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Read the given statements and select the correct option.
Statement 1: The cisternae in Golgi complex have cis face and trans face.
Statement 2: The cis face is also called forming face and trans face is also called maturing face.
  • a)
    Both statements 1 and 2 are correct and statement 2 is the correct explanation of statement 1.
  • b)
    Both statements 1 and 2 are correct but statement 2 is not the correct explanation of statement 1.
  • c)
    Statement 1 is correct and statement 2 is incorrect.
  • d)
    Both statements 1 and 2 are incorrect.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Mayank Gupta answered
Explanation:
Statement 1: The cisternae in Golgi complex have cis face and trans face.
The Golgi complex is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells that plays a key role in the processing and sorting of proteins and lipids. It consists of a series of flattened membrane-bound sacs called cisternae. These cisternae have two distinct faces - the cis face and the trans face.

Statement 2: The cis face is also called the forming face and the trans face is also called the maturing face.
The cis face of the Golgi complex is the side that is closest to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where newly synthesized proteins and lipids enter the Golgi. It is involved in receiving and sorting proteins and lipids from the ER. The cis face is also referred to as the forming face because it is where the Golgi complex receives and forms vesicles containing these proteins and lipids.

The trans face of the Golgi complex is the side that is farthest from the ER. It is involved in packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles that will be transported to their final destinations. The trans face is also referred to as the maturing face because it is where the Golgi complex modifies and matures these proteins and lipids before they are packaged into vesicles.

Conclusion:
Both statements 1 and 2 are correct, but statement 2 is not the correct explanation of statement 1. The cis face and trans face of the Golgi complex are indeed referred to as the forming face and maturing face, respectively, but these terms do not explain the function or location of the two faces. The cis face is where the Golgi complex receives and forms vesicles, while the trans face is where it packages and matures proteins and lipids. Therefore, the correct option is B.

Select the wrong statement with respect to the structure of a plant cell.
  • a)
    Cellulosic cell wall is present inside the cell membrane.
  • b)
    Centrioles are usually absent.
  • c)
    A large central vacuole is present.
  • d)
    Golgi apparatus is formed of a number of unconnected units called dictyosomes.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Akanksha Das answered
Cell Structure of a Plant Cell

Introduction
A plant cell is a eukaryotic cell that makes up the structural and functional unit of plants. It contains various organelles that perform specific functions necessary for the cell's survival and growth. In this context, let's analyze the given options to identify the wrong statement regarding the structure of a plant cell.

Analysis of Statements
a) Cellulosic cell wall is present inside the cell membrane.
- This statement is incorrect. The cell wall is located outside the cell membrane in a plant cell. It provides rigidity, protection, and support to the cell. The primary component of the plant cell wall is cellulose, a complex carbohydrate.

b) Centrioles are usually absent.
- This statement is correct. Unlike animal cells, plant cells do not have centrioles. Centrioles are involved in cellular division and the formation of the spindle apparatus during mitosis. Plant cells undergo cell division through a different mechanism, and hence, centrioles are not present.

c) A large central vacuole is present.
- This statement is correct. Plant cells typically contain a large central vacuole that occupies a significant portion of the cell's volume. The vacuole is enclosed by a membrane called the tonoplast and plays a crucial role in maintaining cell turgidity, storing water, nutrients, and waste products.

d) Golgi apparatus is formed of a number of unconnected units called dictyosomes.
- This statement is correct. The Golgi apparatus in plant cells is composed of a stack of flattened, membrane-bound sacs called dictyosomes. These dictyosomes function in processing, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids for transport to various destinations within and outside the cell.

Conclusion
Therefore, the wrong statement with respect to the structure of a plant cell is option 'A' - "Cellulosic cell wall is present inside the cell membrane." The cell wall is located outside the cell membrane in a plant cell.

Ribosomes are synthesized in
  • a)
    nucleolus
  • b)
    cytoplasm
  • c)
    mitochondria
  • d)
    Golgi complex
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Vivek Patel answered
Nucleolus is a dense, rounded, dark-staining, granular structure without a limiting membrane. It consists largely of RNAs and proteins. Nucleolus syntesizes and stores RNA. It also receives ribosomal proteins from the cytoplasm for storage. It forms ribosomal subunits by wrapping the RNAs with nitosomal proteins. The ribosomal subunits later have the nucleus through the nuclear pores.

Arrangement of microtubules in a flagellum and a centriole is respectively
  • a)
    9 + 2 and 9 + 1
  • b)
    9 + 1 and 9 + 0
  • c)
    9 + 0 and 9 + 2
  • d)
    9 + 2 and 9 + 0
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Vivek Patel answered
Acentriole possesses a whorl of nine peripheral fibrils. Fibrils are absent in the centre. The arrangement is, therefore, called 9 + 0. Flagella contains an axoneme of a peripheral doublet fibrils and 2 central singlet fibrils. This arrangement is called 9 + 2 or 11 stranded.

A phospholipid molecule is amphipathic and produces two layers coming in contact with H2O. The head of phospholipid molecule is
  • a)
    at an angle of 40º
  • b)
    at the outer surface
  • c)
    on the inner side
  • d)
    embedded in protein molecules
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Ajay Yadav answered
The lipid molecules are amphipathic, i.e., they possess both polar hydrophilic (water loving) and nonpolar hydrophobic (water repelling) ends. The hydrophilic region is in the form of a head occurring at outer surface while the hydrophobic part contains two tails of fatty acids. Hydrophobic tails usually occur towards the centre of the membrane. It results in the formation of a lipid bilayer. Most common lipid in the bilayer is phospholipid.

The energy currency of the cell in eukaryotes is generated in an organelle that is
  • a)
    involved in endocytosis
  • b)
    a member of cellular membrane system
  • c)
    involved in membrane biogenesis
  • d)
    double membraned
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Aarav Yadav answered
The Energy Currency of Eukaryotic Cells
In eukaryotic cells, the primary energy currency is ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is generated in the mitochondria. Let's explore why the correct answer is option 'D', which identifies mitochondria as a double-membraned organelle.
Mitochondria Structure
- Mitochondria are unique because they possess two membranes:
- Outer Membrane: Smooth and permeable to small molecules.
- Inner Membrane: Highly folded into structures called cristae, which increase surface area for ATP production.
Site of ATP Production
- The inner membrane contains the electron transport chain (ETC) and ATP synthase, crucial components of cellular respiration.
- Process of ATP Generation:
- Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol, breaking down glucose into pyruvate.
- Krebs Cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix, generating electron carriers.
- Oxidative Phosphorylation occurs across the inner membrane, where the ETC generates a proton gradient used by ATP synthase to produce ATP.
Importance of Double Membrane
- The double membrane structure is vital for compartmentalizing the mitochondrial functions:
- Isolation of Enzymes: Different enzymes and substrates are localized in specific areas, optimizing metabolic processes.
- Proton Gradient Formation: The separation allows for efficient creation of the proton motive force necessary for ATP synthesis.
Conclusion
Thus, the double-membraned nature of mitochondria is integral to their role as the energy powerhouse of eukaryotic cells. This structure supports the necessary biochemical processes that culminate in ATP production, making it the correct answer to the question regarding the energy currency of the cell.

______ aregranular structures first observed under electric microscope as denseparticles by ________ (1955).
  • a)
    Ribosomes, George Palade
  • b)
    Ribosomes, Perner
  • c)
    Lysosomes, de Duve
  • d)
    Peroxisomes, de Duve
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Vivek Patel answered
Ribosomes are granular structures which were discovered by Robinson and Brown (1953) in plant cell and by Palade (1955) in animal cell. Palade (1955) also coined the term ribosomes hence, they are also called Palade particles. Ribosomes occur in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Plant cells differ from animal cells in having
  • a)
    cell wall
  • b)
    plastids 
  • c)
    a large central vacuole
  • d)
    all of these
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Ajay Yadav answered
A plant cell has rigid wall on the outside. It has plastids and a centrally located large vacuole. All of these are absent in an animal cell.

As they release hydrolase that digest old andd damaged cells, the term suicide bags is aptly used by cell biologists for
  • a)
    Golgi bodies
  • b)
    Lysosomes
  • c)
    glyoxysomes
  • d)
    peroxisomes
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Vivek Patel answered
The lysosomes may be called "suicide bags’ of the cell in view of their autolytic role, or "disposal units’ of the cell because they digest the incoming food materials and remove the foreign bodies, toxic molecules, and debris, or "recyling centres" as they break down worn out cells cell organelles to component molecules for building organelles and cells.

Continuity of cytoplasm from the cell to cell is maintained through cytoplasmic connections in plants called
  • a)
    ER
  • b)
    tight junction
  • c)
    gap junction
  • d)
    plasmodesmata
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Ajay Yadav answered
Plasmodesmata are cytoplasmic bridges between adjacent plant cells which develop in minute pores of their walls. They form a protoplasmic continuum called symplast.
It provides channels for controlled passage of small sized particles between adjacent cells as well as transfer of some specific signals.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is well developed in which synthesize
  • a)
    steroids
  • b)
    proteins
  • c)
    carbohydrates 
  • d)
    all of these
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum and Steroid Synthesis
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is a specialized organelle within the cell responsible for various functions, one of which includes the synthesis of steroids.

Steroid Synthesis in Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
- The SER contains enzymes that are involved in the synthesis of lipids, including steroids.
- Steroids are a type of lipid that play important roles in various physiological processes such as hormone signaling, regulation of metabolism, and immune response.
- The enzymes present in the SER help in the production of steroids from precursor molecules.
- This synthesis process involves a series of enzymatic reactions that convert precursor molecules into steroid hormones such as cortisol, estrogen, and testosterone.

Other Functions of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
- In addition to steroid synthesis, the SER is also involved in the metabolism of drugs and detoxification processes in the liver.
- It plays a role in the synthesis of lipids and phospholipids, which are essential components of cell membranes.
- The SER is also involved in the storage and release of calcium ions, which are important for muscle contraction and cell signaling.

Conclusion
In conclusion, smooth endoplasmic reticulum is well developed in synthesizing steroids due to the presence of specialized enzymes that facilitate the production of these important lipid molecules.

Cell wall is a rigid wall that lies outside the plasma membrane. Which of the following is not a function of the cell wall?
  • a)
    It regulates the cell cycle.
  • b)
     The cell wall and middle lamellae may be traversed by plasmodesmata which connect the cytoplasm of neighbouring cells.
  • c)
    It permits the plant to become turgid.
  • d)
    It provides mechanical strength and support to the cell.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Top Rankers answered
 
Topic in NCERT: Cell Wall
 - Regulation of the Cell Cycle:
- This is not a function of the cell wall. The cell cycle is regulated by various cellular mechanisms and structures within the cell, particularly involving the nucleus, cytoplasm, and specific proteins and enzymes.

- Plasmodesmata Connection:
- The cell wall and middle lamella can be traversed by plasmodesmata, which allow cytoplasmic connections between neighboring plant cells.

- Turgidity:
- The cell wall permits plants to become turgid by maintaining structural integrity when the cell takes up water.

- Mechanical Strength:
- The cell wall provides mechanical strength and support, protecting against damage and maintaining cell shape.
 
Line in NCERT: "Cell wall not only gives shape to the cell and protects the cell from mechanical damage and infection, it also helps in cell-to-cell interaction and provides barrier to undesirable macromolecules." 
The cell wall and middle lamellae may be traversed by plasmodesmata which connect the cytoplasm of neighbouring cells.
 

Lysosomes are _____ vesicular structures formed by the process of packaging in the _____ . 
  • a)
    membrane bound, Golgi apparatus
  • b)
    non-membrane bound, Golgi apparatus 
  • c)
    membrane bound, ER
  • d)
    non-membrane bound, ER
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Vivek Patel answered
Lysosomes are single membrane bound vesicles which contain hydrolytic enzymes. They are believed to be formed by the joint activity of ER and Golgi complex. Precursors of hydrolytic enzymes are synthesized at RER and are transferred to the forming face of Golgi complex. These precursors are then changed to enzymes. Enzymes are packed in larger vesicles and are pinched off at maturing face. These vesicles combine with endosomes to produce lusosomes.

Polyribosomes are aggregation of
  • a)
    ribosomes and rRNA
  • b)
    peroxisomes
  • c)
    several ribosomes held together by a string of mRNA
  • d)
    rRNA
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Vivek Patel answered
Ribosomes may-occur singly as monosomes or in rosettes and helical groups called polyribosome. The different ribosomes are connected with a 10-20A thick strand of mRNA. They are formed during periods of active protein synthesis when a number of copies of the same polypeotide are required.

Extranuclear inheritance is due to the presence of genes(DNA) in
  • a)
    mitochondria and chloroplasts
  • b)
    nucleus and mitochondria
  • c)
    nuclesus and chloroplasts
  • d)
    endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Top Rankers answered
 
 
  • Extranuclear inheritance refers to the transmission of genes that exist outside the cell nucleus.
  • The primary organelles involved are mitochondria and chloroplasts, both of which contain their own DNA.
  • Mitochondria are inherited maternally since sperm contribute little to the embryo's mitochondria during fertilization.
  • This type of inheritance is crucial for understanding traits that are passed down through maternal lineage.
     
  • Nuclear inheritance
    Involves passing on genetic information from parents to offspring through nuclear chromosomes. This is the type of inheritance that is usually referred to when the term "heredity" is used.
  • Extranuclear inheritance
    Also known as cytoplasmic inheritance, this involves passing on genes from outside the nucleus of a cell. These genes are usually found in organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts, or from cellular parasites like bacteria or viruses.
 
Topic in NCERT: Mitochondria and Chloroplast
Line in NCERT: Mitochondria : The matrix also possesses single circular DNA molecule, a few RNA molecules, ribosomes (70S) and the components required for the synthesis of proteins. The mitochondria divide by fission.
Chloroplast:The stroma of the chloroplast contains enzymes required for the synthesis of carbohydrates and proteins. It also contains small, doublestranded circular DNA molecules and ribosomes
 

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