from your father
or your grandfather
you will lose so emotional connectivity
with the land was one of the most
important problem in the implementation
of this now apart from punjab and
haryana if you look for other states
which implemented this reform when you
are like you pee did well Bihar Gujarat
homogeneous Jammu Kashmir and Karnataka
you can have an idea about these states
also so what is the problem in
implementation the emotional attachment
now the other problem
the other problems see you may have
scattered lamps but all the scattered
lands that you have was very fertile and
so even though you might have a very
less use of technology or very less use
of irrigation water except Asti you may
be able to produce more but the land
that you are going to get there is a
complete uncertainty with the land that
you are going to get you don't know
whether it is going to be fertile or in
Forte so you may get infinite land also
so we plan out ready to surrender your
on land that is one of the other problem
I hope this idea is clear right now next
reform is cooperative farming
cooperative farming so so far we have
discussed for abolition of
intermediaries tenancy reform within
that three we have we have discussed
conferred ownership rights security of
tenure and regulation of rent then we
have discussed about sealing on land
holding then you have discussed about
consolidation of land holding and the
last one cooperative forming see here we
are using the same idea that of
consolidation of land holding but in a
different way the problem in
consolidation of land holding us you may
lose your land ownership so here that
problem is going to be tackled at the
same time you are going to use the
concept of consolidation of land holding
without using the land ownership how see
let us suppose three different people or
four or five different people have this
much amount of land
so a b c d e five people so what they do
is rather than giving the scattered land
to government and getting some
consolidated plot they themselves will
come up with an idea we will consolidate
it and we will cultivate in it right we
will invest together and we will share
the profit so you can increase the
productivity because irrigation one-time
investment and a number of people
engaged is also less so basically we can
improve the productivity so that was the
idea and that's idea behind cooperative
farming and this was also voluntary this
was also not that successful but if you
see China in case of China it was
compulsory and it was very successful so
what is the idea of cooperative farming
farmers will come together they pool
their land and they cultivate together
and they share the profit at the same
time you are not losing the ownership
there is no problem with
but this was one of the worst in terms
of all the reforms that we have
discussed point two to 0.3 percentage of
the total area was implemented so this
was not that great right now what is the
problem what will be the problem here I
told you the emotional connectivity that
problem is solved and you can
consolidate also that that means
productivity can increase then what can
be the problem here you are not losing
ownership you are able to improve
productivity what is the problem the
problem will come like this see I show
you mathematically let's suppose you
consolidated certain amount of land
let's suppose 3 people were there right
like one person is having this much
amount of land and another person is
having this much amount of land like
this ok and like this three people right
a B C and now let's take this as 20
percent right this is 35 percent and
these are 45 percent amount of land so
what will be the investment you will
make you will make investment also on
the basis of 20 35 and 45 so if you have
100 rupee expenditure it will be divided
like 20 35 and 45 and the profit also
shared like that but the problem is this
forty five percent is land maybe
inferior or most infertile land and this
20 percentage may be most fertile and so
you don't want that much investment okay
the amount that is investing in total he
don't even want that 20 percent
investment to invest only in this amount
and you may get more profit also so
within this there can be fertile
infertile or superior inferior land will
be there and that was the problem in the
implementation of this so I hope all of
you are clear with what all things you
have discussed we have discussed about
five reforms first one consolidation of
land holding right and we have seen it
was benefit and only the occupancy
tenant subsection but it was the most
successful among all reforms 25 to 30
million occupancy tenants got benefitted
but remember occupancy tenants in
numbers are very very small second when
we discussed about tenancy reform
in that three sub points that conferred
ownership rights to occupancy tenants
then security of tenure and then
regulation on rent but this was not that
successful and I told you hardly 11
million people benefited out of it but
remember number of people are very very
large and when you calculate in terms of
person is 4 percentage of the total area
it was implemented now out of this West
Bengal and Kerala did well and when we
talk about West Bengal I told you
operation bulgar in 1977 to identify the
sharecropper what was the problem with
tenancy reform the implementation
suffered because of the problem of
identification of sharecropper what was
the third reform that was ceiling on
land holding what was the problem with
this there were a lot of fraud
transaction village official landlord
mixes was there okay then family split
was there and most of the time if you
surrender inferior land is surrendered
when we discussed about this I also
discussed about booth and movement by
Argentine Papa ray what is the
difference ceiling on land holding was
compulsory and booze and woman was
voluntary next one was consolidation of
land holding right consolidation of land
holding to improve the productivity what
was the problem
emotional attachment was the problem
right then which two states implemented
this forcefully or compulsorily Punjab
and Haryana okay for others it was
voluntary fifth one cooperative farming
and please performed in all other
reforms but when we discuss about China
I told you it was implemented compulsory
so this is the file reforms that you
need to write now after 1991 post
liberalization we have certain land
reforms so this I will that I will
discuss under the next video so that I
will discuss under the next video and
along with that I will also cover the
one which we missed out here that is
and revenue settlements okay so I hope
this is clear for all of you
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you