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All questions of Day 21 for GMAT Exam
Pipe A fills a tank in 30 minutes. Pipe B can fill the same tank 5 times as fast as pipe A. If both the pipes were kept open when the tank is empty, how much time will it take for the tank to overflow?- a)3 minutes
- b)2 minutes
- c)5 minutes
- d)4 minutes
- e)None of the Above
Correct answer is option 'E'. Can you explain this answer?
Pipe A fills a tank in 30 minutes. Pipe B can fill the same tank 5 times as fast as pipe A. If both the pipes were kept open when the tank is empty, how much time will it take for the tank to overflow?
a)
3 minutes
b)
2 minutes
c)
5 minutes
d)
4 minutes
e)
None of the Above
|
Nikita Singh answered |
Total Capacity = 90L.
Tank filled in 1 minute by A = 3L
Tank filled in 1 minute by B = 15L
The capacity of the tank filled with both A and B in 1 minute = 18L.
overflow = 90/18 = 5 minutes.
Tank filled in 1 minute by A = 3L
Tank filled in 1 minute by B = 15L
The capacity of the tank filled with both A and B in 1 minute = 18L.
overflow = 90/18 = 5 minutes.
A Tank is already filled up to X% of its capacity. An Inlet pipe can fill Full Tank in 30 minutes and an Outlet pipe can empty Full Tank in 20 Minutes. Now both pipes are opened then the Tank is emptied in 24 Minutes. Then initially up to what % of its capacity is Tank filled?- a)40%
- b)48%
- c)50%
- d)60%
- e)Cannot be determined
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
A Tank is already filled up to X% of its capacity. An Inlet pipe can fill Full Tank in 30 minutes and an Outlet pipe can empty Full Tank in 20 Minutes. Now both pipes are opened then the Tank is emptied in 24 Minutes. Then initially up to what % of its capacity is Tank filled?
a)
40%
b)
48%
c)
50%
d)
60%
e)
Cannot be determined
|
KS Coaching Center answered |
1/30 – 1/20 = -1/60
Full Tank can be emptied 60 Minutes
In 24 minutes 40% of Tank can be emptied.
Full Tank can be emptied 60 Minutes
In 24 minutes 40% of Tank can be emptied.
Two Inlet Pipes A and B together can fill a Tank in ‘X’ minutes. If A and B take 81 minutes and 49 minutes more than ‘X’ minutes respectively, to fill the Tank. Then They can fill the 5/7 of that Tank in how many minutes?- a)45 Minutes
- b)49 Minutes
- c)63 Minutes
- d)81 Minutes
- e)None
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Two Inlet Pipes A and B together can fill a Tank in ‘X’ minutes. If A and B take 81 minutes and 49 minutes more than ‘X’ minutes respectively, to fill the Tank. Then They can fill the 5/7 of that Tank in how many minutes?
a)
45 Minutes
b)
49 Minutes
c)
63 Minutes
d)
81 Minutes
e)
None
|
Aarav Sharma answered |
Time taken by two pipes to fill full Tank is = √ab min = 63 min
5/7 Tank = 63*5/7 = 45 min
A team of researchers has been able to successfully study the highly complex molecular structure of mitoribosomes, which are the ribosomes of mitochondria. Ribosomes are found in the cells of all living organisms, and they serve as a primary location for biological protein synthesis, but certain organisms such as fungi, plants, animals, and humans contain much more complex ribosomes than bacteria do. In organisms with complex cells, ribosomes can also be divided into two types: those in the cytosol -- which comprises the majority of the cell -- and those found in the mitochondria or "power houses" of cells. Mitochondria are found only in eukaryotes. Every ribosome consists of two subunits. The smaller subunit uses transfer ribonucleic acids to decode the genetic code, which is stored in the DNA, it receives in the form of messenger ribonucleic acids, while the larger subunit joins the amino acids delivered by the transfer ribonucleic acids together like a string of pearls. Since they are found only in small amounts and are difficult to isolate, mitochondrial ribosomes or mitoribosomes are particularly difficult to study. But because of the recent technical advances in cryo-electron microscopy and the development of direct electron detection cameras that can correct for specimen motion during the exposure, it recently became possible to capture images of biomolecules at a resolution high enough to capture the details, especially those of the peptidyl transferase centre (PTC).This research is of special importance to producing the right kind of antibiotics for humans. PTC is where the amino acid building blocks are combined, leading to protein synthesis. As per the researchers, this process of synthesizing proteins is medically relevant as the tunnel through which the proteins pass, after being synthesized, is a target for specific antibiotics. The antibiotic blocks the tunnel, preventing the proteins that have just been synthesized from leaving the tunnel. However, for an antibiotic to be used in humans, it must not attack human ribosomes and should inhibit protein synthesis only in the ribosomes of bacteria. The problem arises since mitochondrial ribosomes resemble those of bacteria, which is why certain antibiotics also interfere with mitoribosomes, possibly leading to serious side effects. The findings of the research will make it possible in the future to design antibiotics that inhibit only bacterial and not mitochondrial ribosomes, the one basic requirement for using them in clinical applications.The author is primarily concerned with- a)To encapsulate the significance of a key medical research
- b)To evaluate the achievements and failure of a study undertaken to understand the workings of antibiotics on humans
- c)To educate the reader about the functions of certain parts and how certain antibiotics can be harmful to these parts
- d)To discuss the relevance of a research while setting the context for it
- e)To describe a key medical finding while discussing some of the key problems faced by the pharmaceutical companies
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
A team of researchers has been able to successfully study the highly complex molecular structure of mitoribosomes, which are the ribosomes of mitochondria. Ribosomes are found in the cells of all living organisms, and they serve as a primary location for biological protein synthesis, but certain organisms such as fungi, plants, animals, and humans contain much more complex ribosomes than bacteria do. In organisms with complex cells, ribosomes can also be divided into two types: those in the cytosol -- which comprises the majority of the cell -- and those found in the mitochondria or "power houses" of cells. Mitochondria are found only in eukaryotes. Every ribosome consists of two subunits. The smaller subunit uses transfer ribonucleic acids to decode the genetic code, which is stored in the DNA, it receives in the form of messenger ribonucleic acids, while the larger subunit joins the amino acids delivered by the transfer ribonucleic acids together like a string of pearls.
Since they are found only in small amounts and are difficult to isolate, mitochondrial ribosomes or mitoribosomes are particularly difficult to study. But because of the recent technical advances in cryo-electron microscopy and the development of direct electron detection cameras that can correct for specimen motion during the exposure, it recently became possible to capture images of biomolecules at a resolution high enough to capture the details, especially those of the peptidyl transferase centre (PTC).
This research is of special importance to producing the right kind of antibiotics for humans. PTC is where the amino acid building blocks are combined, leading to protein synthesis. As per the researchers, this process of synthesizing proteins is medically relevant as the tunnel through which the proteins pass, after being synthesized, is a target for specific antibiotics. The antibiotic blocks the tunnel, preventing the proteins that have just been synthesized from leaving the tunnel. However, for an antibiotic to be used in humans, it must not attack human ribosomes and should inhibit protein synthesis only in the ribosomes of bacteria. The problem arises since mitochondrial ribosomes resemble those of bacteria, which is why certain antibiotics also interfere with mitoribosomes, possibly leading to serious side effects. The findings of the research will make it possible in the future to design antibiotics that inhibit only bacterial and not mitochondrial ribosomes, the one basic requirement for using them in clinical applications.
The author is primarily concerned with
a)
To encapsulate the significance of a key medical research
b)
To evaluate the achievements and failure of a study undertaken to understand the workings of antibiotics on humans
c)
To educate the reader about the functions of certain parts and how certain antibiotics can be harmful to these parts
d)
To discuss the relevance of a research while setting the context for it
e)
To describe a key medical finding while discussing some of the key problems faced by the pharmaceutical companies
|
Meera Rana answered |
Passage Analysis
Summary and Main Point
Pre-Thinking
This is a Main Idea question. The correct answer must be broad enough to encompass all the content of the passage without veering outside the scope.
The first paragraph talks about an achievement and sets the context for the same. The second paragraph explains how this achievement was made possible. The last paragraph deals with the relevance of the achievement and use of antibiotics on humans. The correct answer must incorporate all these points.
Answer Choices
A
To encapsulate the significance of a key medical research
Incorrect: Partial scope
Although this is the scope of the final paragraph, this choice does not capture the essence of the first two paragraphs.
B
To evaluate the achievements and failure of a study undertaken to understand the workings of antibiotics on humans
Incorrect: Out Of Context
There is no mention of any kind of failure of the research. Secondly, this choice does not even talk about the context of the first paragraph.
C
To educate the reader about the functions of certain parts and how certain antibiotics can be harmful to these parts
Incorrect: Irrelevant
Although this choice describes the details mentioned in two out of the three paragraphs of the passage, it fails to present the broader picture or reason for which the author presents the details; for instance, the talk about the effect of the antibiotics is to discuss the relevance of the findings of the research and not just educate the readers about the harmful effects of the antibiotics.
D
To discuss the relevance of a research while setting the context for it
Correct
This choice matches the main point we came up with earlier. The first two paragraphs set the context for the research by educating the reader about the medical terms involved and how the study was able to reach its findings, while the last paragraphs discusses the significance of the findings of the research.
E
To describe a key medical finding while discussing some of the key problems faced by the pharmaceutical companies
Incorrect: Irrelevant
The author does more than just “describe” a finding of the research. He/she sets the context for the research in the first two paragraphs and discusses the relevance of the research in the last paragraph. This choice fails to capture the breadth of the work done by the author in the passage. Plus, there is no mention of the problems faced by the pharmaceutical companies.
A Tank is filled with the mixture of Milk and Water in the ratio of 3:2 up to 2/5 of its capacity. The tank has two inlet pipes i.e., Milk and Water inlets. Milk and Water pipe can fill an empty tank in 12 and 18 hours respectively. Now both pipes are opened simultaneously and closed after the Tank is completely filled, then what is the ratio of Milk and Water in the full Tank if it can accommodate 250Litre?- a)1:1
- b)2:3
- c)3:2
- d)5:4
- e)None
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
A Tank is filled with the mixture of Milk and Water in the ratio of 3:2 up to 2/5 of its capacity. The tank has two inlet pipes i.e., Milk and Water inlets. Milk and Water pipe can fill an empty tank in 12 and 18 hours respectively. Now both pipes are opened simultaneously and closed after the Tank is completely filled, then what is the ratio of Milk and Water in the full Tank if it can accommodate 250Litre?
a)
1:1
b)
2:3
c)
3:2
d)
5:4
e)
None
|
Machine Experts answered |
Initial Milk = 2/5*250*3/5 = 60 L
Water = 2/5*250*2/5 = 40 L
Rest of Tank =150 L
Pipes are opened then can fill rest of tank in 108/25 hours
H/W = constant
then (108/25)/12/x = (108/25)/18(150-x)
X = 90 = Milk, Water = 60
Final ratio = 3:2
Water = 2/5*250*2/5 = 40 L
Rest of Tank =150 L
Pipes are opened then can fill rest of tank in 108/25 hours
H/W = constant
then (108/25)/12/x = (108/25)/18(150-x)
X = 90 = Milk, Water = 60
Final ratio = 3:2
A Special pump can be used for filling as well as for emptying a Cistern. The capacity of the Cistern is 2400m³. The emptying capacity of the Cistern is 10m³ per minute higher than its filling capacity and the pump needs 8 minutes lesser to Cistern the tank than it needs to fill it. What is the filling capacity of the pump?- a)40m³/min
- b)50m³/min
- c)60m³/min
- d)30m³/min
- e)None of the Above
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
A Special pump can be used for filling as well as for emptying a Cistern. The capacity of the Cistern is 2400m³. The emptying capacity of the Cistern is 10m³ per minute higher than its filling capacity and the pump needs 8 minutes lesser to Cistern the tank than it needs to fill it. What is the filling capacity of the pump?
a)
40m³/min
b)
50m³/min
c)
60m³/min
d)
30m³/min
e)
None of the Above
|
Cstoppers Instructors answered |
Filling Capacity of the Pump = x m/min
Emptying Capacity of the pump = (x+10) m/min
2400/x – 2400/x+10 = 8
(x – 50) + (x + 60) = 0
x = 50
Emptying Capacity of the pump = (x+10) m/min
2400/x – 2400/x+10 = 8
(x – 50) + (x + 60) = 0
x = 50
Pipe A can fill a Tank in 18 Hours, Pipe B can empty a Tank in 12 Hours, Pipe C can fill Tank in 6 Hours. The Tank is already filled up to 1/6 of its capacity. Now Pipe A is opened in the First Hour alone, Pipe B is opened in the Second Hour alone and Pipe C is opened in the Third Hour alone. This cycle is repeated until the Tank gets filled. Then in How many Hours does the rest of Tank gets filled?- a)15 Hours
- b)18 Hours
- c)20 Hours
- d)24 Hours
- e)None
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Pipe A can fill a Tank in 18 Hours, Pipe B can empty a Tank in 12 Hours, Pipe C can fill Tank in 6 Hours. The Tank is already filled up to 1/6 of its capacity. Now Pipe A is opened in the First Hour alone, Pipe B is opened in the Second Hour alone and Pipe C is opened in the Third Hour alone. This cycle is repeated until the Tank gets filled. Then in How many Hours does the rest of Tank gets filled?
a)
15 Hours
b)
18 Hours
c)
20 Hours
d)
24 Hours
e)
None
|
Kavya Saxena answered |
In First Hour Tank filled = 1/6+1/18
Second Hour = 1/6+1/18-1/12
Third Hour = 1/6+1/18-1/12+1/6 = 11/36 is filled 25/36 is left
From then 3 hours work = 1/18-1/12+1/6 = 5/36
5*3 Hours = 5*5/36 = 25/36
Total = 5*3+3 = 18 Hours
Second Hour = 1/6+1/18-1/12
Third Hour = 1/6+1/18-1/12+1/6 = 11/36 is filled 25/36 is left
From then 3 hours work = 1/18-1/12+1/6 = 5/36
5*3 Hours = 5*5/36 = 25/36
Total = 5*3+3 = 18 Hours
Pipe A and B can fill a Tank alone in 48 Hours and 24 Hours respectively. Another Pipe C can empty the same Tank alone in 36 Hours. In an empty Tank for the First hour, Pipe A is opened alone, Second Hour pipe B is opened alone, Third Hour pipe C is opened alone. This process is continued until the Tank is filled. Then Pipe B is opened for How many Hours?- a)28 Hours
- b)28 Hours 10 Min
- c)29 Hours
- d)29 Hours 10 Min
- e)None
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Pipe A and B can fill a Tank alone in 48 Hours and 24 Hours respectively. Another Pipe C can empty the same Tank alone in 36 Hours. In an empty Tank for the First hour, Pipe A is opened alone, Second Hour pipe B is opened alone, Third Hour pipe C is opened alone. This process is continued until the Tank is filled. Then Pipe B is opened for How many Hours?
a)
28 Hours
b)
28 Hours 10 Min
c)
29 Hours
d)
29 Hours 10 Min
e)
None
|
|
Aarav Sharma answered |
Given:
Pipe A fills the tank alone in 48 hours.
Pipe B fills the tank alone in 24 hours.
Pipe C empties the tank alone in 36 hours.
In the first hour, only Pipe A is opened, so it fills 1/48th of the tank.
In the second hour, only Pipe B is opened, so it fills 1/24th of the tank.
In the third hour, only Pipe C is opened, so it empties 1/36th of the tank.
We can observe that in the first three hours, the net amount of water filled in the tank is:
1/48 - 1/24 - 1/36 = (1/48) - (2/48) - (3/48) = -4/48 = -1/12
Since the tank is initially empty, the net amount of water in the tank after the first three hours is negative, which means the tank is not filled yet.
Let's assume that after x hours, the tank is filled. We can write the equation as:
(x/48) - (x/24) - (x/36) = 1
Simplifying the equation, we get:
(3x - 6x - 4x) / (48 * 24 * 36) = 1
-7x / (48 * 24 * 36) = 1
Solving for x, we get:
x = -48 * 24 * 36 / 7
Since x represents the number of hours, it cannot be negative. Therefore, we can ignore the negative sign and calculate the value of x as:
x = 48 * 24 * 36 / 7 = 82971.4286 hours
Since x represents the number of hours, it cannot be in decimal form. Therefore, we round it up to the nearest whole number, which is 82972 hours.
To find the number of hours Pipe B is opened, we subtract the first three hours from the total time:
82972 - 3 = 82969 hours
Therefore, Pipe B is opened for 82969 hours, which is equivalent to 28 hours and 10 minutes.
Hence, the correct answer is option B) 28 hours 10 minutes.
Pipe A fills the tank alone in 48 hours.
Pipe B fills the tank alone in 24 hours.
Pipe C empties the tank alone in 36 hours.
In the first hour, only Pipe A is opened, so it fills 1/48th of the tank.
In the second hour, only Pipe B is opened, so it fills 1/24th of the tank.
In the third hour, only Pipe C is opened, so it empties 1/36th of the tank.
We can observe that in the first three hours, the net amount of water filled in the tank is:
1/48 - 1/24 - 1/36 = (1/48) - (2/48) - (3/48) = -4/48 = -1/12
Since the tank is initially empty, the net amount of water in the tank after the first three hours is negative, which means the tank is not filled yet.
Let's assume that after x hours, the tank is filled. We can write the equation as:
(x/48) - (x/24) - (x/36) = 1
Simplifying the equation, we get:
(3x - 6x - 4x) / (48 * 24 * 36) = 1
-7x / (48 * 24 * 36) = 1
Solving for x, we get:
x = -48 * 24 * 36 / 7
Since x represents the number of hours, it cannot be negative. Therefore, we can ignore the negative sign and calculate the value of x as:
x = 48 * 24 * 36 / 7 = 82971.4286 hours
Since x represents the number of hours, it cannot be in decimal form. Therefore, we round it up to the nearest whole number, which is 82972 hours.
To find the number of hours Pipe B is opened, we subtract the first three hours from the total time:
82972 - 3 = 82969 hours
Therefore, Pipe B is opened for 82969 hours, which is equivalent to 28 hours and 10 minutes.
Hence, the correct answer is option B) 28 hours 10 minutes.
Two pipes P and Q are opened together to fill a tank. Both the pipes fill the tank in time “x” If Q separately took 25 minutes more time than “x” to fill the tank and Q took 49 minutes more time than “x” to fill the tank, then find out the value of x?- a)48 minutes
- b)35 minutes
- c)54 minutes
- d)68 minutes
- e)None of the Above
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Two pipes P and Q are opened together to fill a tank. Both the pipes fill the tank in time “x” If Q separately took 25 minutes more time than “x” to fill the tank and Q took 49 minutes more time than “x” to fill the tank, then find out the value of x?
a)
48 minutes
b)
35 minutes
c)
54 minutes
d)
68 minutes
e)
None of the Above
|
Preeti Khanna answered |
Time is taken to fill the tank by both Pipes x = √a*b
x = √25*49 = 5 * 7 = 35
x = √25*49 = 5 * 7 = 35
Two Pipes A and B together can fill a Tank in ‘X’ minutes. If ‘A’ is Inlet Pipe can Fill the Tank alone in 40 minutes less than ‘X’ minutes and ‘B’ is Outlet pipe can empty the Tank alone in 30 minutes less than ‘X’ minutes. Then together they can fill the empty Tank in how many minutes?- a)48 Minutes
- b)54 Minutes
- c)60 Minutes
- d)70 Minutes
- e)None
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Two Pipes A and B together can fill a Tank in ‘X’ minutes. If ‘A’ is Inlet Pipe can Fill the Tank alone in 40 minutes less than ‘X’ minutes and ‘B’ is Outlet pipe can empty the Tank alone in 30 minutes less than ‘X’ minutes. Then together they can fill the empty Tank in how many minutes?
a)
48 Minutes
b)
54 Minutes
c)
60 Minutes
d)
70 Minutes
e)
None
|
Divey Sethi answered |
1/x-40 – 1/x-30 = 1/x
x = 60 min
x = 60 min
Pipe A, B and can fill a Full Tank in 24,36 and 48 Minutes respectively. All three Pipes are Opened simultaneously in a Tank which is already filled up to 1/6 of its capacity. A and B are opened for only First 6 Minutes and closed thereafter.Then C alone filled remaining Tank. Then in total how many Minutes does C filled the Tank?- a)12 Minutes
- b)14 Minutes
- c)16 Minutes
- d)18 Minutes
- e)20 Minutes
Correct answer is option 'E'. Can you explain this answer?
Pipe A, B and can fill a Full Tank in 24,36 and 48 Minutes respectively. All three Pipes are Opened simultaneously in a Tank which is already filled up to 1/6 of its capacity. A and B are opened for only First 6 Minutes and closed thereafter.Then C alone filled remaining Tank. Then in total how many Minutes does C filled the Tank?
a)
12 Minutes
b)
14 Minutes
c)
16 Minutes
d)
18 Minutes
e)
20 Minutes
|
|
Divey Sethi answered |
6*(1/24+1/36+1/48) + x/48 = 5/6
x = 14 Min
C = 6+14 = 20
x = 14 Min
C = 6+14 = 20
If a pipe A can fill a tank 3 times faster than pipe B. If both the pipes can fill the tank in 32 minutes, then the slower pipe alone will be able to fill the tank in?- a)128 minutes
- b)124 minutes
- c)154 minutes
- d)168 minutes
- e)None of the Above
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
If a pipe A can fill a tank 3 times faster than pipe B. If both the pipes can fill the tank in 32 minutes, then the slower pipe alone will be able to fill the tank in?
a)
128 minutes
b)
124 minutes
c)
154 minutes
d)
168 minutes
e)
None of the Above
|
|
KS Coaching Center answered |
Time is taken by pipe A = x
Time is taken by pipe B = x/3
1/x + 3/x = 1/32
x = 128 minutes
Time is taken by pipe B = x/3
1/x + 3/x = 1/32
x = 128 minutes
Three pipes P, Q and R can fill a Cistern in 6 hours. After working at it together for 2 hours, R is closed and P and Q can fill the remaining part in 7 hours. The number of hours taken by R alone to fill the Cistern is- a)14 hours
- b)12 hours
- c)15 hours
- d)18 hours
- e)None of the Above
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Three pipes P, Q and R can fill a Cistern in 6 hours. After working at it together for 2 hours, R is closed and P and Q can fill the remaining part in 7 hours. The number of hours taken by R alone to fill the Cistern is
a)
14 hours
b)
12 hours
c)
15 hours
d)
18 hours
e)
None of the Above
|
|
Divey Sethi answered |
Part filled in 2 hours = 2/6 = 1/3
Remaining Part = (1-1/3) = 2/3
(P + Q)’s 7 hour work = 2/3
(P + Q)’s 1 hour work = 2/21
R’s 1 hour work = (P + Q + R) 1 hour work – (P + Q) 1 hour work
= (1/6 – 2/21) = 1/14 = 14 hours
Remaining Part = (1-1/3) = 2/3
(P + Q)’s 7 hour work = 2/3
(P + Q)’s 1 hour work = 2/21
R’s 1 hour work = (P + Q + R) 1 hour work – (P + Q) 1 hour work
= (1/6 – 2/21) = 1/14 = 14 hours
An inlet pipe can fill a tank in 4 hours and an outlet pipe can empty a tank in 3/7 of a tank in 3h. Find the time taken to fill the tank if they start working alternately.
- a)125/8 hours
- b)127/7 hours
- c)121/9 hours
- d)129/8 hours
- e)None
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
An inlet pipe can fill a tank in 4 hours and an outlet pipe can empty a tank in 3/7 of a tank in 3h. Find the time taken to fill the tank if they start working alternately.
a)
125/8 hours
b)
127/7 hours
c)
121/9 hours
d)
129/8 hours
e)
None
|
|
Nikita Singh answered |
Given:
Time taken by inlet pipe to fill the tank = 4 hours
Time taken by outlet pipe to empty 3/7 of a tank = 3 hours
Formula used:
Efficiency = Total work/Time taken
Calculation:
LCM of 4 and 7 = 28 = Total work
Efficiency of inlet pipe = 28/4 = 7 work
Efficiency of outlet pipe = 28/7 = 4 work
Work done in 2 hours = (7 – 4) = 3 work
Time taken to do 27 work = (2/3) × 27 hours
⇒ 18 hours
Time taken more to complete remaining 1 work = 1/7 hour
Total time taken = 18 + (1/7) hours
⇒ 127/7 hours
∴ The total time taken to fill the tank is 127/7 hours
A pipe can fill a cistern in 16 hours. After half the tank is filled, three more similar taps are opened. What is the total time taken to fill the cistern completely?- a)3 hours
- b)2 hours
- c)9 hours
- d)4 hours
- e)None of the Above
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
A pipe can fill a cistern in 16 hours. After half the tank is filled, three more similar taps are opened. What is the total time taken to fill the cistern completely?
a)
3 hours
b)
2 hours
c)
9 hours
d)
4 hours
e)
None of the Above
|
|
Anaya Patel answered |
In One hour pipe can fill = 1/16
Time is taken to fill half of the tank = 1/2 * 16 = 8 hours
Part filled by four pipes in one hour = (8*1/16) = 1/2
Required Remaining Part = 1/2
Total time = 8 + 1 = 9
Time is taken to fill half of the tank = 1/2 * 16 = 8 hours
Part filled by four pipes in one hour = (8*1/16) = 1/2
Required Remaining Part = 1/2
Total time = 8 + 1 = 9
A large cistern can be filled by two pipes P and Q in 15 minutes and 20 minutes respectively. How many minutes will it take to fill the Cistern from an empty state if Q is used for half the time and P and Q fill it together for the other half?- a)12 minutes
- b)17 minutes
- c)18 minutes
- d)19 minutes
- e)None of the Above
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
A large cistern can be filled by two pipes P and Q in 15 minutes and 20 minutes respectively. How many minutes will it take to fill the Cistern from an empty state if Q is used for half the time and P and Q fill it together for the other half?
a)
12 minutes
b)
17 minutes
c)
18 minutes
d)
19 minutes
e)
None of the Above
|
|
Aarav Sharma answered |
To solve this problem, we can use the concept of work. The work done by a pipe is inversely proportional to the time it takes to fill the cistern.
Let's assume that the capacity of the cistern is 1 unit.
Work done by pipe P in 1 minute = 1/15
Work done by pipe Q in 1 minute = 1/20
Work done by pipe Q in half the time = (1/20) * (1/2) = 1/40
Now, let's assume that it takes 'x' minutes to fill the cistern when Q is used for half the time and P and Q fill it together for the other half.
Work done by pipe P in x minutes = (1/15) * (x/2) = x/30
Work done by pipe Q in x minutes = (1/20) * (x/2) = x/40
The total work done by both pipes together is the sum of their individual work:
x/30 + x/40 = 1
To solve this equation, we need to find the least common multiple (LCM) of 30 and 40, which is 120. Multiplying both sides of the equation by 120, we get:
4x + 3x = 120
7x = 120
x = 120/7
Therefore, it will take approximately 17.14 minutes to fill the cistern from an empty state if Q is used for half the time and P and Q fill it together for the other half.
Since we are looking for the closest whole number, the answer is 17 minutes, which corresponds to option A.
Let's assume that the capacity of the cistern is 1 unit.
Work done by pipe P in 1 minute = 1/15
Work done by pipe Q in 1 minute = 1/20
Work done by pipe Q in half the time = (1/20) * (1/2) = 1/40
Now, let's assume that it takes 'x' minutes to fill the cistern when Q is used for half the time and P and Q fill it together for the other half.
Work done by pipe P in x minutes = (1/15) * (x/2) = x/30
Work done by pipe Q in x minutes = (1/20) * (x/2) = x/40
The total work done by both pipes together is the sum of their individual work:
x/30 + x/40 = 1
To solve this equation, we need to find the least common multiple (LCM) of 30 and 40, which is 120. Multiplying both sides of the equation by 120, we get:
4x + 3x = 120
7x = 120
x = 120/7
Therefore, it will take approximately 17.14 minutes to fill the cistern from an empty state if Q is used for half the time and P and Q fill it together for the other half.
Since we are looking for the closest whole number, the answer is 17 minutes, which corresponds to option A.
Three taps P, Q and R can fill a tank in 12, 15 and 20 hours respectively. If P is open all the time and Q, R are open for one hour each alternatively, the tank will be full in- a)3 hours
- b)2 hours
- c)7 hours
- d)4 hours
- e)None of the Above
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Three taps P, Q and R can fill a tank in 12, 15 and 20 hours respectively. If P is open all the time and Q, R are open for one hour each alternatively, the tank will be full in
a)
3 hours
b)
2 hours
c)
7 hours
d)
4 hours
e)
None of the Above
|
|
Aarav Sharma answered |
Solution:
Let's assume that the capacity of the tank is 'x'.
Given, P can fill the tank in 12 hours. So, in 1 hour it can fill 1/12th of the tank.
Also, Q can fill the tank in 15 hours, so in 1 hour it can fill 1/15th of the tank.
Similarly, R can fill the tank in 20 hours, so in 1 hour it can fill 1/20th of the tank.
Now, let's consider the given condition that P is open all the time and Q, R are open for one hour each alternatively.
In the first hour, Q will fill 1/15th of the tank and in the second hour, R will fill 1/20th of the tank.
So, after 2 hours, the total amount of water filled in the tank will be:
(1/12 + 1/15 + 1/20) * 2x = (1/4) * 2x = x/2
Now, in the third hour, Q will fill 1/15th of the tank and in the fourth hour, R will fill 1/20th of the tank.
So, after 4 hours, the total amount of water filled in the tank will be:
(1/12 + 1/15 + 1/20 + 1/15 + 1/20) * 4x = (7/12) * 4x = 7x/3
We can see that after 4 hours, the tank is more than half full.
Therefore, the tank will be full in less than 7 hours.
Option C (7 hours) is the correct answer.
Let's assume that the capacity of the tank is 'x'.
Given, P can fill the tank in 12 hours. So, in 1 hour it can fill 1/12th of the tank.
Also, Q can fill the tank in 15 hours, so in 1 hour it can fill 1/15th of the tank.
Similarly, R can fill the tank in 20 hours, so in 1 hour it can fill 1/20th of the tank.
Now, let's consider the given condition that P is open all the time and Q, R are open for one hour each alternatively.
In the first hour, Q will fill 1/15th of the tank and in the second hour, R will fill 1/20th of the tank.
So, after 2 hours, the total amount of water filled in the tank will be:
(1/12 + 1/15 + 1/20) * 2x = (1/4) * 2x = x/2
Now, in the third hour, Q will fill 1/15th of the tank and in the fourth hour, R will fill 1/20th of the tank.
So, after 4 hours, the total amount of water filled in the tank will be:
(1/12 + 1/15 + 1/20 + 1/15 + 1/20) * 4x = (7/12) * 4x = 7x/3
We can see that after 4 hours, the tank is more than half full.
Therefore, the tank will be full in less than 7 hours.
Option C (7 hours) is the correct answer.
A Cistern is two-fifth full. Pipe A can fill a tank in 10 minutes and pipe B can empty it in 6 minutes. If both the pipes are open,how long will it take to empty or fill the tank completely?- a)5 minutes
- b)4 minutes
- c)6 minutes
- d)8 minutes
- e)None of the Above
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
A Cistern is two-fifth full. Pipe A can fill a tank in 10 minutes and pipe B can empty it in 6 minutes. If both the pipes are open,how long will it take to empty or fill the tank completely?
a)
5 minutes
b)
4 minutes
c)
6 minutes
d)
8 minutes
e)
None of the Above
|
|
KS Coaching Center answered |
pipe B is faster than pipe A and so,the tank will be emptied.
part to be emptied = 2/5
part emptied by (A+B) in 1 minute= (1/6 – 1/10) = 1/15
1/15 : 2/5 :: 1: x
2/5 * 15 = 6 minutes.
part to be emptied = 2/5
part emptied by (A+B) in 1 minute= (1/6 – 1/10) = 1/15
1/15 : 2/5 :: 1: x
2/5 * 15 = 6 minutes.
If the ratio of Rate of filling of two Pipes A and B is 3:2. If together they can fill a Tank 5/6th of Tank in 20 minutes. Then in how many does A alone can fill the Tank?- a)20 Minutes
- b)30 Minutes
- c)40 Minutes
- d)50 Minutes
- e)60 Minutes
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
If the ratio of Rate of filling of two Pipes A and B is 3:2. If together they can fill a Tank 5/6th of Tank in 20 minutes. Then in how many does A alone can fill the Tank?
a)
20 Minutes
b)
30 Minutes
c)
40 Minutes
d)
50 Minutes
e)
60 Minutes
|
Future Foundation Institute answered |
5/6 tank = 20 Min
Full tank = 24 Min
1/2x+ 1/3x = 1/24
x = 20, A= 2x = 40 Min
Full tank = 24 Min
1/2x+ 1/3x = 1/24
x = 20, A= 2x = 40 Min
Pipe A and B can fill a Tank alone in 12 Hours and 6 Hours respectively. Another Pipe C can empty the same Tank alone in 9 Hours. In an empty Tank for the First hour, Pipe A is opened alone, Second Hour pipe B is opened alone, Third Hour pipe C is opened alone. This process is continued until the Tank is filled. Then Pipe A is opened for How many Hours?- a)7 Hours
- b)7 Hours 10 Min
- c)7 Hours 15 Min
- d)7 Hours 20 Min
- e)None
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Pipe A and B can fill a Tank alone in 12 Hours and 6 Hours respectively. Another Pipe C can empty the same Tank alone in 9 Hours. In an empty Tank for the First hour, Pipe A is opened alone, Second Hour pipe B is opened alone, Third Hour pipe C is opened alone. This process is continued until the Tank is filled. Then Pipe A is opened for How many Hours?
a)
7 Hours
b)
7 Hours 10 Min
c)
7 Hours 15 Min
d)
7 Hours 20 Min
e)
None
|
|
Divey Sethi answered |
3 hours work = 1/12+ 1/6 – 1/9 = 5/36
7*3 hours work = 35/36
remaining work = 1/36
Now its pipe A turn = 1/36*12 = 1/3 hour
Total = 7 hours + 20 min
7*3 hours work = 35/36
remaining work = 1/36
Now its pipe A turn = 1/36*12 = 1/3 hour
Total = 7 hours + 20 min
The operation* represents either addition, subtraction, or multiplication of integers, what is the value of 1*0?(1) 0*2 = 2
(2) 2*0 = 2- a)Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
- b)Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
- c)BOTH statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are sufficient to answer the question asked, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient
- d)EACH statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question asked
- e)Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient to answer the question asked, and additional data are needed
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
The operation* represents either addition, subtraction, or multiplication of integers, what is the value of 1*0?
(1) 0*2 = 2
(2) 2*0 = 2
(2) 2*0 = 2
a)
Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
b)
Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
c)
BOTH statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are sufficient to answer the question asked, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient
d)
EACH statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question asked
e)
Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient to answer the question asked, and additional data are needed
|
Arnab Kumar answered |
Statement (1): 0*2 = 2
Statement (2): 2*0 = 2
To determine the value of 1*0, we need to consider the properties of the operation *.
Analysis of Statement (1):
If 0*2 = 2, then it is possible that * represents addition, where 0 + 2 = 2. In this case, it is not possible to determine the value of 1*0.
If * represents subtraction, where 0 - 2 = -2, then it is also not possible to determine the value of 1*0.
If * represents multiplication, where 0 * 2 = 0, then it is possible to determine the value of 1*0. In this case, 1*0 = 0.
Analysis of Statement (2):
If 2*0 = 2, then it is possible that * represents addition, where 2 + 0 = 2. In this case, it is not possible to determine the value of 1*0.
If * represents subtraction, where 2 - 0 = 2, then it is also not possible to determine the value of 1*0.
If * represents multiplication, where 2 * 0 = 0, then it is possible to determine the value of 1*0. In this case, 1*0 = 0.
Combining the statements:
Both statements provide the same result for 2*0, which is 0. Therefore, * must represent multiplication.
Since multiplication is the only operation that yields a consistent result for both statements, we can conclude that 1*0 = 0.
Conclusion:
Both statements together are sufficient to determine the value of 1*0, so the correct answer is (C) BOTH statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are sufficient to answer the question asked, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.
Statement (2): 2*0 = 2
To determine the value of 1*0, we need to consider the properties of the operation *.
Analysis of Statement (1):
If 0*2 = 2, then it is possible that * represents addition, where 0 + 2 = 2. In this case, it is not possible to determine the value of 1*0.
If * represents subtraction, where 0 - 2 = -2, then it is also not possible to determine the value of 1*0.
If * represents multiplication, where 0 * 2 = 0, then it is possible to determine the value of 1*0. In this case, 1*0 = 0.
Analysis of Statement (2):
If 2*0 = 2, then it is possible that * represents addition, where 2 + 0 = 2. In this case, it is not possible to determine the value of 1*0.
If * represents subtraction, where 2 - 0 = 2, then it is also not possible to determine the value of 1*0.
If * represents multiplication, where 2 * 0 = 0, then it is possible to determine the value of 1*0. In this case, 1*0 = 0.
Combining the statements:
Both statements provide the same result for 2*0, which is 0. Therefore, * must represent multiplication.
Since multiplication is the only operation that yields a consistent result for both statements, we can conclude that 1*0 = 0.
Conclusion:
Both statements together are sufficient to determine the value of 1*0, so the correct answer is (C) BOTH statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are sufficient to answer the question asked, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.
Two pipes P and Q can fill a cistern in 10 hours and 20 hours respectively. If they are opened simultaneously. Sometimes later, tap Q was closed, then it takes total 5 hours to fill up the whole tank. After how many hours Q was closed?- a)14 hours
- b)15 hours
- c)10 hours
- d)16 hours
- e)None of the Above
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Two pipes P and Q can fill a cistern in 10 hours and 20 hours respectively. If they are opened simultaneously. Sometimes later, tap Q was closed, then it takes total 5 hours to fill up the whole tank. After how many hours Q was closed?
a)
14 hours
b)
15 hours
c)
10 hours
d)
16 hours
e)
None of the Above
|
Sagar Sharma answered |
Given Data:
- Pipe P can fill the cistern in 10 hours
- Pipe Q can fill the cistern in 20 hours
- Both pipes are opened simultaneously initially
- It takes a total of 5 hours to fill the cistern after tap Q was closed
Calculating the rate of filling:
- The rate of filling of pipe P = 1/10 cisterns per hour
- The rate of filling of pipe Q = 1/20 cisterns per hour
- Combined rate of filling when both pipes are open = 1/10 + 1/20 = 3/20 cisterns per hour
Let x be the time taken for tap Q to be closed:
- Therefore, the cistern was filled by both pipes for x hours and then by pipe P alone for (5 - x) hours
- The work done by both pipes in x hours + work done by pipe P in (5 - x) hours = 1 cistern
Solving the equation:
- (3/20) * x + (1/10) * (5 - x) = 1
- 3x + 2(5 - x) = 20
- 3x + 10 - 2x = 20
- x = 10
Conclusion:
- Tap Q was closed after 10 hours. Therefore, option C - 10 hours is the correct answer.
- Pipe P can fill the cistern in 10 hours
- Pipe Q can fill the cistern in 20 hours
- Both pipes are opened simultaneously initially
- It takes a total of 5 hours to fill the cistern after tap Q was closed
Calculating the rate of filling:
- The rate of filling of pipe P = 1/10 cisterns per hour
- The rate of filling of pipe Q = 1/20 cisterns per hour
- Combined rate of filling when both pipes are open = 1/10 + 1/20 = 3/20 cisterns per hour
Let x be the time taken for tap Q to be closed:
- Therefore, the cistern was filled by both pipes for x hours and then by pipe P alone for (5 - x) hours
- The work done by both pipes in x hours + work done by pipe P in (5 - x) hours = 1 cistern
Solving the equation:
- (3/20) * x + (1/10) * (5 - x) = 1
- 3x + 2(5 - x) = 20
- 3x + 10 - 2x = 20
- x = 10
Conclusion:
- Tap Q was closed after 10 hours. Therefore, option C - 10 hours is the correct answer.
This much was well known that the purpose of a gene is to store the recipe for making proteins and that we inherit from our parents a gigantic list of recipes for making proteins and protein-making machines. What was not clear as late as the early 20th century until Gregor Mendel’s experiments were published and understood was that when crossed, the expression of these genes skipped a generation.
Mendel discovered that when white flower and purple flower plants are crossed, the result is not a blend. Rather than being a mix of the two, the offspring was purple flowered. He then conceived the idea of heredity units, which he called "factors", one of which is a recessive characteristic and the other dominant. Mendel said that factors, later called genes, normally occur in pairs in ordinary body cells, yet segregate during the formation of sex cells. The dominant gene, such as the purple flower in Mendel's plants, will hide the recessive gene, the white flower. Mendel crossed over 29,000 plants including inflated seed pods with wrinkled seed pods, green unripe pods with yellow unripe pods, and axial flowers with terminal flowers. In every case the resulting hybrids were just like one parent with the essence of other parent missing. However, as these hybrids were allowed to self-fertilize, the essence of the recessed parent re-appeared in exactly one third of the cases. This re-appearance is called the law of thirds. This law is not just obeyed in plants but also in every living species as demonstrated by Nageli’s experiment on crossing angora cats with another breed. Nageli observed that the angora coat disappeared in the next generation but re-appeared in the kittens in the third.
Mendel’s law has been put to a variety of uses such as selecting the right plants to hybridize to get the desired mix of dominant factors. A surprising use of the law has been to explain Alkaptonuria in which the patients suffered from arthritis and their urine and the ear wax turned reddish black upon exposure to air. Rare in the general population but frequent in children of first-cousin marriages, the incidence of Alkaptonuria is attributed to expression of recessive factors.
According to the passage, all of the following about Mendel’s dominant factors are true except
- a)They were later called genes.
- b)They exist in all living organisms including human beings.
- c)They belong to only one of the crossed parents.
- d)They are responsible for the incidence of Alkaptonuria.
- e)They define some of the key characteristics of the first offspring.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
This much was well known that the purpose of a gene is to store the recipe for making proteins and that we inherit from our parents a gigantic list of recipes for making proteins and protein-making machines. What was not clear as late as the early 20th century until Gregor Mendel’s experiments were published and understood was that when crossed, the expression of these genes skipped a generation.
Mendel discovered that when white flower and purple flower plants are crossed, the result is not a blend. Rather than being a mix of the two, the offspring was purple flowered. He then conceived the idea of heredity units, which he called "factors", one of which is a recessive characteristic and the other dominant. Mendel said that factors, later called genes, normally occur in pairs in ordinary body cells, yet segregate during the formation of sex cells. The dominant gene, such as the purple flower in Mendel's plants, will hide the recessive gene, the white flower. Mendel crossed over 29,000 plants including inflated seed pods with wrinkled seed pods, green unripe pods with yellow unripe pods, and axial flowers with terminal flowers. In every case the resulting hybrids were just like one parent with the essence of other parent missing. However, as these hybrids were allowed to self-fertilize, the essence of the recessed parent re-appeared in exactly one third of the cases. This re-appearance is called the law of thirds. This law is not just obeyed in plants but also in every living species as demonstrated by Nageli’s experiment on crossing angora cats with another breed. Nageli observed that the angora coat disappeared in the next generation but re-appeared in the kittens in the third.
Mendel’s law has been put to a variety of uses such as selecting the right plants to hybridize to get the desired mix of dominant factors. A surprising use of the law has been to explain Alkaptonuria in which the patients suffered from arthritis and their urine and the ear wax turned reddish black upon exposure to air. Rare in the general population but frequent in children of first-cousin marriages, the incidence of Alkaptonuria is attributed to expression of recessive factors.
According to the passage, all of the following about Mendel’s dominant factors are true except
a)
They were later called genes.
b)
They exist in all living organisms including human beings.
c)
They belong to only one of the crossed parents.
d)
They are responsible for the incidence of Alkaptonuria.
e)
They define some of the key characteristics of the first offspring.
|
Saumya Shah answered |
Explanation of the Correct Answer: Option D
The passage discusses Mendel's experiments and the implications of dominant and recessive factors (later termed genes) in heredity. When analyzing the options regarding Mendel's dominant factors, option D states:
They are responsible for the incidence of Alkaptonuria.
Key Points:
- Nature of Alkaptonuria:
- The passage mentions Alkaptonuria as a condition that occurs due to the expression of recessive factors. This indicates that the condition arises when two recessive genes are inherited.
- Dominant vs. Recessive Factors:
- Mendel's dominant factors are responsible for the traits that are expressed in the first generation offspring. In contrast, Alkaptonuria, being a recessive disorder, does not involve dominant factors.
- Implications for Inheritance:
- The passage illustrates how dominant traits mask the presence of recessive traits in the first generation but can reappear in subsequent generations (law of thirds). Since Alkaptonuria is tied to recessive factors, it cannot be attributed to Mendel's dominant factors.
Conclusion:
Therefore, option D is incorrect as Mendel's dominant factors do not explain the incidence of Alkaptonuria, which is caused by the expression of recessive traits. All other options accurately reflect the characteristics and roles of dominant factors as described in the passage.
The passage discusses Mendel's experiments and the implications of dominant and recessive factors (later termed genes) in heredity. When analyzing the options regarding Mendel's dominant factors, option D states:
They are responsible for the incidence of Alkaptonuria.
Key Points:
- Nature of Alkaptonuria:
- The passage mentions Alkaptonuria as a condition that occurs due to the expression of recessive factors. This indicates that the condition arises when two recessive genes are inherited.
- Dominant vs. Recessive Factors:
- Mendel's dominant factors are responsible for the traits that are expressed in the first generation offspring. In contrast, Alkaptonuria, being a recessive disorder, does not involve dominant factors.
- Implications for Inheritance:
- The passage illustrates how dominant traits mask the presence of recessive traits in the first generation but can reappear in subsequent generations (law of thirds). Since Alkaptonuria is tied to recessive factors, it cannot be attributed to Mendel's dominant factors.
Conclusion:
Therefore, option D is incorrect as Mendel's dominant factors do not explain the incidence of Alkaptonuria, which is caused by the expression of recessive traits. All other options accurately reflect the characteristics and roles of dominant factors as described in the passage.
The functions p*q denotes p + q and the function max (p, q) denotes the maximum value of p and q. For example, 1*2 = 1+2 = 3 and max (1, 2) = 2. What is the value of 2*(Max (p, q))?(1) Max (5, p) = 6
(2) Max (3, q) = 3- a)Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
- b)Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
- c)BOTH statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are sufficient to answer the question asked, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient
- d)EACH statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question asked
- e)Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient to answer the question asked, and additional data are needed
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
The functions p*q denotes p + q and the function max (p, q) denotes the maximum value of p and q. For example, 1*2 = 1+2 = 3 and max (1, 2) = 2. What is the value of 2*(Max (p, q))?
(1) Max (5, p) = 6
(2) Max (3, q) = 3
(2) Max (3, q) = 3
a)
Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
b)
Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
c)
BOTH statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are sufficient to answer the question asked, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient
d)
EACH statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question asked
e)
Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient to answer the question asked, and additional data are needed
|
Rahul Kapoor answered |
(1) Max(5, p) = 6
From this statement, we know that the maximum value between 5 and p is 6. However, this information alone does not provide enough information to determine the value of 2*(Max(p, q)). We don't know the relationship between q and p or the specific values of q and p. Therefore, statement (1) alone is not sufficient to answer the question.
(2) Max(3, q) = 3
From this statement, we know that the maximum value between 3 and q is 3. Similar to statement (1), this information alone does not provide enough information to determine the value of 2*(Max(p, q)). We don't know the relationship between p and q or the specific values of p and q. Therefore, statement (2) alone is not sufficient to answer the question.
By analyzing each statement individually, we can see that neither statement alone is sufficient to determine the value of 2*(Max(p, q)). However, by combining both statements, we can conclude that the maximum value between p and q is 6, and the maximum value between q and 3 is 3. Therefore, the maximum value of p and q is 6. Substituting this into 2*(Max(p, q)), we get 2*6 = 12. Therefore, both statements together are sufficient to answer the question.
Hence, the answer is (C) BOTH statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are sufficient to answer the question asked, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.
If [x] denotes the least integer greater than or equal to x, what is the value of [x+1] = ?(1) [x] = 1
(2) [2x] = 1- a)Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
- b)Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
- c)BOTH statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are sufficient to answer the question asked, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient
- d)EACH statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question asked
- e)Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient to answer the question asked, and additional data are needed
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
If [x] denotes the least integer greater than or equal to x, what is the value of [x+1] = ?
(1) [x] = 1
(2) [2x] = 1
(2) [2x] = 1
a)
Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
b)
Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
c)
BOTH statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are sufficient to answer the question asked, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient
d)
EACH statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question asked
e)
Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient to answer the question asked, and additional data are needed
|
|
Rahul Kapoor answered |
(1) [x] = 1
From this statement, we know that the value of [x] is 1. Since [x] represents the least integer greater than or equal to x, it means that x is between 1 and 2 (exclusive). Therefore, the value of [x+1] would be the least integer greater than or equal to x+1, which in this case is 2.
(2) [2x] = 1
From this statement, we know that the value of [2x] is 1. Similar to statement (1), this implies that 2x is between 1 and 2 (exclusive). So x is between 0.5 and 1 (exclusive). Therefore, the value of [x+1] would be the least integer greater than or equal to x+1, which is 2.
By analyzing each statement individually, we can see that each statement alone is sufficient to determine the value of [x+1]. Hence, the answer is (D) EACH statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question asked.
Despite radical differences in what limbs do and what they look like, the underlying blueprint of all limbs in land based animals, whether those limbs are wings in birds, flippers in penguins, or hands in humans, is the same - one bone, the humerus in the arm or the femur in the leg, articulates with two bones, which attach to a series of small blobs, which connect with the fingers or toes. Want to make a bat wing? Make the fingers really long. Want to make a horse? Elongate the middle fingers and toes and lose the outer ones. The differences between creatures lie in differences in the shapes and sizes of the bones and the numbers of blobs, fingers, and toes.In the 1950s and 1960s a number of biologists, including Edgar Zwilling and John Saunders, did extraordinarily creative experiments on chicken eggs to understand how skeletal structure of limbs forms and uncovered some of the key mechanisms that build limbs that have the same architecture but are as different as bird wings, lizards webbings, and human hands . They discovered that two little patches of tissue essentially control the development of the pattern of bones inside limbs. These patches of tissue were named the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA). The cells in the ZPA made special molecules that then spread across the limb to instruct cells to make femur, articulates, and connecting toes. The concentration of these molecules was the important factor and decided the length of femur, articulates, connecting toes, and even the length of individual toe fingers. Later experiments with other animals such as the bat, frog, etc. proved that the mechanism to form limbs remained the same - formation of limbs in every creature was controlled by the ZPA – just the concentration of these special molecules varied corresponding to the desired structure.The reason for this inherent commonality in architecture still remained a conundrum for decades. Why did nature not develop architectures better optimized to the functional needs of various organisms? The discovery of Tiktaalik, a transition between non-tetrapod vertebrates ("fish") to early tetrapods solved this mystery, providing evidence that all land based creatures that have limbs, hands, etc. share a common ancestor. The fact that our DNA and that of all land based animals can be traced back to Tiktaalik further provided evidence that all appendages, whether they are hands or limbs, are built by similar kinds of genes and that this great evolutionary transformation did not involve the origin of new DNA: much of the shift likely involved using ancient genes, such as those involved in development of Tiktaalik’s limbs, in new ways to make wings in birds or various sized limbs with fingers and toes, explaining the diversity in shapes while maintaining the similarity in architecture. In the context of the passage, why was the discovery of the Tiktaalik important? - a)It proved beyond doubt and without the need of experimentation the commonality of skeletal architectures of all land based organisms.
- b)It proved the reason why the architecture of limbs in various organisms was optimized for the organism’s corresponding functional needs.
- c)It provided the reason for commonality of skeletal architecture described earlier in the passage.
- d)It traced our ancestral heritage to the fish, providing the reason why we share majority of our DNA with aquatic animals.
- e)It showed how ancient genes could be used in new ways for structures as diverse as wings in birds and fins in sharks.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Despite radical differences in what limbs do and what they look like, the underlying blueprint of all limbs in land based animals, whether those limbs are wings in birds, flippers in penguins, or hands in humans, is the same - one bone, the humerus in the arm or the femur in the leg, articulates with two bones, which attach to a series of small blobs, which connect with the fingers or toes. Want to make a bat wing? Make the fingers really long. Want to make a horse? Elongate the middle fingers and toes and lose the outer ones. The differences between creatures lie in differences in the shapes and sizes of the bones and the numbers of blobs, fingers, and toes.
In the 1950s and 1960s a number of biologists, including Edgar Zwilling and John Saunders, did extraordinarily creative experiments on chicken eggs to understand how skeletal structure of limbs forms and uncovered some of the key mechanisms that build limbs that have the same architecture but are as different as bird wings, lizards webbings, and human hands . They discovered that two little patches of tissue essentially control the development of the pattern of bones inside limbs. These patches of tissue were named the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA). The cells in the ZPA made special molecules that then spread across the limb to instruct cells to make femur, articulates, and connecting toes. The concentration of these molecules was the important factor and decided the length of femur, articulates, connecting toes, and even the length of individual toe fingers. Later experiments with other animals such as the bat, frog, etc. proved that the mechanism to form limbs remained the same - formation of limbs in every creature was controlled by the ZPA – just the concentration of these special molecules varied corresponding to the desired structure.
The reason for this inherent commonality in architecture still remained a conundrum for decades. Why did nature not develop architectures better optimized to the functional needs of various organisms? The discovery of Tiktaalik, a transition between non-tetrapod vertebrates ("fish") to early tetrapods solved this mystery, providing evidence that all land based creatures that have limbs, hands, etc. share a common ancestor. The fact that our DNA and that of all land based animals can be traced back to Tiktaalik further provided evidence that all appendages, whether they are hands or limbs, are built by similar kinds of genes and that this great evolutionary transformation did not involve the origin of new DNA: much of the shift likely involved using ancient genes, such as those involved in development of Tiktaalik’s limbs, in new ways to make wings in birds or various sized limbs with fingers and toes, explaining the diversity in shapes while maintaining the similarity in architecture.
In the context of the passage, why was the discovery of the Tiktaalik important?
a)
It proved beyond doubt and without the need of experimentation the commonality of skeletal architectures of all land based organisms.
b)
It proved the reason why the architecture of limbs in various organisms was optimized for the organism’s corresponding functional needs.
c)
It provided the reason for commonality of skeletal architecture described earlier in the passage.
d)
It traced our ancestral heritage to the fish, providing the reason why we share majority of our DNA with aquatic animals.
e)
It showed how ancient genes could be used in new ways for structures as diverse as wings in birds and fins in sharks.
|
|
Mehul Nair answered |
Importance of the Discovery of Tiktaalik
The discovery of Tiktaalik was important because it provided the reason for the commonality of skeletal architecture described earlier in the passage.
Common Ancestry
- The Tiktaalik fossil served as a crucial transitional species between non-tetrapod vertebrates (fish) and early tetrapods, showing a common ancestry for all land-based organisms with limbs.
- This common ancestry explains why the underlying blueprint of all limbs in land-based animals is the same, despite the radical differences in their appearance and function.
Utilization of Ancient Genes
- By tracing our ancestral heritage back to Tiktaalik, the discovery showed that the genetic material used to develop limbs in various organisms has been conserved over evolutionary time.
- This supports the idea that ancient genes, such as those involved in the development of Tiktaalik's limbs, have been repurposed and modified to create the diverse array of limb structures seen in different species today.
Explanation for Diversity in Shapes
- The discovery of Tiktaalik helps explain how the same genetic toolkit can be used to generate structures as diverse as wings in birds, flippers in penguins, and hands in humans.
- It highlights that the diversity in limb shapes is a result of utilizing ancient genetic material in new ways rather than the origin of entirely new DNA.
In conclusion, the discovery of Tiktaalik not only provided evidence for the common ancestry of all land-based organisms with limbs but also offered insights into the mechanisms behind the diversity of limb structures while maintaining a common underlying architecture.
The discovery of Tiktaalik was important because it provided the reason for the commonality of skeletal architecture described earlier in the passage.
Common Ancestry
- The Tiktaalik fossil served as a crucial transitional species between non-tetrapod vertebrates (fish) and early tetrapods, showing a common ancestry for all land-based organisms with limbs.
- This common ancestry explains why the underlying blueprint of all limbs in land-based animals is the same, despite the radical differences in their appearance and function.
Utilization of Ancient Genes
- By tracing our ancestral heritage back to Tiktaalik, the discovery showed that the genetic material used to develop limbs in various organisms has been conserved over evolutionary time.
- This supports the idea that ancient genes, such as those involved in the development of Tiktaalik's limbs, have been repurposed and modified to create the diverse array of limb structures seen in different species today.
Explanation for Diversity in Shapes
- The discovery of Tiktaalik helps explain how the same genetic toolkit can be used to generate structures as diverse as wings in birds, flippers in penguins, and hands in humans.
- It highlights that the diversity in limb shapes is a result of utilizing ancient genetic material in new ways rather than the origin of entirely new DNA.
In conclusion, the discovery of Tiktaalik not only provided evidence for the common ancestry of all land-based organisms with limbs but also offered insights into the mechanisms behind the diversity of limb structures while maintaining a common underlying architecture.
A team of researchers has been able to successfully study the highly complex molecular structure of mitoribosomes, which are the ribosomes of mitochondria. Ribosomes are found in the cells of all living organisms, and they serve as a primary location for biological protein synthesis, but certain organisms such as fungi, plants, animals, and humans contain much more complex ribosomes than bacteria do. In organisms with complex cells, ribosomes can also be divided into two types: those in the cytosol -- which comprises the majority of the cell -- and those found in the mitochondria or "power houses" of cells. Mitochondria are found only in eukaryotes. Every ribosome consists of two subunits. The smaller subunit uses transfer ribonucleic acids to decode the genetic code, which is stored in the DNA, it receives in the form of messenger ribonucleic acids, while the larger subunit joins the amino acids delivered by the transfer ribonucleic acids together like a string of pearls. Since they are found only in small amounts and are difficult to isolate, mitochondrial ribosomes or mitoribosomes are particularly difficult to study. But because of the recent technical advances in cryo-electron microscopy and the development of direct electron detection cameras that can correct for specimen motion during the exposure, it recently became possible to capture images of biomolecules at a resolution high enough to capture the details, especially those of the peptidyl transferase centre (PTC).This research is of special importance to producing the right kind of antibiotics for humans. PTC is where the amino acid building blocks are combined, leading to protein synthesis. As per the researchers, this process of synthesizing proteins is medically relevant as the tunnel through which the proteins pass, after being synthesized, is a target for specific antibiotics. The antibiotic blocks the tunnel, preventing the proteins that have just been synthesized from leaving the tunnel. However, for an antibiotic to be used in humans, it must not attack human ribosomes and should inhibit protein synthesis only in the ribosomes of bacteria. The problem arises since mitochondrial ribosomes resemble those of bacteria, which is why certain antibiotics also interfere with mitoribosomes, possibly leading to serious side effects. The findings of the research will make it possible in the future to design antibiotics that inhibit only bacterial and not mitochondrial ribosomes, the one basic requirement for using them in clinical applications.Which of the following is mentioned in the passage?- a)The attack on human ribosomes by certain antibiotics could prove fatal.
- b)Ribosomes are solely responsible for producing protein in the body.
- c)Ribosomes are defenseless against the attack launched by certain antibiotics on them.
- d)All living organisms have ribosomes that can be divided in to two types.
- e)Ribosomes in humans are not as simple as the ones found in bacteria.
Correct answer is option 'E'. Can you explain this answer?
A team of researchers has been able to successfully study the highly complex molecular structure of mitoribosomes, which are the ribosomes of mitochondria. Ribosomes are found in the cells of all living organisms, and they serve as a primary location for biological protein synthesis, but certain organisms such as fungi, plants, animals, and humans contain much more complex ribosomes than bacteria do. In organisms with complex cells, ribosomes can also be divided into two types: those in the cytosol -- which comprises the majority of the cell -- and those found in the mitochondria or "power houses" of cells. Mitochondria are found only in eukaryotes. Every ribosome consists of two subunits. The smaller subunit uses transfer ribonucleic acids to decode the genetic code, which is stored in the DNA, it receives in the form of messenger ribonucleic acids, while the larger subunit joins the amino acids delivered by the transfer ribonucleic acids together like a string of pearls.
Since they are found only in small amounts and are difficult to isolate, mitochondrial ribosomes or mitoribosomes are particularly difficult to study. But because of the recent technical advances in cryo-electron microscopy and the development of direct electron detection cameras that can correct for specimen motion during the exposure, it recently became possible to capture images of biomolecules at a resolution high enough to capture the details, especially those of the peptidyl transferase centre (PTC).
This research is of special importance to producing the right kind of antibiotics for humans. PTC is where the amino acid building blocks are combined, leading to protein synthesis. As per the researchers, this process of synthesizing proteins is medically relevant as the tunnel through which the proteins pass, after being synthesized, is a target for specific antibiotics. The antibiotic blocks the tunnel, preventing the proteins that have just been synthesized from leaving the tunnel. However, for an antibiotic to be used in humans, it must not attack human ribosomes and should inhibit protein synthesis only in the ribosomes of bacteria. The problem arises since mitochondrial ribosomes resemble those of bacteria, which is why certain antibiotics also interfere with mitoribosomes, possibly leading to serious side effects. The findings of the research will make it possible in the future to design antibiotics that inhibit only bacterial and not mitochondrial ribosomes, the one basic requirement for using them in clinical applications.
Which of the following is mentioned in the passage?
a)
The attack on human ribosomes by certain antibiotics could prove fatal.
b)
Ribosomes are solely responsible for producing protein in the body.
c)
Ribosomes are defenseless against the attack launched by certain antibiotics on them.
d)
All living organisms have ribosomes that can be divided in to two types.
e)
Ribosomes in humans are not as simple as the ones found in bacteria.
|
|
Kirti Roy answered |
Passage Analysis
Summary and Main Point
Pre-Thinking
This is a Detail question. Keep crossing out answer choices that are not explicitly stated in the passage and choose the one for which you can directly refer to a portion in the passage.
Answer Choices
A
The attack on human ribosomes by certain antibiotics could prove fatal.
Incorrect: Inconsistent
The author states that such attacks could have serious side effects, but nowhere does he/she say that these effects could be lethal.
B
Ribosomes are solely responsible for producing protein in the body.
Incorrect: Inconsistent
In the first paragraph, it is stated that ribosomes are primarily and not solely responsible for protein synthesis.
C
Ribosomes are defenseless against the attack launched by certain antibiotics on them.
Incorrect: Out Of Scope
How ribosomes react when they are attacked by antibiotics is not given in the passage; hence, this choice is not supported by the given information.
D
All living organisms have ribosomes that can be divided in to two types.
Incorrect: Inconsistent
In the first paragraph, we are told that all living organisms have ribosomes but only the ribosomes in complex celled organisms can be divided into two types.
E
Ribosomes in humans are not as simple as the ones found in bacteria.
Correct
This information is stated in the first paragraph. Please refer to the following extract below:
… certain organisms such as fungi, plants, animals and humans, contain much more complex ribosomes than bacteria.
If x, y, z, and n are positive integers and f(n) = f(n - 1) + n, is f(x) - f(y + z) = 0?(1) x = y + z
(2) f(0) = 1- a)Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
- b)Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
- c)BOTH statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are sufficient to answer the question asked, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient
- d)EACH statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question asked
- e)Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient to answer the question asked, and additional data are needed
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
If x, y, z, and n are positive integers and f(n) = f(n - 1) + n, is f(x) - f(y + z) = 0?
(1) x = y + z
(2) f(0) = 1
(2) f(0) = 1
a)
Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
b)
Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
c)
BOTH statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are sufficient to answer the question asked, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient
d)
EACH statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question asked
e)
Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient to answer the question asked, and additional data are needed
|
|
Rahul Kapoor answered |
(1) x = y + z
From this statement, we know that x is equal to y + z. Substituting this into the expression f(x) - f(y + z), we get f(x) - f(y + z) = f(y + z) - f(y + z). Since y + z is the same on both sides of the equation, f(y + z) - f(y + z) equals 0. Therefore, statement (1) alone is sufficient to answer the question.
(2) f(0) = 1
From this statement, we know the value of f(0) is 1. However, this information does not provide any direct information about the value of f(x) - f(y + z). It doesn't provide any relationship between x, y, z, or the function f(n). Therefore, statement (2) alone is not sufficient to answer the question.
By analyzing each statement individually, we can see that statement (1) alone is sufficient to determine that f(x) - f(y + z) is equal to 0, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient. Hence, the answer is (A) Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked.
Despite radical differences in what limbs do and what they look like, the underlying blueprint of all limbs in land based animals, whether those limbs are wings in birds, flippers in penguins, or hands in humans, is the same - one bone, the humerus in the arm or the femur in the leg, articulates with two bones, which attach to a series of small blobs, which connect with the fingers or toes. Want to make a bat wing? Make the fingers really long. Want to make a horse? Elongate the middle fingers and toes and lose the outer ones. The differences between creatures lie in differences in the shapes and sizes of the bones and the numbers of blobs, fingers, and toes.In the 1950s and 1960s a number of biologists, including Edgar Zwilling and John Saunders, did extraordinarily creative experiments on chicken eggs to understand how skeletal structure of limbs forms and uncovered some of the key mechanisms that build limbs that have the same architecture but are as different as bird wings, lizards webbings, and human hands . They discovered that two little patches of tissue essentially control the development of the pattern of bones inside limbs. These patches of tissue were named the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA). The cells in the ZPA made special molecules that then spread across the limb to instruct cells to make femur, articulates, and connecting toes. The concentration of these molecules was the important factor and decided the length of femur, articulates, connecting toes, and even the length of individual toe fingers. Later experiments with other animals such as the bat, frog, etc. proved that the mechanism to form limbs remained the same - formation of limbs in every creature was controlled by the ZPA – just the concentration of these special molecules varied corresponding to the desired structure.The reason for this inherent commonality in architecture still remained a conundrum for decades. Why did nature not develop architectures better optimized to the functional needs of various organisms? The discovery of Tiktaalik, a transition between non-tetrapod vertebrates ("fish") to early tetrapods solved this mystery, providing evidence that all land based creatures that have limbs, hands, etc. share a common ancestor. The fact that our DNA and that of all land based animals can be traced back to Tiktaalik further provided evidence that all appendages, whether they are hands or limbs, are built by similar kinds of genes and that this great evolutionary transformation did not involve the origin of new DNA: much of the shift likely involved using ancient genes, such as those involved in development of Tiktaalik’s limbs, in new ways to make wings in birds or various sized limbs with fingers and toes, explaining the diversity in shapes while maintaining the similarity in architecture. According to the passage the mechanism that builds limbs as different as bird wings, penguin flippers, and human hands etc. is - a)controlled through the ZPA, uses the same DNA and the same genes in different ways and only differs in the concentration of special molecules.
- b)controlled through the ZPA and uses the same DNA and complementary genes suited to the shape and size of the limb.
- c)defined by the DNA coming from fish and the corresponding complement of genes activated as per the needs of the shape, size and strength of the limb.
- d)controlled through the ZPA in most tetrapods with some exceptions and uses DNA from corresponding ancestral heritage of tetrapods with suitable genes turned on.
- e)not controlled through ZPA but differs from one vertebrate to another.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Despite radical differences in what limbs do and what they look like, the underlying blueprint of all limbs in land based animals, whether those limbs are wings in birds, flippers in penguins, or hands in humans, is the same - one bone, the humerus in the arm or the femur in the leg, articulates with two bones, which attach to a series of small blobs, which connect with the fingers or toes. Want to make a bat wing? Make the fingers really long. Want to make a horse? Elongate the middle fingers and toes and lose the outer ones. The differences between creatures lie in differences in the shapes and sizes of the bones and the numbers of blobs, fingers, and toes.
In the 1950s and 1960s a number of biologists, including Edgar Zwilling and John Saunders, did extraordinarily creative experiments on chicken eggs to understand how skeletal structure of limbs forms and uncovered some of the key mechanisms that build limbs that have the same architecture but are as different as bird wings, lizards webbings, and human hands . They discovered that two little patches of tissue essentially control the development of the pattern of bones inside limbs. These patches of tissue were named the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA). The cells in the ZPA made special molecules that then spread across the limb to instruct cells to make femur, articulates, and connecting toes. The concentration of these molecules was the important factor and decided the length of femur, articulates, connecting toes, and even the length of individual toe fingers. Later experiments with other animals such as the bat, frog, etc. proved that the mechanism to form limbs remained the same - formation of limbs in every creature was controlled by the ZPA – just the concentration of these special molecules varied corresponding to the desired structure.
The reason for this inherent commonality in architecture still remained a conundrum for decades. Why did nature not develop architectures better optimized to the functional needs of various organisms? The discovery of Tiktaalik, a transition between non-tetrapod vertebrates ("fish") to early tetrapods solved this mystery, providing evidence that all land based creatures that have limbs, hands, etc. share a common ancestor. The fact that our DNA and that of all land based animals can be traced back to Tiktaalik further provided evidence that all appendages, whether they are hands or limbs, are built by similar kinds of genes and that this great evolutionary transformation did not involve the origin of new DNA: much of the shift likely involved using ancient genes, such as those involved in development of Tiktaalik’s limbs, in new ways to make wings in birds or various sized limbs with fingers and toes, explaining the diversity in shapes while maintaining the similarity in architecture.
According to the passage the mechanism that builds limbs as different as bird wings, penguin flippers, and human hands etc. is
a)
controlled through the ZPA, uses the same DNA and the same genes in different ways and only differs in the concentration of special molecules.
b)
controlled through the ZPA and uses the same DNA and complementary genes suited to the shape and size of the limb.
c)
defined by the DNA coming from fish and the corresponding complement of genes activated as per the needs of the shape, size and strength of the limb.
d)
controlled through the ZPA in most tetrapods with some exceptions and uses DNA from corresponding ancestral heritage of tetrapods with suitable genes turned on.
e)
not controlled through ZPA but differs from one vertebrate to another.
|
Preitee Ranjan Pradhan answered |
Two factors responsible
1- ZPA
2- SAME DNA
SO OPTION B,C,E OUT
IN OPTION D ITS a specific type explanation bkz it's taking language from an example TIKTALLIK.
SO OUT
1- ZPA
2- SAME DNA
SO OPTION B,C,E OUT
IN OPTION D ITS a specific type explanation bkz it's taking language from an example TIKTALLIK.
SO OUT
This much was well known that the purpose of a gene is to store the recipe for making proteins and that we inherit from our parents a gigantic list of recipes for making proteins and protein-making machines. What was not clear as late as the early 20th century until Gregor Mendel’s experiments were published and understood was that when crossed, the expression of these genes skipped a generation.Mendel discovered that when white flower and purple flower plants are crossed, the result is not a blend. Rather than being a mix of the two, the offspring was purple flowered. He then conceived the idea of heredity units, which he called "factors", one of which is a recessive characteristic and the other dominant. Mendel said that factors, later called genes, normally occur in pairs in ordinary body cells, yet segregate during the formation of sex cells. The dominant gene, such as the purple flower in Mendel's plants, will hide the recessive gene, the white flower. Mendel crossed over 29,000 plants including inflated seed pods with wrinkled seed pods, green unripe pods with yellow unripe pods, and axial flowers with terminal flowers. In every case the resulting hybrids were just like one parent with the essence of other parent missing. However, as these hybrids were allowed to self-fertilize, the essence of the recessed parent re-appeared in exactly one third of the cases. This re-appearance is called the law of thirds. This law is not just obeyed in plants but also in every living species as demonstrated by Nageli’s experiment on crossing angora cats with another breed. Nageli observed that the angora coat disappeared in the next generation but re-appeared in the kittens in the third. Mendel’s law has been put to a variety of uses such as selecting the right plants to hybridize to get the desired mix of dominant factors. A surprising use of the law has been to explain Alkaptonuria in which the patients suffered from arthritis and their urine and the ear wax turned reddish black upon exposure to air. Rare in the general population but frequent in children of first-cousin marriages, the incidence of Alkaptonuria is attributed to expression of recessive factors.The primary purpose of the passage is to - a)Explain Mendel's laws and its utilities
- b)Describe why a phenomena that was readily observed took so long to be formalized
- c)Illustrate how Mendel discovered the law of thirds.
- d)Show with appropriate examples, that cross breeding can lead to offsprings that may show characteristics that are present in neither of the parents.
- e)To evaluate some of the benefits of Mendal’s law of thirds
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
This much was well known that the purpose of a gene is to store the recipe for making proteins and that we inherit from our parents a gigantic list of recipes for making proteins and protein-making machines. What was not clear as late as the early 20th century until Gregor Mendel’s experiments were published and understood was that when crossed, the expression of these genes skipped a generation.
Mendel discovered that when white flower and purple flower plants are crossed, the result is not a blend. Rather than being a mix of the two, the offspring was purple flowered. He then conceived the idea of heredity units, which he called "factors", one of which is a recessive characteristic and the other dominant. Mendel said that factors, later called genes, normally occur in pairs in ordinary body cells, yet segregate during the formation of sex cells. The dominant gene, such as the purple flower in Mendel's plants, will hide the recessive gene, the white flower. Mendel crossed over 29,000 plants including inflated seed pods with wrinkled seed pods, green unripe pods with yellow unripe pods, and axial flowers with terminal flowers. In every case the resulting hybrids were just like one parent with the essence of other parent missing. However, as these hybrids were allowed to self-fertilize, the essence of the recessed parent re-appeared in exactly one third of the cases. This re-appearance is called the law of thirds. This law is not just obeyed in plants but also in every living species as demonstrated by Nageli’s experiment on crossing angora cats with another breed. Nageli observed that the angora coat disappeared in the next generation but re-appeared in the kittens in the third.
Mendel’s law has been put to a variety of uses such as selecting the right plants to hybridize to get the desired mix of dominant factors. A surprising use of the law has been to explain Alkaptonuria in which the patients suffered from arthritis and their urine and the ear wax turned reddish black upon exposure to air. Rare in the general population but frequent in children of first-cousin marriages, the incidence of Alkaptonuria is attributed to expression of recessive factors.
The primary purpose of the passage is to
a)
Explain Mendel's laws and its utilities
b)
Describe why a phenomena that was readily observed took so long to be formalized
c)
Illustrate how Mendel discovered the law of thirds.
d)
Show with appropriate examples, that cross breeding can lead to offsprings that may show characteristics that are present in neither of the parents.
e)
To evaluate some of the benefits of Mendal’s law of thirds
|
|
Maya Khanna answered |
Answer Choices
A
Explain Mendel's laws and its utilities
Correct answer as discussed.
B
Describe why a phenomena that was readily observed took so long to be formalized
No such discussion in the passage
C
Illustrate how Mendel discovered the law of thirds.
D
Presented only in second paragraph of the 3 paragraph passage.
Show with appropriate examples, that cross breeding can lead to offsprings that may show characteristics that are present in neither of the parents.
Not discussed in the passage.
E
To evaluate some of the benefits of Mendal’s law of thirds
Presented only in third paragraph of the 3 paragraph passage.
This much was well known that the purpose of a gene is to store the recipe for making proteins and that we inherit from our parents a gigantic list of recipes for making proteins and protein-making machines. What was not clear as late as the early 20th century until Gregor Mendel’s experiments were published and understood was that when crossed, the expression of these genes skipped a generation.Mendel discovered that when white flower and purple flower plants are crossed, the result is not a blend. Rather than being a mix of the two, the offspring was purple flowered. He then conceived the idea of heredity units, which he called "factors", one of which is a recessive characteristic and the other dominant. Mendel said that factors, later called genes, normally occur in pairs in ordinary body cells, yet segregate during the formation of sex cells. The dominant gene, such as the purple flower in Mendel's plants, will hide the recessive gene, the white flower. Mendel crossed over 29,000 plants including inflated seed pods with wrinkled seed pods, green unripe pods with yellow unripe pods, and axial flowers with terminal flowers. In every case the resulting hybrids were just like one parent with the essence of other parent missing. However, as these hybrids were allowed to self-fertilize, the essence of the recessed parent re-appeared in exactly one third of the cases. This re-appearance is called the law of thirds. This law is not just obeyed in plants but also in every living species as demonstrated by Nageli’s experiment on crossing angora cats with another breed. Nageli observed that the angora coat disappeared in the next generation but re-appeared in the kittens in the third. Mendel’s law has been put to a variety of uses such as selecting the right plants to hybridize to get the desired mix of dominant factors. A surprising use of the law has been to explain Alkaptonuria in which the patients suffered from arthritis and their urine and the ear wax turned reddish black upon exposure to air. Rare in the general population but frequent in children of first-cousin marriages, the incidence of Alkaptonuria is attributed to expression of recessive factors.According to the passage, which of the following is not true about genes?- a)Genes store a recipe for making proteins.
- b)We inherit a number of genes from our parents.
- c)They occur in pairs in every cell but those that govern our sex.
- d)The dominant genes in crossed offspring may never allow the recessive gene to express even in a future generations.
- e)The recessive gene in a crossed offspring is not expressed in the first generation.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
This much was well known that the purpose of a gene is to store the recipe for making proteins and that we inherit from our parents a gigantic list of recipes for making proteins and protein-making machines. What was not clear as late as the early 20th century until Gregor Mendel’s experiments were published and understood was that when crossed, the expression of these genes skipped a generation.
Mendel discovered that when white flower and purple flower plants are crossed, the result is not a blend. Rather than being a mix of the two, the offspring was purple flowered. He then conceived the idea of heredity units, which he called "factors", one of which is a recessive characteristic and the other dominant. Mendel said that factors, later called genes, normally occur in pairs in ordinary body cells, yet segregate during the formation of sex cells. The dominant gene, such as the purple flower in Mendel's plants, will hide the recessive gene, the white flower. Mendel crossed over 29,000 plants including inflated seed pods with wrinkled seed pods, green unripe pods with yellow unripe pods, and axial flowers with terminal flowers. In every case the resulting hybrids were just like one parent with the essence of other parent missing. However, as these hybrids were allowed to self-fertilize, the essence of the recessed parent re-appeared in exactly one third of the cases. This re-appearance is called the law of thirds. This law is not just obeyed in plants but also in every living species as demonstrated by Nageli’s experiment on crossing angora cats with another breed. Nageli observed that the angora coat disappeared in the next generation but re-appeared in the kittens in the third.
Mendel’s law has been put to a variety of uses such as selecting the right plants to hybridize to get the desired mix of dominant factors. A surprising use of the law has been to explain Alkaptonuria in which the patients suffered from arthritis and their urine and the ear wax turned reddish black upon exposure to air. Rare in the general population but frequent in children of first-cousin marriages, the incidence of Alkaptonuria is attributed to expression of recessive factors.
According to the passage, which of the following is not true about genes?
a)
Genes store a recipe for making proteins.
b)
We inherit a number of genes from our parents.
c)
They occur in pairs in every cell but those that govern our sex.
d)
The dominant genes in crossed offspring may never allow the recessive gene to express even in a future generations.
e)
The recessive gene in a crossed offspring is not expressed in the first generation.
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Tanishq Choudhury answered |
Answer Choices
A
Genes store a recipe for making proteins.
Per Passage “the purpose of a gene is to store the recipe for making proteins”
B
We inherit a number of genes from our parents.
- Per Passage “that we inherit from our parents a gigantic list of recipes”.
- Recipe is stored in genes, so we inherit genes from our parents.
C
They occur in pairs in every cell but those that govern our sex.
- Per Passage “factors, later called genes, normally occur in pairs in ordinary body cells, yet segregate during the formation of sex cells.”
D
The dominant genes in crossed offspring may never allow the recessive gene to express even in a future generations.
The law of thirds explained in the pasasge states opposite to this choice. So this choice is NOT TRUE about genes.
E
The recessive gene in a crossed offspring is not expressed in the first generation.
- Per Passage “The dominant gene, such as the purple flower in Mendel's plants, will hide the recessive gene, the white flower”.
Sea turtles, reptilian amphibians that are classified into seven distinct sub-species, are quickly beginning to rank among some of the most endangered species on the planet. These ancient reptiles are vital to Earth’s ecosystem because they feed on botanical life that grows on sea beds and thereby help maintain the natural habitat of several other marine life forms. Further, unhatched sea turtle eggs provide nutrients for plants that grow beneath the surface of the sea, which in turn strengthen sand dunes through their root systems and help prevent beaches from eroding.Ironically, human attempts to preserve the marine environment in which sea turtles live are causing the species’ numbers to dwindle even faster. In an effort to protect sea turtles that nest on the beaches, in some popular fishing areas local authorities have placed restrictions on the amount of fishing in order to protect the turtles from being caught in fishing nets and drowning. However, the reduction in the amount of fishing in these areas has led to an increase in the numbers of the giant cuttlefish, which feed on the same underwater plants as the sea turtles do. The subsequent decrease in the turtles’ food source, particularly the sea grass that is part of the turtles’ staple diet, has not only led to an alarming reduction in the number of sea turtles in these areas but also affected the balance of the marine ecosystem in these regions.The author refers to the giant cuttlefish in order to- a)explain how some species can thrive despite human activities
- b)provide an example of a marine organism that forms part of the staple diet of another marine organism
- c)identify a species that is highly endangered
- d)describe an event that has led to more than one adverse effect
- e)argue in favor of a way in which a particular species can be protected
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Sea turtles, reptilian amphibians that are classified into seven distinct sub-species, are quickly beginning to rank among some of the most endangered species on the planet. These ancient reptiles are vital to Earth’s ecosystem because they feed on botanical life that grows on sea beds and thereby help maintain the natural habitat of several other marine life forms. Further, unhatched sea turtle eggs provide nutrients for plants that grow beneath the surface of the sea, which in turn strengthen sand dunes through their root systems and help prevent beaches from eroding.
Ironically, human attempts to preserve the marine environment in which sea turtles live are causing the species’ numbers to dwindle even faster. In an effort to protect sea turtles that nest on the beaches, in some popular fishing areas local authorities have placed restrictions on the amount of fishing in order to protect the turtles from being caught in fishing nets and drowning. However, the reduction in the amount of fishing in these areas has led to an increase in the numbers of the giant cuttlefish, which feed on the same underwater plants as the sea turtles do. The subsequent decrease in the turtles’ food source, particularly the sea grass that is part of the turtles’ staple diet, has not only led to an alarming reduction in the number of sea turtles in these areas but also affected the balance of the marine ecosystem in these regions.
The author refers to the giant cuttlefish in order to
a)
explain how some species can thrive despite human activities
b)
provide an example of a marine organism that forms part of the staple diet of another marine organism
c)
identify a species that is highly endangered
d)
describe an event that has led to more than one adverse effect
e)
argue in favor of a way in which a particular species can be protected
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Ankita Chauhan answered |
Passage Analysis
Summary and Main Point
Pre-Thinking
This is an Inference EXCEPT question. Four out of the five given answer choices will be based on information given in the passage. These choices are INCORRECT. Choose a choice that cannot be backed by any piece of information given in the passage.
Answer Choices
A
The habitat of some marine organisms is impacted by the existence of the sea-turtles.
Incorrect: Can be Inferred
The author states in the first paragraph that the sea turtles feed on botanical life that grows on sea beds and thereby help maintain the natural habitat of several other marine life forms. Hence, the information given in this choice can be inferred.
B
The staple diet of two marine organisms can be the same.
Correct: Out of Scope
The passage states that GC feeds on the same plants as ST and one of these plants forms the staple diet of ST. However, there is no given information tosuggest that this plant is also the staple diet of GC.
C
Even without feeding on plants, sea turtles can be useful to the environment they are born in.
Incorrect: Can be Inferred
This statement can be derived from the information given to us about the unhatched sea turtle eggs. These eggs, we are told, provide nutrients for certain plants that in turn prevent beaches from eroding.
D
Some attempts to help the endangered species of sea turtle have had effects that had not been predicted.
Incorrect: Can be Inferred
This statement can be inferred as we are told in the second paragraph that the efforts to help the species have caused harm instead. It is obvious that this effect was not a part of the plan.
E
The giant cuttlefish were being caught in greater numbers before certain restrictions on fishing were placed in some areas.
Incorrect: Can be Inferred
We are told that as result of the restrictions, the numbers of the GC increased. Therefore, we can conclude that before these restrictions, there were being caught in greater numbers.
If # represents one of the operations +,- and *, is a # (b-c) = (a#b) – (a#c) for all numbers a, b and c.(1) a#1 is not equal to 1#a for some numbers a
(2) # represents subtraction- a)Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
- b)Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
- c)BOTH statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are sufficient to answer the question asked, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient
- d)EACH statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question asked
- e)Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient to answer the question asked, and additional data are needed
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
If # represents one of the operations +,- and *, is a # (b-c) = (a#b) – (a#c) for all numbers a, b and c.
(1) a#1 is not equal to 1#a for some numbers a
(2) # represents subtraction
(2) # represents subtraction
a)
Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
b)
Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
c)
BOTH statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are sufficient to answer the question asked, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient
d)
EACH statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question asked
e)
Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient to answer the question asked, and additional data are needed
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Rahul Kapoor answered |
(1) a#1 is not equal to 1#a for some numbers a
From this statement, we know that for some numbers a, the operation # does not exhibit commutativity when combined with the number 1. However, this statement alone does not provide enough information to determine whether a # (b-c) is equal to (a#b) - (a#c) for all numbers a, b, and c. Therefore, statement (1) alone is not sufficient to answer the question.
(2) # represents subtraction
From this statement, we know that the operation # represents subtraction. Substituting this information into the expression, we get a - (b - c) = (a - b) - (a - c). By simplifying this equation, we can see that it holds true for all numbers a, b, and c. Therefore, statement (2) alone is sufficient to answer the question.
By analyzing each statement individually, we can see that statement (2) alone is sufficient to determine that a # (b-c) is equal to (a#b) - (a#c), but statement (1) alone is not sufficient. Hence, the answer is (D) EACH statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question asked.
For any number x, [x] denotes the least integer greater than or equal to x. Is [w/3] = 4 ?(1) w < 12
(2) w > 10- a)Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
- b)Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
- c)BOTH statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are sufficient to answer the question asked, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient
- d)EACH statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question asked
- e)Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient to answer the question asked, and additional data are needed
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
For any number x, [x] denotes the least integer greater than or equal to x. Is [w/3] = 4 ?
(1) w < 12
(2) w > 10
(2) w > 10
a)
Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
b)
Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
c)
BOTH statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are sufficient to answer the question asked, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient
d)
EACH statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question asked
e)
Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient to answer the question asked, and additional data are needed
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Rahul Kapoor answered |
(1) w < 12
From this statement, we know that w is less than 12. However, this information alone does not provide enough information to determine whether [w/3] is equal to 4. For example, if w is 11, then [w/3] would be [11/3] = [3.6667] = 4. But if w is 9, then [w/3] would be [9/3] = [3] = 3. Therefore, statement (1) alone is not sufficient to answer the question.
(2) w > 10
From this statement, we know that w is greater than 10. However, this information alone also does not provide enough information to determine whether [w/3] is equal to 4. For example, if w is 11, then [w/3] would be [11/3] = [3.6667] = 4. But if w is 12, then [w/3] would be [12/3] = [4] = 4. Therefore, statement (2) alone is not sufficient to answer the question.
By analyzing each statement individually, we can see that neither statement alone is sufficient to determine whether [w/3] is equal to 4. However, by combining both statements, we can conclude that w is between 10 and 12 exclusive (10 < w < 12). In this range, [w/3] would be the least integer greater than or equal to w/3, which is 4. Therefore, both statements together are sufficient to answer the question.
Hence, the answer is (C) BOTH statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are sufficient to answer the question asked, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.
Sea turtles, reptilian amphibians that are classified into seven distinct sub-species, are quickly beginning to rank among some of the most endangered species on the planet. These ancient reptiles are vital to Earth’s ecosystem because they feed on botanical life that grows on sea beds and thereby help maintain the natural habitat of several other marine life forms. Further, unhatched sea turtle eggs provide nutrients for plants that grow beneath the surface of the sea, which in turn strengthen sand dunes through their root systems and help prevent beaches from eroding.Ironically, human attempts to preserve the marine environment in which sea turtles live are causing the species’ numbers to dwindle even faster. In an effort to protect sea turtles that nest on the beaches, in some popular fishing areas local authorities have placed restrictions on the amount of fishing in order to protect the turtles from being caught in fishing nets and drowning. However, the reduction in the amount of fishing in these areas has led to an increase in the numbers of the giant cuttlefish, which feed on the same underwater plants as the sea turtles do. The subsequent decrease in the turtles’ food source, particularly the sea grass that is part of the turtles’ staple diet, has not only led to an alarming reduction in the number of sea turtles in these areas but also affected the balance of the marine ecosystem in these regions.The author suggests which of the following about sea turtles?- a)An increase in the number of sea turtles will probably lead to a decrease in the number of giant cuttlefish.
- b)Restrictions in the amount of fishing in some areas have led to an increase in illegal poaching of sea turtles.
- c)In some areas, sea turtles would probably be less endangered if giant cuttlefish populations were lower in number.
- d)The plants that form part of the diet of sea turtles are found only on the sea bed.
- e)Sea turtles are more endangered than turtle species that live on land.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Sea turtles, reptilian amphibians that are classified into seven distinct sub-species, are quickly beginning to rank among some of the most endangered species on the planet. These ancient reptiles are vital to Earth’s ecosystem because they feed on botanical life that grows on sea beds and thereby help maintain the natural habitat of several other marine life forms. Further, unhatched sea turtle eggs provide nutrients for plants that grow beneath the surface of the sea, which in turn strengthen sand dunes through their root systems and help prevent beaches from eroding.
Ironically, human attempts to preserve the marine environment in which sea turtles live are causing the species’ numbers to dwindle even faster. In an effort to protect sea turtles that nest on the beaches, in some popular fishing areas local authorities have placed restrictions on the amount of fishing in order to protect the turtles from being caught in fishing nets and drowning. However, the reduction in the amount of fishing in these areas has led to an increase in the numbers of the giant cuttlefish, which feed on the same underwater plants as the sea turtles do. The subsequent decrease in the turtles’ food source, particularly the sea grass that is part of the turtles’ staple diet, has not only led to an alarming reduction in the number of sea turtles in these areas but also affected the balance of the marine ecosystem in these regions.
The author suggests which of the following about sea turtles?
a)
An increase in the number of sea turtles will probably lead to a decrease in the number of giant cuttlefish.
b)
Restrictions in the amount of fishing in some areas have led to an increase in illegal poaching of sea turtles.
c)
In some areas, sea turtles would probably be less endangered if giant cuttlefish populations were lower in number.
d)
The plants that form part of the diet of sea turtles are found only on the sea bed.
e)
Sea turtles are more endangered than turtle species that live on land.
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Sandeep Mehra answered |
Passage Analysis
Summary and Main Point
Pre-Thinking
This is an Inference question. The correct answer will contain a statement that is implied by what is explicitly stated in the passage. Study each choice carefully and rule out the four that cannot be inferred from the passage.
Answer Choices
A
An increase in the number of sea turtles will probably lead to a decrease in the number of giant cuttlefish.
Incorrect: Out of Scope
No information is provided about the possible results of an increase in the number of ST. According to the passage, the number of GC has increased because of reduction in fishing. We do not know if GC would be affected by an increase in the number of ST.
B
Restrictions in the amount of fishing in some areas have led to an increase in illegal poaching of sea turtles.
Incorrect: Out of Scope
No information is provided to deduce anything about the poaching of sea turtles.
C
In some areas, sea turtles would probably be less endangered if giant cuttlefish populations were lower in number.
Correct
Since the passage states that increased giant cuttlefish (GC) numbers have led to a decrease in ST numbers, this choice can be inferred.
D
The plants that form part of the diet of sea turtles are found only on the sea bed.
Incorrect: Out of Scope
We cannot infer that these plants are found only on the sea bed.
E
Sea turtles are more endangered than turtle species that live on land.
Incorrect: Out of Scope
The passage does not make any comparison between ST and land turtles.
A team of researchers has been able to successfully study the highly complex molecular structure of mitoribosomes, which are the ribosomes of mitochondria. Ribosomes are found in the cells of all living organisms, and they serve as a primary location for biological protein synthesis, but certain organisms such as fungi, plants, animals, and humans contain much more complex ribosomes than bacteria do. In organisms with complex cells, ribosomes can also be divided into two types: those in the cytosol -- which comprises the majority of the cell -- and those found in the mitochondria or "power houses" of cells. Mitochondria are found only in eukaryotes. Every ribosome consists of two subunits. The smaller subunit uses transfer ribonucleic acids to decode the genetic code, which is stored in the DNA, it receives in the form of messenger ribonucleic acids, while the larger subunit joins the amino acids delivered by the transfer ribonucleic acids together like a string of pearls. Since they are found only in small amounts and are difficult to isolate, mitochondrial ribosomes or mitoribosomes are particularly difficult to study. But because of the recent technical advances in cryo-electron microscopy and the development of direct electron detection cameras that can correct for specimen motion during the exposure, it recently became possible to capture images of biomolecules at a resolution high enough to capture the details, especially those of the peptidyl transferase centre (PTC).This research is of special importance to producing the right kind of antibiotics for humans. PTC is where the amino acid building blocks are combined, leading to protein synthesis. As per the researchers, this process of synthesizing proteins is medically relevant as the tunnel through which the proteins pass, after being synthesized, is a target for specific antibiotics. The antibiotic blocks the tunnel, preventing the proteins that have just been synthesized from leaving the tunnel. However, for an antibiotic to be used in humans, it must not attack human ribosomes and should inhibit protein synthesis only in the ribosomes of bacteria. The problem arises since mitochondrial ribosomes resemble those of bacteria, which is why certain antibiotics also interfere with mitoribosomes, possibly leading to serious side effects. The findings of the research will make it possible in the future to design antibiotics that inhibit only bacterial and not mitochondrial ribosomes, the one basic requirement for using them in clinical applications.Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?- a)The same antibiotic will have different reactions on humans and animals.
- b)The pharmaceutical companies that have been producing antibiotics that inadvertently harm people by blocking the release of the proteins will gain significant monetary benefit from producing antibiotics that do not attack the human body in such a way.
- c)The quantity of a specific kind of ribosomes was partly responsible for the limited success in studying them.
- d)Without the latest technical advances in cryo- electron microscopy, it would not have been possible to study mitoribosomes at all.
- e)Mitoribosomes are the only kind of ribosomes that are adversely affected by antibiotics.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
A team of researchers has been able to successfully study the highly complex molecular structure of mitoribosomes, which are the ribosomes of mitochondria. Ribosomes are found in the cells of all living organisms, and they serve as a primary location for biological protein synthesis, but certain organisms such as fungi, plants, animals, and humans contain much more complex ribosomes than bacteria do. In organisms with complex cells, ribosomes can also be divided into two types: those in the cytosol -- which comprises the majority of the cell -- and those found in the mitochondria or "power houses" of cells. Mitochondria are found only in eukaryotes. Every ribosome consists of two subunits. The smaller subunit uses transfer ribonucleic acids to decode the genetic code, which is stored in the DNA, it receives in the form of messenger ribonucleic acids, while the larger subunit joins the amino acids delivered by the transfer ribonucleic acids together like a string of pearls.
Since they are found only in small amounts and are difficult to isolate, mitochondrial ribosomes or mitoribosomes are particularly difficult to study. But because of the recent technical advances in cryo-electron microscopy and the development of direct electron detection cameras that can correct for specimen motion during the exposure, it recently became possible to capture images of biomolecules at a resolution high enough to capture the details, especially those of the peptidyl transferase centre (PTC).
This research is of special importance to producing the right kind of antibiotics for humans. PTC is where the amino acid building blocks are combined, leading to protein synthesis. As per the researchers, this process of synthesizing proteins is medically relevant as the tunnel through which the proteins pass, after being synthesized, is a target for specific antibiotics. The antibiotic blocks the tunnel, preventing the proteins that have just been synthesized from leaving the tunnel. However, for an antibiotic to be used in humans, it must not attack human ribosomes and should inhibit protein synthesis only in the ribosomes of bacteria. The problem arises since mitochondrial ribosomes resemble those of bacteria, which is why certain antibiotics also interfere with mitoribosomes, possibly leading to serious side effects. The findings of the research will make it possible in the future to design antibiotics that inhibit only bacterial and not mitochondrial ribosomes, the one basic requirement for using them in clinical applications.
Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
a)
The same antibiotic will have different reactions on humans and animals.
b)
The pharmaceutical companies that have been producing antibiotics that inadvertently harm people by blocking the release of the proteins will gain significant monetary benefit from producing antibiotics that do not attack the human body in such a way.
c)
The quantity of a specific kind of ribosomes was partly responsible for the limited success in studying them.
d)
Without the latest technical advances in cryo- electron microscopy, it would not have been possible to study mitoribosomes at all.
e)
Mitoribosomes are the only kind of ribosomes that are adversely affected by antibiotics.
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Akshay Khanna answered |
Passage Analysis
Summary and Main Point
Pre-Thinking
This is an Inference question. The correct answer will either be a restatement of what’s given in the passage or be a statement that can be deduced on the basis of the given information but may not be itself be explicitly stated in the passage. Negate the answer choices that are not bolstered by specific facts mentioned in the passage.
Answer Choices
A
The same antibiotic will have different reactions on humans and animals.
Incorrect: Out Of Scope
There is no information given in the passage about the comparative action of any antibiotic on humans and animals.
B
The pharmaceutical companies that have been producing antibiotics that inadvertently harm people by blocking the release of the proteins will gain significant monetary benefit from producing antibiotics that do not attack the human body in such a way.
Incorrect: Out Of Scope
To begin with, there is no mention of any pharmaceutical companies. Yes, the author talks about how the research could lead to the development of better (less harmful) antibiotics but there is no information given in the passage to support that such companies will gain significantly in monetary terms by developing them.
C
The quantity of a specific kind of ribosomes was partly responsible for the limited success in studying them.
Correct
This choice is a combination of a couple of statements from the passage. The author tells us that mitoribosomes are ribosomes of a specific kind (first paragraph) and that they are particularly difficult to study because they are found only in small amounts and are difficult to isolate (second paragraph). Hence, one can infer the information given in this choice.
D
Without the latest technical advances in cryo- electron microscopy, it would not have been possible to study mitoribosomes at all.
Incorrect: Out Of Scope
All the author tells us is how this advancement enabled the researcher to capture certain details for the first time. However, it gives us no ground to infer that the study of mitoribosomes itself would have been impossible or that before the study, there was no information available on them.
E
Mitoribosomes are the only kind of ribosomes that are adversely affected by antibiotics.
Incorrect: Out Of Scope
There is no information given in the passage to conclude that the antibiotics do not have any adverse effect on other kinds of ribosomes.
Sea turtles, reptilian amphibians that are classified into seven distinct sub-species, are quickly beginning to rank among some of the most endangered species on the planet. These ancient reptiles are vital to Earth’s ecosystem because they feed on botanical life that grows on sea beds and thereby help maintain the natural habitat of several other marine life forms. Further, unhatched sea turtle eggs provide nutrients for plants that grow beneath the surface of the sea, which in turn strengthen sand dunes through their root systems and help prevent beaches from eroding.Ironically, human attempts to preserve the marine environment in which sea turtles live are causing the species’ numbers to dwindle even faster. In an effort to protect sea turtles that nest on the beaches, in some popular fishing areas local authorities have placed restrictions on the amount of fishing in order to protect the turtles from being caught in fishing nets and drowning. However, the reduction in the amount of fishing in these areas has led to an increase in the numbers of the giant cuttlefish, which feed on the same underwater plants as the sea turtles do. The subsequent decrease in the turtles’ food source, particularly the sea grass that is part of the turtles’ staple diet, has not only led to an alarming reduction in the number of sea turtles in these areas but also affected the balance of the marine ecosystem in these regions.Which of the following CANNOT be inferred from the passage?- a)The habitat of some marine organisms is impacted by the existence of the sea-turtles.
- b)The staple diet of two marine organisms can be the same.
- c)Even without feeding on plants, sea turtles can be useful to the environment they are born in.
- d)Some attempts to help the endangered species of sea turtle have had effects that had not been predicted.
- e)The giant cuttlefish were being caught in greater numbers before certain restrictions on fishing were placed in some areas.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Sea turtles, reptilian amphibians that are classified into seven distinct sub-species, are quickly beginning to rank among some of the most endangered species on the planet. These ancient reptiles are vital to Earth’s ecosystem because they feed on botanical life that grows on sea beds and thereby help maintain the natural habitat of several other marine life forms. Further, unhatched sea turtle eggs provide nutrients for plants that grow beneath the surface of the sea, which in turn strengthen sand dunes through their root systems and help prevent beaches from eroding.
Ironically, human attempts to preserve the marine environment in which sea turtles live are causing the species’ numbers to dwindle even faster. In an effort to protect sea turtles that nest on the beaches, in some popular fishing areas local authorities have placed restrictions on the amount of fishing in order to protect the turtles from being caught in fishing nets and drowning. However, the reduction in the amount of fishing in these areas has led to an increase in the numbers of the giant cuttlefish, which feed on the same underwater plants as the sea turtles do. The subsequent decrease in the turtles’ food source, particularly the sea grass that is part of the turtles’ staple diet, has not only led to an alarming reduction in the number of sea turtles in these areas but also affected the balance of the marine ecosystem in these regions.Which of the following CANNOT be inferred from the passage?
a)
The habitat of some marine organisms is impacted by the existence of the sea-turtles.
b)
The staple diet of two marine organisms can be the same.
c)
Even without feeding on plants, sea turtles can be useful to the environment they are born in.
d)
Some attempts to help the endangered species of sea turtle have had effects that had not been predicted.
e)
The giant cuttlefish were being caught in greater numbers before certain restrictions on fishing were placed in some areas.
|
|
Maya Khanna answered |
Passage Analysis
Summary and Main Point
Pre-Thinking
This is an Inference EXCEPT question. Four out of the five given answer choices will be based on information given in the passage. These choices are INCORRECT. Choose a choice that cannot be backed by any piece of information given in the passage.
Answer Choices
A
The habitat of some marine organisms is impacted by the existence of the sea-turtles.
Incorrect: Can be Inferred
The author states in the first paragraph that the sea turtles feed on botanical life that grows on sea beds and thereby help maintain the natural habitat of several other marine life forms. Hence, the information given in this choice can be inferred.
B
The staple diet of two marine organisms can be the same.
Correct: Out of Scope
The passage states that GC feeds on the same plants as ST and one of these plants forms the staple diet of ST. However, there is no given information tosuggest that this plant is also the staple diet of GC.
C
Even without feeding on plants, sea turtles can be useful to the environment they are born in.
Incorrect: Can be Inferred
This statement can be derived from the information given to us about the unhatched sea turtle eggs. These eggs, we are told, provide nutrients for certain plants that in turn prevent beaches from eroding.
D
Some attempts to help the endangered species of sea turtle have had effects that had not been predicted.
Incorrect: Can be Inferred
This statement can be inferred as we are told in the second paragraph that the efforts to help the species have caused harm instead. It is obvious that this effect was not a part of the plan.
E
The giant cuttlefish were being caught in greater numbers before certain restrictions on fishing were placed in some areas.
Incorrect: Can be Inferred
We are told that as result of the restrictions, the numbers of the GC increased. Therefore, we can conclude that before these restrictions, there were being caught in greater numbers.
A team of researchers has been able to successfully study the highly complex molecular structure of mitoribosomes, which are the ribosomes of mitochondria. Ribosomes are found in the cells of all living organisms, and they serve as a primary location for biological protein synthesis, but certain organisms such as fungi, plants, animals, and humans contain much more complex ribosomes than bacteria do. In organisms with complex cells, ribosomes can also be divided into two types: those in the cytosol -- which comprises the majority of the cell -- and those found in the mitochondria or "power houses" of cells. Mitochondria are found only in eukaryotes. Every ribosome consists of two subunits. The smaller subunit uses transfer ribonucleic acids to decode the genetic code, which is stored in the DNA, it receives in the form of messenger ribonucleic acids, while the larger subunit joins the amino acids delivered by the transfer ribonucleic acids together like a string of pearls. Since they are found only in small amounts and are difficult to isolate, mitochondrial ribosomes or mitoribosomes are particularly difficult to study. But because of the recent technical advances in cryo-electron microscopy and the development of direct electron detection cameras that can correct for specimen motion during the exposure, it recently became possible to capture images of biomolecules at a resolution high enough to capture the details, especially those of the peptidyl transferase centre (PTC).This research is of special importance to producing the right kind of antibiotics for humans. PTC is where the amino acid building blocks are combined, leading to protein synthesis. As per the researchers, this process of synthesizing proteins is medically relevant as the tunnel through which the proteins pass, after being synthesized, is a target for specific antibiotics. The antibiotic blocks the tunnel, preventing the proteins that have just been synthesized from leaving the tunnel. However, for an antibiotic to be used in humans, it must not attack human ribosomes and should inhibit protein synthesis only in the ribosomes of bacteria. The problem arises since mitochondrial ribosomes resemble those of bacteria, which is why certain antibiotics also interfere with mitoribosomes, possibly leading to serious side effects. The findings of the research will make it possible in the future to design antibiotics that inhibit only bacterial and not mitochondrial ribosomes, the one basic requirement for using them in clinical applications.Which of the following most aptly describes the function of the first paragraph?- a)To discuss the overall functioning of the human body
- b)To explain the scope of relevance of the mentioned research
- c)To give details about two unrelated concepts
- d)To mention an achievement while setting the context for it
- e)To provide information about ribosomes particularly about mitoribosomes
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
A team of researchers has been able to successfully study the highly complex molecular structure of mitoribosomes, which are the ribosomes of mitochondria. Ribosomes are found in the cells of all living organisms, and they serve as a primary location for biological protein synthesis, but certain organisms such as fungi, plants, animals, and humans contain much more complex ribosomes than bacteria do. In organisms with complex cells, ribosomes can also be divided into two types: those in the cytosol -- which comprises the majority of the cell -- and those found in the mitochondria or "power houses" of cells. Mitochondria are found only in eukaryotes. Every ribosome consists of two subunits. The smaller subunit uses transfer ribonucleic acids to decode the genetic code, which is stored in the DNA, it receives in the form of messenger ribonucleic acids, while the larger subunit joins the amino acids delivered by the transfer ribonucleic acids together like a string of pearls.
Since they are found only in small amounts and are difficult to isolate, mitochondrial ribosomes or mitoribosomes are particularly difficult to study. But because of the recent technical advances in cryo-electron microscopy and the development of direct electron detection cameras that can correct for specimen motion during the exposure, it recently became possible to capture images of biomolecules at a resolution high enough to capture the details, especially those of the peptidyl transferase centre (PTC).
This research is of special importance to producing the right kind of antibiotics for humans. PTC is where the amino acid building blocks are combined, leading to protein synthesis. As per the researchers, this process of synthesizing proteins is medically relevant as the tunnel through which the proteins pass, after being synthesized, is a target for specific antibiotics. The antibiotic blocks the tunnel, preventing the proteins that have just been synthesized from leaving the tunnel. However, for an antibiotic to be used in humans, it must not attack human ribosomes and should inhibit protein synthesis only in the ribosomes of bacteria. The problem arises since mitochondrial ribosomes resemble those of bacteria, which is why certain antibiotics also interfere with mitoribosomes, possibly leading to serious side effects. The findings of the research will make it possible in the future to design antibiotics that inhibit only bacterial and not mitochondrial ribosomes, the one basic requirement for using them in clinical applications.
Which of the following most aptly describes the function of the first paragraph?
a)
To discuss the overall functioning of the human body
b)
To explain the scope of relevance of the mentioned research
c)
To give details about two unrelated concepts
d)
To mention an achievement while setting the context for it
e)
To provide information about ribosomes particularly about mitoribosomes
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Ankita Chauhan answered |
Passage Analysis
Summary and Main Point
Pre-Thinking
This is a Function question.
From the individual paragraph summaries, we know that the first paragraph mentions an achievement and sets the context for the same. This is the function of the first paragraph.
Answer Choices
A
To discuss the overall functioning of the human body
Incorrect: Inconsistent
The author does mention the functions of ribosomes and mitochondria, but this information is not given from the viewpoint of discussing the overall functioning of the human body. It’s given from the point of view of setting the context for the research mentioned in the passage.
B
To explain the scope of relevance of the mentioned research
Incorrect: Irrelevant
Any discussion on the relevance of the research is found in the third final paragraph, not in the first one.
C
To give details about two unrelated concepts
Incorrect: Irrelevant
All the pieces of information given in the first paragraph about ribosomes and mitochondria are related to one another.
D
To mention an achievement while setting the context for it
Correct
This choice matches the function we came up with in the passage analysis. The discussion on ribosomes and mitochondria is related to the discussion the author wants to hold for the achievement of the researchers. Hence, the author sets context for it by educating the reader about ribosomes and mitochondria.
E
To provide information about ribosomes particularly about mitoribosomes
Incorrect: Partial Scope
The paragraph does provide information about ribosomes but never focuses on mitoribosomes in terms of sharing details on them. Also, whatever the details are, they are meant as part of a discussion in which they set context for the mentioned medical research.
If m # n represents the integer remainder that results when a positive integer m is divided by a positive integer n, what is the value of a positive integer x?(1) 81 # x = 1
(2) x # 40 = 0- a)Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
- b)Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
- c)BOTH statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are sufficient to answer the question asked, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient
- d)EACH statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question asked
- e)Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient to answer the question asked, and additional data are needed
Correct answer is option 'E'. Can you explain this answer?
If m # n represents the integer remainder that results when a positive integer m is divided by a positive integer n, what is the value of a positive integer x?
(1) 81 # x = 1
(2) x # 40 = 0
(2) x # 40 = 0
a)
Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
b)
Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
c)
BOTH statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are sufficient to answer the question asked, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient
d)
EACH statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question asked
e)
Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient to answer the question asked, and additional data are needed
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Rahul Kapoor answered |
(1) 81 # x = 1
From this statement, we know that the remainder when 81 is divided by x is 1. However, we don't have any information about x itself. The remainder could be 1 for various values of x. For example, if x is 80, the remainder would be 1, but if x is 2, the remainder would also be 1. Therefore, statement (1) alone is not sufficient to determine the value of x.
(2) x # 40 = 0
From this statement, we know that the remainder when x is divided by 40 is 0. This implies that x is a multiple of 40. However, we still don't know the specific value of x. It could be 40, 80, 120, or any other positive integer that is a multiple of 40. Therefore, statement (2) alone is not sufficient to determine the value of x.
By analyzing each statement individually, we can see that neither statement alone is sufficient to determine the value of x. Therefore, the answer is (E) Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient to answer the question asked, and additional data are needed.
If f is the function defined by f(x) = 27x for x ≥ 0 and f(x) = x4 for x < 0, what is the value of f (k)?(1) |k| = 3
(2) k < 0- a)Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
- b)Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
- c)BOTH statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are sufficient to answer the question asked, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient
- d)EACH statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question asked
- e)Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient to answer the question asked, and additional data are needed
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
If f is the function defined by f(x) = 27x for x ≥ 0 and f(x) = x4 for x < 0, what is the value of f (k)?
(1) |k| = 3
(2) k < 0
(2) k < 0
a)
Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
b)
Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
c)
BOTH statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are sufficient to answer the question asked, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient
d)
EACH statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question asked
e)
Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient to answer the question asked, and additional data are needed
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Rahul Kapoor answered |
(1) |k| = 3
From this statement, we know that the absolute value of k is 3. Since the absolute value always gives a positive value, we can conclude that k is either 3 or -3.
For k = 3:
Using the given function, f(x) = 27x for x ≥ 0, we can substitute x = 3:
f(3) = 27 * 3 = 81
Using the given function, f(x) = 27x for x ≥ 0, we can substitute x = 3:
f(3) = 27 * 3 = 81
For k = -3:
Using the given function, f(x) = x4 for x < 0, we can substitute x = -3:
f(-3) = (-3)4 = 81
Using the given function, f(x) = x4 for x < 0, we can substitute x = -3:
f(-3) = (-3)4 = 81
Therefore, regardless of whether k is 3 or -3, the value of f(k) is 81.
(2) k < 0
From this statement, we know that k is negative. However, this alone doesn't provide enough information to determine the value of f(k). We need to know the exact value of k to evaluate the function accurately.
By analyzing each statement individually, we can see that statement (1) alone is sufficient to determine the value of f(k), but statement (2) alone is not sufficient. Hence, the answer is (A) Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked.
Tit-for-Tat – a strategy that is a variation of an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth - is clear and simple, never initiates cheating, and provocable that it is, it never allows cheating to go unpunished. It is surprisingly successful in two-person prisoner’s dilemma games. In a tournament that pitched 150 game theorists from around the world and in which contestants were ranked by the sum of their scores, the winner Anatol Rapoport successfully deployed this strategy. The result and the winner remained the same when the same tournament was repeated with an expanded audience. One of the impressive features about Tit-for-Tat is that it did so well overall, even though it did not (nor could it) beat any one of its rivals in a head-on. At best, Tit-for-Tat ties its rivals. Hence, if the competition was scored as a winner take-all contest, Anatol would not have won. The two advantages of Tit-for-Tat are that firstly, it always comes close and secondly, it usually encourages cooperation while avoiding exploitation.In-spite of the above, Tit-for-Tat is a flawed strategy in certain situations. The slightest possibility of misperception results in the complete breakdown in the success of Tit-for-Tat. For example, in 1987, the United States responded to the Soviet spying and wiretapping of the US embassy in Moscow by reducing the number of Soviet diplomats permitted in United States. The Soviets responded by cutting the support staff at the US embassy in Moscow and reducing the number of US diplomats. As a result, both countries found it difficult to carry on their diplomatic functions. The problem with Tit-for-Tat is that any mistake echoes back and forth and sets up a chain reaction that has the potential to cause grave damage.The passage suggests that Anatol Rapoport won the two-person prisoner’s dilemma tournaments because- a)Anatol deployed Tit for tat while his rivals did not.
- b)Anatol was able to tie with each one of his rivals.
- c)The tournaments were not scored as a winner take all contest but ranked contestants by the sum of their scores.
- d)The tournament was based on a classic prisoner’s dilemma principle, one that Anatol may have been well versed with.
- e)Anatol was able to ensure that all his rivals cooperate with him in each of the games he played.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Tit-for-Tat – a strategy that is a variation of an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth - is clear and simple, never initiates cheating, and provocable that it is, it never allows cheating to go unpunished. It is surprisingly successful in two-person prisoner’s dilemma games. In a tournament that pitched 150 game theorists from around the world and in which contestants were ranked by the sum of their scores, the winner Anatol Rapoport successfully deployed this strategy. The result and the winner remained the same when the same tournament was repeated with an expanded audience. One of the impressive features about Tit-for-Tat is that it did so well overall, even though it did not (nor could it) beat any one of its rivals in a head-on. At best, Tit-for-Tat ties its rivals. Hence, if the competition was scored as a winner take-all contest, Anatol would not have won. The two advantages of Tit-for-Tat are that firstly, it always comes close and secondly, it usually encourages cooperation while avoiding exploitation.
In-spite of the above, Tit-for-Tat is a flawed strategy in certain situations. The slightest possibility of misperception results in the complete breakdown in the success of Tit-for-Tat. For example, in 1987, the United States responded to the Soviet spying and wiretapping of the US embassy in Moscow by reducing the number of Soviet diplomats permitted in United States. The Soviets responded by cutting the support staff at the US embassy in Moscow and reducing the number of US diplomats. As a result, both countries found it difficult to carry on their diplomatic functions. The problem with Tit-for-Tat is that any mistake echoes back and forth and sets up a chain reaction that has the potential to cause grave damage.
The passage suggests that Anatol Rapoport won the two-person prisoner’s dilemma tournaments because
a)
Anatol deployed Tit for tat while his rivals did not.
b)
Anatol was able to tie with each one of his rivals.
c)
The tournaments were not scored as a winner take all contest but ranked contestants by the sum of their scores.
d)
The tournament was based on a classic prisoner’s dilemma principle, one that Anatol may have been well versed with.
e)
Anatol was able to ensure that all his rivals cooperate with him in each of the games he played.
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Niti Choudhury answered |
Explanation:
Ranking based on the sum of scores:
- The passage mentions that the tournaments where Anatol Rapoport emerged as the winner were ranked by the sum of the contestants' scores rather than being a winner take-all contest.
- This means that even though Tit-for-Tat did not beat any one of its rivals head-on, it was able to consistently perform well in each round, accumulating a high total score over the course of the tournament.
Therefore, the correct answer is option 'C': The tournaments were not scored as a winner take-all contest but ranked contestants by the sum of their scores.
Ranking based on the sum of scores:
- The passage mentions that the tournaments where Anatol Rapoport emerged as the winner were ranked by the sum of the contestants' scores rather than being a winner take-all contest.
- This means that even though Tit-for-Tat did not beat any one of its rivals head-on, it was able to consistently perform well in each round, accumulating a high total score over the course of the tournament.
Therefore, the correct answer is option 'C': The tournaments were not scored as a winner take-all contest but ranked contestants by the sum of their scores.
Despite radical differences in what limbs do and what they look like, the underlying blueprint of all limbs in land based animals, whether those limbs are wings in birds, flippers in penguins, or hands in humans, is the same - one bone, the humerus in the arm or the femur in the leg, articulates with two bones, which attach to a series of small blobs, which connect with the fingers or toes. Want to make a bat wing? Make the fingers really long. Want to make a horse? Elongate the middle fingers and toes and lose the outer ones. The differences between creatures lie in differences in the shapes and sizes of the bones and the numbers of blobs, fingers, and toes.In the 1950s and 1960s a number of biologists, including Edgar Zwilling and John Saunders, did extraordinarily creative experiments on chicken eggs to understand how skeletal structure of limbs forms and uncovered some of the key mechanisms that build limbs that have the same architecture but are as different as bird wings, lizards webbings, and human hands . They discovered that two little patches of tissue essentially control the development of the pattern of bones inside limbs. These patches of tissue were named the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA). The cells in the ZPA made special molecules that then spread across the limb to instruct cells to make femur, articulates, and connecting toes. The concentration of these molecules was the important factor and decided the length of femur, articulates, connecting toes, and even the length of individual toe fingers. Later experiments with other animals such as the bat, frog, etc. proved that the mechanism to form limbs remained the same - formation of limbs in every creature was controlled by the ZPA – just the concentration of these special molecules varied corresponding to the desired structure.The reason for this inherent commonality in architecture still remained a conundrum for decades. Why did nature not develop architectures better optimized to the functional needs of various organisms? The discovery of Tiktaalik, a transition between non-tetrapod vertebrates ("fish") to early tetrapods solved this mystery, providing evidence that all land based creatures that have limbs, hands, etc. share a common ancestor. The fact that our DNA and that of all land based animals can be traced back to Tiktaalik further provided evidence that all appendages, whether they are hands or limbs, are built by similar kinds of genes and that this great evolutionary transformation did not involve the origin of new DNA: much of the shift likely involved using ancient genes, such as those involved in development of Tiktaalik’s limbs, in new ways to make wings in birds or various sized limbs with fingers and toes, explaining the diversity in shapes while maintaining the similarity in architecture. The primary purpose of the passage is - a)To explain the reasons for the similarity in the architecture of the limbs of all land based organisms.
- b)To evaluate the implications of the experiments of Edgar Zwilling and John Saunders.
- c)To trace the importance of the discovery of Tiktaalik.
- d)To describe the role a common DNA plays in the unified architecture of the limbs of all land based organisms.
- e)To deduce how limbs of various sizes and shapes are built by the ZPA tissue.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Despite radical differences in what limbs do and what they look like, the underlying blueprint of all limbs in land based animals, whether those limbs are wings in birds, flippers in penguins, or hands in humans, is the same - one bone, the humerus in the arm or the femur in the leg, articulates with two bones, which attach to a series of small blobs, which connect with the fingers or toes. Want to make a bat wing? Make the fingers really long. Want to make a horse? Elongate the middle fingers and toes and lose the outer ones. The differences between creatures lie in differences in the shapes and sizes of the bones and the numbers of blobs, fingers, and toes.In the 1950s and 1960s a number of biologists, including Edgar Zwilling and John Saunders, did extraordinarily creative experiments on chicken eggs to understand how skeletal structure of limbs forms and uncovered some of the key mechanisms that build limbs that have the same architecture but are as different as bird wings, lizards webbings, and human hands . They discovered that two little patches of tissue essentially control the development of the pattern of bones inside limbs. These patches of tissue were named the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA). The cells in the ZPA made special molecules that then spread across the limb to instruct cells to make femur, articulates, and connecting toes. The concentration of these molecules was the important factor and decided the length of femur, articulates, connecting toes, and even the length of individual toe fingers. Later experiments with other animals such as the bat, frog, etc. proved that the mechanism to form limbs remained the same - formation of limbs in every creature was controlled by the ZPA – just the concentration of these special molecules varied corresponding to the desired structure.The reason for this inherent commonality in architecture still remained a conundrum for decades. Why did nature not develop architectures better optimized to the functional needs of various organisms? The discovery of Tiktaalik, a transition between non-tetrapod vertebrates ("fish") to early tetrapods solved this mystery, providing evidence that all land based creatures that have limbs, hands, etc. share a common ancestor. The fact that our DNA and that of all land based animals can be traced back to Tiktaalik further provided evidence that all appendages, whether they are hands or limbs, are built by similar kinds of genes and that this great evolutionary transformation did not involve the origin of new DNA: much of the shift likely involved using ancient genes, such as those involved in development of Tiktaalik’s limbs, in new ways to make wings in birds or various sized limbs with fingers and toes, explaining the diversity in shapes while maintaining the similarity in architecture.
The primary purpose of the passage is
a)
To explain the reasons for the similarity in the architecture of the limbs of all land based organisms.
b)
To evaluate the implications of the experiments of Edgar Zwilling and John Saunders.
c)
To trace the importance of the discovery of Tiktaalik.
d)
To describe the role a common DNA plays in the unified architecture of the limbs of all land based organisms.
e)
To deduce how limbs of various sizes and shapes are built by the ZPA tissue.
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Avantika Sengupta answered |
Purpose of the Passage
The primary purpose of the passage is to explain the reasons for the similarity in the architecture of the limbs of all land-based organisms.
Key Points Supporting the Answer:
- Common Limb Structure: The passage begins by highlighting the underlying blueprint common to all limbs in land-based animals, regardless of their functional differences. This sets the stage for discussing the shared architectural framework.
- Role of ZPA: It details the discovery of the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) and how it regulates limb development across various species. This is crucial in establishing why different animals have similar limb structures despite their functional adaptations.
- Evidence from Tiktaalik: The discovery of Tiktaalik serves as a pivotal example to illustrate that all land-based creatures share a common ancestor. This reinforces the idea that the similarities in limb architecture stem from evolutionary lineage rather than independent development.
- Genetic Mechanisms: The passage concludes by explaining how ancient genes, repurposed in various ways, contribute to the diverse forms of limbs while maintaining a consistent architectural foundation. This directly addresses the question of why such similarities exist across species.
In summary, the passage systematically presents evidence and reasoning that elucidate the shared architectural features of limbs in land-based organisms, making option 'A' the most appropriate choice.
The primary purpose of the passage is to explain the reasons for the similarity in the architecture of the limbs of all land-based organisms.
Key Points Supporting the Answer:
- Common Limb Structure: The passage begins by highlighting the underlying blueprint common to all limbs in land-based animals, regardless of their functional differences. This sets the stage for discussing the shared architectural framework.
- Role of ZPA: It details the discovery of the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) and how it regulates limb development across various species. This is crucial in establishing why different animals have similar limb structures despite their functional adaptations.
- Evidence from Tiktaalik: The discovery of Tiktaalik serves as a pivotal example to illustrate that all land-based creatures share a common ancestor. This reinforces the idea that the similarities in limb architecture stem from evolutionary lineage rather than independent development.
- Genetic Mechanisms: The passage concludes by explaining how ancient genes, repurposed in various ways, contribute to the diverse forms of limbs while maintaining a consistent architectural foundation. This directly addresses the question of why such similarities exist across species.
In summary, the passage systematically presents evidence and reasoning that elucidate the shared architectural features of limbs in land-based organisms, making option 'A' the most appropriate choice.
Is f(n) > f(n−1)?(1) n = 8
(2) f(n) = n-1- a)Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
- b)Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
- c)BOTH statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are sufficient to answer the question asked, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient
- d)EACH statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question asked
- e)Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient to answer the question asked, and additional data are needed
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Is f(n) > f(n−1)?
(1) n = 8
(2) f(n) = n-1
(2) f(n) = n-1
a)
Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
b)
Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
c)
BOTH statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are sufficient to answer the question asked, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient
d)
EACH statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question asked
e)
Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient to answer the question asked, and additional data are needed
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Rahul Kapoor answered |
(1) n = 8
From this statement, we know the value of n is 8. However, we don't have any information about the function f(x) itself. Without knowing the specific definition of the function, we cannot determine whether f(n) is greater than f(n-1) based solely on the value of n. Therefore, statement (1) alone is not sufficient to answer the question.
(2) f(n) = n-1
From this statement, we know the expression for f(n) is given by f(n) = n-1. By substituting n into the function, we can rewrite the inequality as (n-1) > (n-1) - 1, which simplifies to n-1 > n-2. This inequality holds true for any positive value of n. Therefore, we can conclude that f(n) is always greater than f(n-1) based on the given function f(n) = n-1.
By analyzing each statement individually, we can see that statement (2) alone is sufficient to determine that f(n) > f(n-1), but statement (1) alone is not sufficient. Hence, the answer is (B) Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked.
This much was well known that the purpose of a gene is to store the recipe for making proteins and that we inherit from our parents a gigantic list of recipes for making proteins and protein-making machines. What was not clear as late as the early 20th century until Gregor Mendel’s experiments were published and understood was that when crossed, the expression of these genes skipped a generation.Mendel discovered that when white flower and purple flower plants are crossed, the result is not a blend. Rather than being a mix of the two, the offspring was purple flowered. He then conceived the idea of heredity units, which he called "factors", one of which is a recessive characteristic and the other dominant. Mendel said that factors, later called genes, normally occur in pairs in ordinary body cells, yet segregate during the formation of sex cells. The dominant gene, such as the purple flower in Mendel's plants, will hide the recessive gene, the white flower. Mendel crossed over 29,000 plants including inflated seed pods with wrinkled seed pods, green unripe pods with yellow unripe pods, and axial flowers with terminal flowers. In every case the resulting hybrids were just like one parent with the essence of other parent missing. However, as these hybrids were allowed to self-fertilize, the essence of the recessed parent re-appeared in exactly one third of the cases. This re-appearance is called the law of thirds. This law is not just obeyed in plants but also in every living species as demonstrated by Nageli’s experiment on crossing angora cats with another breed. Nageli observed that the angora coat disappeared in the next generation but re-appeared in the kittens in the third. Mendel’s law has been put to a variety of uses such as selecting the right plants to hybridize to get the desired mix of dominant factors. A surprising use of the law has been to explain Alkaptonuria in which the patients suffered from arthritis and their urine and the ear wax turned reddish black upon exposure to air. Rare in the general population but frequent in children of first-cousin marriages, the incidence of Alkaptonuria is attributed to expression of recessive factors.The author mentions Nageli’s experiment to illustrate - a)How unique property of the Angora cat – its fur can be transferred to another cat species.
- b)An example of the validity of law of thirds in other living organisms.
- c)That it is possible to cross fertilize extremely distinct species.
- d)An instance in which the recessive factor dominates the first offspring.
- e)Demonstrate how selective species when cross hybridized could lead to an offspring with extremely desirable characteristics.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
This much was well known that the purpose of a gene is to store the recipe for making proteins and that we inherit from our parents a gigantic list of recipes for making proteins and protein-making machines. What was not clear as late as the early 20th century until Gregor Mendel’s experiments were published and understood was that when crossed, the expression of these genes skipped a generation.
Mendel discovered that when white flower and purple flower plants are crossed, the result is not a blend. Rather than being a mix of the two, the offspring was purple flowered. He then conceived the idea of heredity units, which he called "factors", one of which is a recessive characteristic and the other dominant. Mendel said that factors, later called genes, normally occur in pairs in ordinary body cells, yet segregate during the formation of sex cells. The dominant gene, such as the purple flower in Mendel's plants, will hide the recessive gene, the white flower. Mendel crossed over 29,000 plants including inflated seed pods with wrinkled seed pods, green unripe pods with yellow unripe pods, and axial flowers with terminal flowers. In every case the resulting hybrids were just like one parent with the essence of other parent missing. However, as these hybrids were allowed to self-fertilize, the essence of the recessed parent re-appeared in exactly one third of the cases. This re-appearance is called the law of thirds. This law is not just obeyed in plants but also in every living species as demonstrated by Nageli’s experiment on crossing angora cats with another breed. Nageli observed that the angora coat disappeared in the next generation but re-appeared in the kittens in the third.
Mendel’s law has been put to a variety of uses such as selecting the right plants to hybridize to get the desired mix of dominant factors. A surprising use of the law has been to explain Alkaptonuria in which the patients suffered from arthritis and their urine and the ear wax turned reddish black upon exposure to air. Rare in the general population but frequent in children of first-cousin marriages, the incidence of Alkaptonuria is attributed to expression of recessive factors.
The author mentions Nageli’s experiment to illustrate
a)
How unique property of the Angora cat – its fur can be transferred to another cat species.
b)
An example of the validity of law of thirds in other living organisms.
c)
That it is possible to cross fertilize extremely distinct species.
d)
An instance in which the recessive factor dominates the first offspring.
e)
Demonstrate how selective species when cross hybridized could lead to an offspring with extremely desirable characteristics.
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Rutuja Banerjee answered |
Answer Choices
A
How unique property of the Angora cat – its fur can be transferred to another cat species.
This choice states the result of the experiment but not the purpose
B
An example of the validity of law of thirds in other living organisms.
Reword of the purpose of entity as derived in question analysis.
C
That it is possible to cross fertilize extremely distinct species.
Proof of cross fertilizing extremely distinct species is outside the scope of the passage.
D
An instance in which the recessive factor dominates the first offspring.
The fact stated in this choice is opposite to what is stated in the passage.
E
Demonstrate how selective species when cross hybridized could lead to an offspring with extremely desirable characteristics.
While this fact is true, it is not the purpose of why Nageli’s experiment is mentioned in the passage.
Tit-for-Tat – a strategy that is a variation of an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth - is clear and simple, never initiates cheating, and provocable that it is, it never allows cheating to go unpunished. It is surprisingly successful in two-person prisoner’s dilemma games. In a tournament that pitched 150 game theorists from around the world and in which contestants were ranked by the sum of their scores, the winner Anatol Rapoport successfully deployed this strategy. The result and the winner remained the same when the same tournament was repeated with an expanded audience. One of the impressive features about Tit-for-Tat is that it did so well overall, even though it did not (nor could it) beat any one of its rivals in a head-on. At best, Tit-for-Tat ties its rivals. Hence, if the competition was scored as a winner take-all contest, Anatol would not have won. The two advantages of Tit-for-Tat are that firstly, it always comes close and secondly, it usually encourages cooperation while avoiding exploitation.In-spite of the above, Tit-for-Tat is a flawed strategy in certain situations. The slightest possibility of misperception results in the complete breakdown in the success of Tit-for-Tat. For example, in 1987, the United States responded to the Soviet spying and wiretapping of the US embassy in Moscow by reducing the number of Soviet diplomats permitted in United States. The Soviets responded by cutting the support staff at the US embassy in Moscow and reducing the number of US diplomats. As a result, both countries found it difficult to carry on their diplomatic functions. The problem with Tit-for-Tat is that any mistake echoes back and forth and sets up a chain reaction that has the potential to cause grave damage.According to the passage, the reason why both US and Soviet embassies found it difficult to carry on their diplomatic functions is- a)They aided cross country spying and wiretapping.
- b)Both their parent countries employed Tit-for-tat strategies.
- c)The embassies did not employ enough support staff to carry out operations.
- d)Both of them lacked enough qualified diplomats to fulfill all their obligations once the Tit-for-tat treaties were exercised.
- e)Both did mistakes that they could not rectify in time.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Tit-for-Tat – a strategy that is a variation of an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth - is clear and simple, never initiates cheating, and provocable that it is, it never allows cheating to go unpunished. It is surprisingly successful in two-person prisoner’s dilemma games. In a tournament that pitched 150 game theorists from around the world and in which contestants were ranked by the sum of their scores, the winner Anatol Rapoport successfully deployed this strategy. The result and the winner remained the same when the same tournament was repeated with an expanded audience. One of the impressive features about Tit-for-Tat is that it did so well overall, even though it did not (nor could it) beat any one of its rivals in a head-on. At best, Tit-for-Tat ties its rivals. Hence, if the competition was scored as a winner take-all contest, Anatol would not have won. The two advantages of Tit-for-Tat are that firstly, it always comes close and secondly, it usually encourages cooperation while avoiding exploitation.
In-spite of the above, Tit-for-Tat is a flawed strategy in certain situations. The slightest possibility of misperception results in the complete breakdown in the success of Tit-for-Tat. For example, in 1987, the United States responded to the Soviet spying and wiretapping of the US embassy in Moscow by reducing the number of Soviet diplomats permitted in United States. The Soviets responded by cutting the support staff at the US embassy in Moscow and reducing the number of US diplomats. As a result, both countries found it difficult to carry on their diplomatic functions. The problem with Tit-for-Tat is that any mistake echoes back and forth and sets up a chain reaction that has the potential to cause grave damage.
According to the passage, the reason why both US and Soviet embassies found it difficult to carry on their diplomatic functions is
a)
They aided cross country spying and wiretapping.
b)
Both their parent countries employed Tit-for-tat strategies.
c)
The embassies did not employ enough support staff to carry out operations.
d)
Both of them lacked enough qualified diplomats to fulfill all their obligations once the Tit-for-tat treaties were exercised.
e)
Both did mistakes that they could not rectify in time.
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Preitee Ranjan Pradhan answered |
Obviously second paragraph talks about flaws of tit for tat ,and this is the part of example which illustrates the recurring behaviour creates problems.
B says so
B says so
Is f(x) > 0?(1) f(x) = (x^3)3*(x5)
(2) x = -2- a)Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
- b)Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
- c)BOTH statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are sufficient to answer the question asked, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient
- d)EACH statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question asked
- e)Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient to answer the question asked, and additional data are needed
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Is f(x) > 0?
(1) f(x) = (x^3)3*(x5)
(2) x = -2
(2) x = -2
a)
Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
b)
Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked
c)
BOTH statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are sufficient to answer the question asked, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient
d)
EACH statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question asked
e)
Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient to answer the question asked, and additional data are needed
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Rahul Kapoor answered |
(1) f(x) = (x3)3*(x5)
From this statement, we have the expression for f(x) as (x3)3*(x5). However, we cannot determine whether f(x) is greater than 0 solely based on this information. The value of x could be positive, negative, or zero, and the outcome of the expression would vary accordingly. Therefore, statement (1) alone is not sufficient to answer the question.
(2) x = -2
From this statement, we know the specific value of x, which is -2. However, this information alone is not enough to determine whether f(x) is greater than 0. We need the expression or function for f(x) to make that determination. Therefore, statement (2) alone is not sufficient to answer the question.
By analyzing each statement individually, we can see that neither statement alone is sufficient to determine whether f(x) is greater than 0. However, by combining both statements, we can evaluate f(x) for the specific value of x = -2. Substituting x = -2 into the expression in statement (1), we can determine whether f(x) is greater than 0.
Therefore, both statements together are sufficient to answer the question.
Hence, the answer is (C) BOTH statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are sufficient to answer the question asked, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.
Sea turtles, reptilian amphibians that are classified into seven distinct sub-species, are quickly beginning to rank among some of the most endangered species on the planet. These ancient reptiles are vital to Earth’s ecosystem because they feed on botanical life that grows on sea beds and thereby help maintain the natural habitat of several other marine life forms. Further, unhatched sea turtle eggs provide nutrients for plants that grow beneath the surface of the sea, which in turn strengthen sand dunes through their root systems and help prevent beaches from eroding.Ironically, human attempts to preserve the marine environment in which sea turtles live are causing the species’ numbers to dwindle even faster. In an effort to protect sea turtles that nest on the beaches, in some popular fishing areas local authorities have placed restrictions on the amount of fishing in order to protect the turtles from being caught in fishing nets and drowning. However, the reduction in the amount of fishing in these areas has led to an increase in the numbers of the giant cuttlefish, which feed on the same underwater plants as the sea turtles do. The subsequent decrease in the turtles’ food source, particularly the sea grass that is part of the turtles’ staple diet, has not only led to an alarming reduction in the number of sea turtles in these areas but also affected the balance of the marine ecosystem in these regions.The passage is primarily concerned with- a)questioning certain human activities that are causing damage to not only the local fishing communities but also to a vital endangered species
- b)outlining the reasons behind the importance of a certain species to the Earth’s ecosystem
- c)establishing the relevance of a species and analyzing how a solution to protect it might be defeating its very purpose
- d)arguing that sometimes plans to rectify situations may actually cause more harm than good
- e)explaining how some attempts to reduce fishing have not been successful
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Sea turtles, reptilian amphibians that are classified into seven distinct sub-species, are quickly beginning to rank among some of the most endangered species on the planet. These ancient reptiles are vital to Earth’s ecosystem because they feed on botanical life that grows on sea beds and thereby help maintain the natural habitat of several other marine life forms. Further, unhatched sea turtle eggs provide nutrients for plants that grow beneath the surface of the sea, which in turn strengthen sand dunes through their root systems and help prevent beaches from eroding.
Ironically, human attempts to preserve the marine environment in which sea turtles live are causing the species’ numbers to dwindle even faster. In an effort to protect sea turtles that nest on the beaches, in some popular fishing areas local authorities have placed restrictions on the amount of fishing in order to protect the turtles from being caught in fishing nets and drowning. However, the reduction in the amount of fishing in these areas has led to an increase in the numbers of the giant cuttlefish, which feed on the same underwater plants as the sea turtles do. The subsequent decrease in the turtles’ food source, particularly the sea grass that is part of the turtles’ staple diet, has not only led to an alarming reduction in the number of sea turtles in these areas but also affected the balance of the marine ecosystem in these regions.The passage is primarily concerned with
a)
questioning certain human activities that are causing damage to not only the local fishing communities but also to a vital endangered species
b)
outlining the reasons behind the importance of a certain species to the Earth’s ecosystem
c)
establishing the relevance of a species and analyzing how a solution to protect it might be defeating its very purpose
d)
arguing that sometimes plans to rectify situations may actually cause more harm than good
e)
explaining how some attempts to reduce fishing have not been successful
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Prisha Mukherjee answered |
Passage Analysis
Summary and Main Point
Pre-Thinking
This is a Main Idea question. The correct answer must be broad enough to encompass all of the paragraphs of the passage without veering outside the scope. Incorrect answer choices are often too narrow or focus only on one part of the passage.
The correct answer for this question should match the results of our passage analysis: the author establishes that sea turtles are vital to the planet’s ecosystem and states that human efforts to preserve the species are ironically endangering them even further.
Answer Choices
A
questioning certain human activities that are causing damage to not only the local fishing communities but also to a vital endangered species
Incorrect: Out of Scope
The passage does not really question these activities as much as it presents their effects, which are counter to what was expected. Also, there is no mention of any damage caused to the local fishing communities.
B
outlining the reasons behind the importance of a certain species to the Earth’s ecosystem
Incorrect: Partial Scope
This is the scope of only the first paragraph and not of the entire passage.
C
establishing the relevance of a species and analyzing how a solution to protect it might be defeating its very purpose
Correct
This choice matches the result of our passage analysis and our pre-thinking.
D
arguing that sometimes plans to rectify situations may actually cause more harm than good
Incorrect: Out of Scope
This choice is too broad in scope. The author does not argue for any such generalized opinion. The author does analyze one situation in which the results have been the opposite of what they were expected to be, but that’s not to make any broad statement. Also, this choice does not even mention the relevance of the species that forms the essence of the first paragraph.
E
explaining how some attempts to reduce fishing have not been successful
Incorrect: Inconsistent
The fact that there have been some attempts to reduce fishing is not the main point of the passage. Also, since the number of cuttlefish has increased, the attempts to reduce fishing in some areas were probably successful.
Despite radical differences in what limbs do and what they look like, the underlying blueprint of all limbs in land based animals, whether those limbs are wings in birds, flippers in penguins, or hands in humans, is the same - one bone, the humerus in the arm or the femur in the leg, articulates with two bones, which attach to a series of small blobs, which connect with the fingers or toes. Want to make a bat wing? Make the fingers really long. Want to make a horse? Elongate the middle fingers and toes and lose the outer ones. The differences between creatures lie in differences in the shapes and sizes of the bones and the numbers of blobs, fingers, and toes.In the 1950s and 1960s a number of biologists, including Edgar Zwilling and John Saunders, did extraordinarily creative experiments on chicken eggs to understand how skeletal structure of limbs forms and uncovered some of the key mechanisms that build limbs that have the same architecture but are as different as bird wings, lizards webbings, and human hands . They discovered that two little patches of tissue essentially control the development of the pattern of bones inside limbs. These patches of tissue were named the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA). The cells in the ZPA made special molecules that then spread across the limb to instruct cells to make femur, articulates, and connecting toes. The concentration of these molecules was the important factor and decided the length of femur, articulates, connecting toes, and even the length of individual toe fingers. Later experiments with other animals such as the bat, frog, etc. proved that the mechanism to form limbs remained the same - formation of limbs in every creature was controlled by the ZPA – just the concentration of these special molecules varied corresponding to the desired structure.The reason for this inherent commonality in architecture still remained a conundrum for decades. Why did nature not develop architectures better optimized to the functional needs of various organisms? The discovery of Tiktaalik, a transition between non-tetrapod vertebrates ("fish") to early tetrapods solved this mystery, providing evidence that all land based creatures that have limbs, hands, etc. share a common ancestor. The fact that our DNA and that of all land based animals can be traced back to Tiktaalik further provided evidence that all appendages, whether they are hands or limbs, are built by similar kinds of genes and that this great evolutionary transformation did not involve the origin of new DNA: much of the shift likely involved using ancient genes, such as those involved in development of Tiktaalik’s limbs, in new ways to make wings in birds or various sized limbs with fingers and toes, explaining the diversity in shapes while maintaining the similarity in architecture. From the passage, what can be inferred about the architecture of limbs?- a)All land based creatures that have limbs with similar architecture are also structurally similar.
- b)It is different in land based animals due to the difference in expression of the genes.
- c)It evolved since the time of Tiktaalik to suit the functional needs of the land based animals.
- d)It may have been possible to develop an architecture better optimized for the functional needs of various organisms had nature not adhered to the common architectural scheme.
- e)It is defined by the concentration of special molecules present in the cells of ZPA.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Despite radical differences in what limbs do and what they look like, the underlying blueprint of all limbs in land based animals, whether those limbs are wings in birds, flippers in penguins, or hands in humans, is the same - one bone, the humerus in the arm or the femur in the leg, articulates with two bones, which attach to a series of small blobs, which connect with the fingers or toes. Want to make a bat wing? Make the fingers really long. Want to make a horse? Elongate the middle fingers and toes and lose the outer ones. The differences between creatures lie in differences in the shapes and sizes of the bones and the numbers of blobs, fingers, and toes.
In the 1950s and 1960s a number of biologists, including Edgar Zwilling and John Saunders, did extraordinarily creative experiments on chicken eggs to understand how skeletal structure of limbs forms and uncovered some of the key mechanisms that build limbs that have the same architecture but are as different as bird wings, lizards webbings, and human hands . They discovered that two little patches of tissue essentially control the development of the pattern of bones inside limbs. These patches of tissue were named the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA). The cells in the ZPA made special molecules that then spread across the limb to instruct cells to make femur, articulates, and connecting toes. The concentration of these molecules was the important factor and decided the length of femur, articulates, connecting toes, and even the length of individual toe fingers. Later experiments with other animals such as the bat, frog, etc. proved that the mechanism to form limbs remained the same - formation of limbs in every creature was controlled by the ZPA – just the concentration of these special molecules varied corresponding to the desired structure.
The reason for this inherent commonality in architecture still remained a conundrum for decades. Why did nature not develop architectures better optimized to the functional needs of various organisms? The discovery of Tiktaalik, a transition between non-tetrapod vertebrates ("fish") to early tetrapods solved this mystery, providing evidence that all land based creatures that have limbs, hands, etc. share a common ancestor. The fact that our DNA and that of all land based animals can be traced back to Tiktaalik further provided evidence that all appendages, whether they are hands or limbs, are built by similar kinds of genes and that this great evolutionary transformation did not involve the origin of new DNA: much of the shift likely involved using ancient genes, such as those involved in development of Tiktaalik’s limbs, in new ways to make wings in birds or various sized limbs with fingers and toes, explaining the diversity in shapes while maintaining the similarity in architecture.
From the passage, what can be inferred about the architecture of limbs?
a)
All land based creatures that have limbs with similar architecture are also structurally similar.
b)
It is different in land based animals due to the difference in expression of the genes.
c)
It evolved since the time of Tiktaalik to suit the functional needs of the land based animals.
d)
It may have been possible to develop an architecture better optimized for the functional needs of various organisms had nature not adhered to the common architectural scheme.
e)
It is defined by the concentration of special molecules present in the cells of ZPA.
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Pranav Kulkarni answered |
Understanding the Architecture of Limbs
The architecture of limbs in land-based animals reflects a fascinating evolutionary history, primarily shaped by common genetic mechanisms. The passage highlights several critical points regarding this architecture, particularly in relation to the answer option 'D'.
Common Architectural Scheme
- All land-based creatures share a similar limb architecture due to a common ancestral lineage traced back to Tiktaalik.
- This commonality indicates that nature followed a specific architectural blueprint for limbs, rather than continually optimizing for functional needs.
Potential for Optimization
- The phrase in option 'D' suggests that while the current limb architecture is effective, nature could have potentially developed designs more suited to the functional requirements of various organisms.
- This implies that had evolution not adhered to the established limb architecture, more specialized designs could have emerged to better serve the diverse needs of different species.
Mechanisms of Limb Development
- The underlying mechanism governed by the ZPA and the concentration of special molecules determines the formation and variation of limbs.
- While this mechanism allows for diversity, it inherently relies on a pre-existing architectural framework, which may not always be the most efficient for every organism's functional needs.
Conclusion
The passage emphasizes that although the established limb architecture is functional, it could have evolved differently under other evolutionary pressures. Thus, option 'D' captures the essence of this notion, reflecting on the constraints of evolutionary pathways that led to the current state of limb architecture across land-based animals.
The architecture of limbs in land-based animals reflects a fascinating evolutionary history, primarily shaped by common genetic mechanisms. The passage highlights several critical points regarding this architecture, particularly in relation to the answer option 'D'.
Common Architectural Scheme
- All land-based creatures share a similar limb architecture due to a common ancestral lineage traced back to Tiktaalik.
- This commonality indicates that nature followed a specific architectural blueprint for limbs, rather than continually optimizing for functional needs.
Potential for Optimization
- The phrase in option 'D' suggests that while the current limb architecture is effective, nature could have potentially developed designs more suited to the functional requirements of various organisms.
- This implies that had evolution not adhered to the established limb architecture, more specialized designs could have emerged to better serve the diverse needs of different species.
Mechanisms of Limb Development
- The underlying mechanism governed by the ZPA and the concentration of special molecules determines the formation and variation of limbs.
- While this mechanism allows for diversity, it inherently relies on a pre-existing architectural framework, which may not always be the most efficient for every organism's functional needs.
Conclusion
The passage emphasizes that although the established limb architecture is functional, it could have evolved differently under other evolutionary pressures. Thus, option 'D' captures the essence of this notion, reflecting on the constraints of evolutionary pathways that led to the current state of limb architecture across land-based animals.
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