All questions of Highway Development & Planning for Civil Engineering (CE) Exam

Accordingly a 20-year plan was drafted by the Roads wing of Government of India, which is popularly known as the Bombay plan. The highlights of the plan were: It was the second 20 year road plan (1961-1981)

The National Highways Authority of India initiated the National Highway Development Program (the program) in 1998 to ease chronic capacity constraints by upgrading key arteries of the national highways network. The project, which this validation is reviewing, was the third loan financed by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) for the multiyear lending program for the program. The program upgraded into four lanes the following highway corridors: (i) corridor connecting the major metropolitan cities of Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata—known as the golden quadrilateral; (ii) north–south corridor connecting Srinagar to Kanyakumari (4,000 km); and (iii) east–west corridor that connects Silchar to Porbandar (3,300 km).

Topographic Survey for Estimating Engineering Characteristics

A Topographic Survey is a type of land survey that involves the measurement and mapping of the natural and man-made features of a piece of land. This survey is conducted to estimate the engineering characteristics of the land. The following are the characteristics estimated through a Topographic Survey:

1. Elevation: The survey helps to determine the elevation of the land, which is the height above sea level. This information is important for designing buildings, roads, and drainage systems.

2. Slope: The survey helps to determine the slope of the land, which is the angle of inclination of the land surface. This information is important for designing roads, railways, and other transportation systems.

3. Contour lines: The survey helps to create contour lines, which are lines that connect points of equal elevation. These lines are used to create topographic maps that provide information about the shape and features of the land.

4. Drainage: The survey helps to identify natural drainage patterns on the land, which is important for designing drainage systems.

5. Soil conditions: The survey helps to identify soil conditions on the land, which is important for designing foundations for buildings and other structures.

In conclusion, a Topographic Survey is an important tool for estimating the engineering characteristics of a piece of land. It helps to determine the elevation, slope, contour lines, drainage, and soil conditions of the land, which are all important factors in designing buildings, roads, and other infrastructure projects.

The romans built roads by excavating till the hard strata they were much stronger than required for animal drawn carts that time.

Roads consist of one or two roadways (British English: carriageways), each with one or more lanes and any associated sidewalks (British English: pavement) and road verges. ... Other names for roads include parkways, avenues, freeways, tollways, interstates, highways, or primary, secondary, and tertiary local roads.

The details to be collected during economic studies are useful in estimating the requirements, cost involved in the project and economic justification.

Population-based Utility Units:

In a saturation system, the utility units refer to the number of utilities (such as water supply, electricity, etc.) that are required to meet the needs of a specific population. These units are determined based on the size of the population being served.

Given Information:

According to the given information, we are dealing with a population range of 1001 to 2000. And we need to determine the utility unit for this population range.

Determining the Utility Unit:

To determine the utility unit for a given population range, we need to divide the total population by a certain factor. This factor is determined based on various factors such as average consumption, demand patterns, and availability of resources.

In this case, the correct answer is option 'C', which states that the utility unit is 1.00. This means that for a population range of 1001 to 2000, only one utility unit is required.

Explanation:

The utility unit of 1.00 for a population range of 1001 to 2000 indicates that the needs of this population can be met by a single utility unit. This means that the existing infrastructure and resources are sufficient to cater to the requirements of this population range.

The determination of utility units is based on factors such as the average consumption of utilities per person, the availability of resources, and the capacity of the infrastructure. These factors are carefully considered to ensure that the utility units are adequate to meet the needs of the population.

It is important to note that the utility unit can vary for different population ranges. For larger populations, multiple utility units may be required to meet the increased demand. Similarly, for smaller populations, a fraction of a utility unit may be sufficient.

In conclusion, the utility unit of 1.00 for a population range of 1001 to 2000 indicates that a single utility unit is adequate to meet the needs of this population range.

Road Plan for Nagpur

Introduction:
The road plan for Nagpur has recommended the use of a specific road pattern type. This road pattern type is crucial for the efficient flow of traffic and the reduction of congestion on the roads.

Road Pattern Type:
The recommended road pattern type for Nagpur is the star and grid pattern. This road pattern type is a combination of two different patterns that work together to provide efficient traffic flow.

Star Pattern:
The star pattern is a type of road pattern that branches out from a central point like the spokes of a wheel. This type of pattern is suitable for areas where there is a high volume of traffic that needs to move quickly in and out of a central location.

Grid Pattern:
The grid pattern is a type of road pattern that uses a series of intersecting roads to create a network of streets. This type of pattern is suitable for areas where there is a lower volume of traffic that needs to move around different parts of the city.

Combination of Star and Grid Pattern:
The combination of the star and grid pattern is ideal for Nagpur because it allows for both high volume and low volume traffic to move efficiently throughout the city. The central point of the star pattern can be used for important locations like the city center or major transportation hubs, while the grid pattern can be used for residential areas and other parts of the city.

Benefits of Star and Grid Pattern:
The star and grid pattern has several benefits for Nagpur, including:

1. Efficient traffic flow: The combination of the star and grid pattern allows for efficient traffic flow throughout the city.

2. Reduced congestion: By using the star and grid pattern, Nagpur can reduce congestion on the roads and improve air quality.

3. Improved safety: The star and grid pattern can improve safety on the roads by reducing the number of accidents and improving visibility.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the recommended road pattern type for Nagpur is the star and grid pattern. This pattern will help to improve traffic flow, reduce congestion, and improve safety on the roads.

The Nagpur plan formulae assumed a star and grid pattern.

The Nagpur plan formulae were developed by architect Charles Correa for the city of Nagpur in India. These formulae aimed to provide a comprehensive and flexible approach to urban planning that could accommodate the rapid growth and changing needs of the city.

Star Pattern:
The star pattern refers to a layout in which major roads radiate outwards from a central point, like the spokes of a wheel. This pattern is often used in urban planning to create a well-connected and easily navigable road network. The Nagpur plan formulae assumed a star pattern as a basis for the city's road network.

Grid Pattern:
The grid pattern, on the other hand, refers to a layout in which streets intersect at right angles, forming a rectangular grid. This pattern is commonly used in urban planning to create a regular and organized street network. While the Nagpur plan formulae did not assume a grid pattern as the primary layout, it incorporated elements of both the star and grid patterns to create a hybrid approach.

Combination of Star and Grid:
The Nagpur plan formulae combined the star and grid patterns to create a unique urban planning strategy. The central area of the city was organized in a star pattern, with major roads radiating out from a central point. This allowed for efficient connectivity and easy access to key destinations within the city.

At the same time, the Nagpur plan formulae incorporated a grid-like structure in the outer areas of the city. This grid pattern served as a framework for future development and expansion, ensuring that new developments could be easily integrated into the existing road network.

The combination of the star and grid patterns in the Nagpur plan formulae provided a balance between efficient connectivity and future flexibility. It allowed for the growth and evolution of the city while maintaining a cohesive and well-planned urban environment.

In conclusion, the Nagpur plan formulae assumed a star and grid pattern, combining the strengths of both layouts to create a comprehensive and adaptable urban planning strategy for the city of Nagpur.

B

The Nagpur plan is a classification system for roads that was developed in Nagpur, India. It categorizes roads based on their location and function. The correct answer for this question is option 'C' which means that roads are classified based on both location and function.

Location and Function as Classification Criteria:
1. Location: The Nagpur plan considers the location of the road as one of the criteria for classification. The location refers to the area or region where the road is situated. This criterion takes into account the surrounding land use, such as residential, commercial, industrial, or rural areas. The location of the road can have a significant impact on its design, capacity, and traffic flow.

2. Function: The function of a road refers to its purpose or role within the transportation network. The Nagpur plan recognizes that different roads serve different functions and have varying levels of importance. For example, some roads may primarily serve as arterial routes, carrying high volumes of traffic between major destinations. Others may serve as local access roads, providing connectivity within neighborhoods or smaller areas.

Classification of Roads:
Based on the combination of location and function, the Nagpur plan classifies roads into different categories:

1. National Highways: These are major roads that connect different states or important cities within the country. They serve as the backbone of the national transportation network and cater to long-distance travel.

2. State Highways: These roads connect important cities and towns within a state. They serve as a link between national highways and district-level roads.

3. District Roads: District roads connect various parts of a district, including towns, villages, and other important locations. They provide connectivity within a specific administrative region.

4. Village Roads: Village roads connect rural areas and provide access to villages and agricultural land. These roads play a crucial role in rural development and transportation of agricultural produce.

5. Urban Roads: Urban roads are further classified based on their location and function within a city or town. They include arterial roads, sub-arterial roads, collector roads, local access roads, and other specialized roads like ring roads or bypasses.

The classification of roads based on location and function helps in planning and designing the road network, allocating resources, and managing traffic efficiently. It allows for a systematic approach to meet the diverse transportation needs of different areas and ensures that roads are designed and maintained appropriately.

**Explanation:**

The semiofficial body set up for controlling and standardization of roads and bridges in India is the Indian Road Congress (IRC). The IRC is the premier technical body of highway engineers in the country and is responsible for the development and maintenance of the road infrastructure in India.

**Role and Functions of Indian Road Congress (IRC):**

1. **Standardization of Guidelines:** IRC formulates and standardizes the guidelines for the design, construction, and maintenance of roads, bridges, and other transportation infrastructure in India. These guidelines cover various aspects such as geometric design, pavement design, traffic engineering, and road safety.

2. **Publication of Codes and Manuals:** IRC publishes codes and manuals that serve as reference documents for highway engineers and professionals. These codes and manuals provide detailed specifications and guidelines for different aspects of road and bridge construction, helping ensure uniformity and quality in the infrastructure projects.

3. **Research and Development:** IRC conducts research and development activities to promote innovation and improvement in the field of highway engineering. It collaborates with various research institutions, universities, and industry experts to undertake research projects related to road and bridge engineering, materials, and technologies.

4. **Capacity Building:** IRC organizes training programs, workshops, and seminars to enhance the technical knowledge and skills of highway engineers and professionals. These capacity-building initiatives help disseminate the latest advancements and best practices in the field of road and bridge engineering.

5. **Policy Advocacy:** IRC works closely with the government and other stakeholders to provide technical inputs and recommendations for policy formulation related to road and bridge infrastructure. It plays a crucial role in ensuring that the road network in India is developed and maintained as per international standards and practices.

6. **Networking and Collaboration:** IRC facilitates networking and collaboration among highway engineers, professionals, and organizations involved in the road and bridge sector. It provides a platform for sharing knowledge, experiences, and best practices through conferences, symposiums, and technical meetings.

In conclusion, the Indian Road Congress (IRC) is the semiofficial body responsible for controlling and standardizing roads and bridges in India. It plays a vital role in developing and maintaining the road infrastructure by formulating guidelines, publishing codes and manuals, conducting research, capacity building, policy advocacy, and facilitating networking and collaboration in the field of highway engineering.