All questions of Full Mock Test Series for Civil Engineering (CE) Exam

Decomposers play a crucial role in breaking down organic matter into simpler substances, thus recycling nutrients back into the ecosystem. They are responsible for the decomposition and decay of dead organisms and organic waste, helping to maintain the balance of nutrients in the environment. Decomposers include both bacteria and fungi, making option C (Both Bacteria and Fungi) the correct answer.

Bacteria as Decomposers:
- Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms that are found almost everywhere on Earth, including in soil, water, and the human body.
- They are highly efficient decomposers and are able to break down a wide variety of organic matter, including dead plants, animals, and other organic waste.
- Bacteria secrete enzymes that break down complex organic compounds into simpler molecules, such as carbon dioxide, water, and minerals.
- These simpler molecules can then be taken up by other organisms or reabsorbed by plants for their growth and development.

Fungi as Decomposers:
- Fungi are a diverse group of organisms that include molds, yeasts, and mushrooms.
- They obtain their nutrients by breaking down organic matter externally and absorbing the simpler molecules that are released.
- Fungi produce enzymes that break down complex organic compounds, such as cellulose and lignin, which are found in plant material.
- This allows them to decompose dead plant material, including leaves, wood, and other plant debris.
- Fungi play a crucial role in nutrient cycling, as they help release nutrients locked in organic matter back into the soil, making them available for other organisms to use.

Importance of Decomposers:
- Decomposers are essential for the functioning of ecosystems, as they break down dead organisms and organic waste, releasing nutrients that can be reused by other organisms.
- Without decomposers, organic matter would accumulate, and nutrients would become locked up and unavailable for other organisms.
- Decomposers also help in the process of bioremediation, which involves the breakdown of pollutants and toxins in the environment.

In conclusion, decomposers include both bacteria and fungi. They play a vital role in the recycling of nutrients and the breakdown of organic matter in ecosystems.

The venn diagram of given data is:-

The combined effect of forces from moment and shear should be considered while designing fasteners or welds for end connections of girders, beams, and trusses. When flanges or moment connection plates for end connections of beams and girders are welded to the flange of an I- or H-shape column, a pair of column-web stiffeners having a combined cross-sectional area A_st not less than that calculated from the following equations must be provided whenever the calculated value of A_st is positive

Transaction of money is done by the bank.

Strength Based Classification of Bricks

IS: 3102 is the Indian Standard code for the classification of burnt clay solid bricks based on their compressive strength. The strength-based classification of bricks is done to ensure the quality of bricks used in construction. The compressive strength of bricks is an important parameter to determine the quality of bricks. The strength-based classification of bricks is done on the basis of the following factors:

Factors for strength based classification of bricks

1. Compressive strength: The compressive strength of bricks is determined by applying a compressive load on a brick until it fails. The compressive strength of bricks is expressed in N/mm2 or MPa.

2. Water absorption: The water absorption of bricks is determined by immersing a brick in water for 24 hours and then weighing it. The water absorption of bricks is expressed as a percentage of the dry weight of the brick.

3. Efflorescence: Efflorescence is the white salt deposits that form on the surface of bricks due to the presence of soluble salts. The efflorescence of bricks is determined by placing a brick in a tray and adding water to the tray. The water is then allowed to evaporate and the amount of salt deposits on the surface of the brick is measured.

4. Dimensional tolerance: The dimensional tolerance of bricks is measured by checking the length, width, and height of the bricks. The dimensional tolerance of bricks is expressed as a percentage of the specified size of the brick.

5. Warpage: Warpage is the deviation of the brick from a straight line. The warpage of bricks is determined by placing a straight edge on the surface of the brick and measuring the deviation.

Classification of Bricks

Based on the compressive strength of bricks, they are classified into the following categories:

1. Class A: These are the highest quality bricks with a compressive strength of more than 100 N/mm2.

2. Class B: These are medium quality bricks with a compressive strength between 70 N/mm2 and 100 N/mm2.

3. Class C: These are low-quality bricks with a compressive strength between 35 N/mm2 and 70 N/mm2.

4. Class D: These are the lowest quality bricks with a compressive strength of less than 35 N/mm2.

Conclusion

Thus, the strength-based classification of bricks is an important factor in determining the quality of bricks used in construction. The compressive strength of bricks is an important parameter in this classification, and it is determined by applying a compressive load on a brick until it fails. Based on the compressive strength, bricks are classified into different categories, and the quality of bricks is ensured by checking various parameters like water absorption, efflorescence, dimensional tolerance, and warpage.

Answer:

To find a single letter that can be prefixed to the given words to form new words, we need to consider the meaning and structure of the original words and the resulting words.

Original Words:
- TILL
- TABLE
- PILE
- TAB
- PRING

Prefixing a Single Letter:
- The letter needs to be added at the beginning of each word to form a new word.
- The new word should have a different meaning compared to the original word.

Possible Prefixes:
a) S
b) C
c) H
d) B

Analysis:
Let's analyze each option and see if the resulting words are new and have different meanings compared to the original words.

a) S:
- STILL: This is a new word with a different meaning compared to TILL. It refers to something that is not moving or making a sound.
- STABLE: This is a new word with a different meaning compared to TABLE. It refers to something that is firm and steady.
- SPILE: This is a new word with a different meaning compared to PILE. It refers to a small pointed object used to make a hole.
- STAB: This is a new word with a different meaning compared to TAB. It refers to an act of stabbing or thrusting with a sharp object.
- SPRING: This is a new word with a different meaning compared to PRING. It refers to a season or a device that stores mechanical energy.

Conclusion:
Among the given options, adding the letter 'S' as a prefix to the original words results in entirely new words with different meanings. Therefore, the correct answer is option 'A' - S.

Shear Stress on the principal plane is zero as shown in the figure. In the figure shown below X-axis represent the normal stress and Y-axis represents the shear stress. Since the horizontal X-axis also represents the maximum principal plane, therefore, shear stress (Y-value) will be zero on this plane.

For reinforced concrete members totally immersed in seawater, the cover shall be 40 mm more than that.

It is the definition of Hooke's Law and since nothing in said about the type of stress or strain so, we consider it tensile/ compressive stress and strain.

Shallow pits with lateral support should be provided if the depth exceeds 3.0 m.

To ensure security, police or defense personnel patrol the area. Similarly, to cover risk, insurance is done.

Explanation:

- In surveying, the bubble tube is an important component of the level instrument. It contains a liquid (usually alcohol or ether) with a small bubble that moves within it.
- The purpose of the bubble tube is to indicate whether the level instrument is horizontal or not. When the bubble is centred, it indicates that the level instrument is horizontal, and adjustments can be made accordingly.
- However, it is important to note that the bubble tube does not indicate the direction of the horizontal plane. In other words, it only indicates whether the level instrument is level, but not whether it is aligned with a specific reference.
- To align the level instrument with a specific reference, such as a benchmark or a known elevation, adjustments must be made to the level instrument using the leveling screws or knobs.
- One of the important adjustments that must be made is the adjustment of the line of sight. The line of sight is the imaginary line that connects the eyepiece of the level instrument to the target or object being observed.
- When the bubble is centred, the axis of the bubble tube becomes parallel to the line of sight. This means that the line of sight is horizontal and parallel to the level instrument.
- However, it is important to note that the line of sight does not necessarily coincide with the line of collimation or the optical axis of the telescope. The line of collimation is the imaginary line that passes through the center of the objective lens, the center of the crosshairs or reticle, and the center of the eyepiece. The optical axis of the telescope is the imaginary line that passes through the center of the objective lens and the center of the eyepiece.
- Therefore, while the bubble tube indicates that the level instrument is level and the line of sight is horizontal, adjustments must still be made to ensure that the line of collimation or the optical axis of the telescope is aligned with the reference being used.
- In summary, when the bubble is centred, the axis of the bubble tube becomes parallel to the line of sight, indicating that the level instrument is level and the line of sight is horizontal. However, adjustments must still be made to ensure that the line of collimation or the optical axis of the telescope is aligned with the reference being used.

Submerged pipe outlet is a non-modular type of outlet so the discharge depends upon the water level in both the minor and well chamber.

73+46=42

A plural executive is a system of government where several or all of the administrative branch officers, are elected in their own right. The executive power of the Swiss confederation is vested in a plural executive consisting of seven members known as the Federal Council. According to Article 177 of the Swiss constitution, the Federal Council is a collegial body in which every member enjoys equal power and status.

Consider Both masses as a system,

Equivalent area of a reinforced cement concrete section is -(AcmAsc)

Zuckerberg launches Facebook as a Harvard-only social network. Zuckerberg, Dustin Moskovitz, and Eduardo Saverin from Thefacebook.com LLC, a partnership.

Fixed Support in a Plane Structure

A fixed support, also known as a built-in or immovable support, is a type of support used in structural engineering. It prevents both translation and rotation of the structure at the support location. When analyzing a structure with a fixed support, it is important to determine the number of reactions that occur at the support.

Number of Reactions

The number of reactions at a fixed support depends on the degree of freedom of the structure. In a plane structure, there are three degrees of freedom:

1. Translation in the x-direction
2. Translation in the y-direction
3. Rotation about the z-axis

Since a fixed support prevents both translation and rotation, there are three reactions that occur at the support:

1. Vertical reaction force (Fy)
This is the force exerted in the y-direction to prevent vertical translation of the structure. It acts perpendicular to the plane of the structure.

2. Horizontal reaction force (Fx)
This is the force exerted in the x-direction to prevent horizontal translation of the structure. It acts parallel to the plane of the structure.

3. Moment reaction (Mz)
This is the moment exerted about the z-axis to prevent rotation of the structure. It acts perpendicular to the plane of the structure.

Therefore, the total number of reactions at a fixed support in a plane structure is three (Fy, Fx, Mz).

Conclusion

In summary, a fixed support in a plane structure generates three reactions: a vertical reaction force, a horizontal reaction force, and a moment reaction. These reactions are necessary to prevent translation and rotation of the structure at the support location.

To counterbalance the consumption of D.O. due to de-oxygenation atmosphere supplies oxygen to the water. This is known as re-Oxygenation. It Increases with the time of flow from the point of pollution.

Maximum permissible bending stress in Column is 0.75fy .

In primary treatment of sewage unit firstly removal of suspended organic solid materials.

Rekin's method works on the principle that the deflection angle at a point of the circle curve is measured by the angle of the angle subtended by the arc at that point from PC. It is assumed that the arc length is approximately equal to its arc.

Maximum Shear Stress and Maximum Normal Stress in a Circular Shaft under Torsion

When a pure torsion moment is applied to a solid circular shaft, the shaft will experience both shear stress and normal stress. The maximum shear stress and maximum normal stress occur at different points on the shaft.

Maximum Shear Stress

The maximum shear stress occurs at the outer surface of the shaft, where the radius is maximum. This is because the shear stress is directly proportional to the distance from the axis of rotation. At the outer surface, the distance from the axis is maximum, and therefore the shear stress is maximum.

Maximum Normal Stress

The maximum normal stress occurs at the inner surface of the shaft, where the radius is minimum. This is because the normal stress is directly proportional to the distance from the neutral axis. At the inner surface, the distance from the neutral axis is minimum, and therefore the normal stress is maximum.

Ratio of Maximum Shear Stress to Maximum Normal Stress

As the maximum shear stress and maximum normal stress occur at different points on the shaft, the ratio of these stresses is not constant. However, at any point on the shaft, the ratio of maximum shear stress to maximum normal stress is always equal to 1 : 1. This is because the shear stress and normal stress are related by the following equation:

shear stress = normal stress x shear modulus / Young's modulus

As the shear modulus is equal to Young's modulus divided by 2(1 + Poisson's ratio), and Poisson's ratio is typically less than 0.5 for most materials, the shear modulus is always less than the Young's modulus. Therefore, the maximum shear stress is always less than the maximum normal stress, and the ratio of these stresses is always equal to 1 : 1.

Conclusion

In conclusion, when a solid circular shaft is subjected to a pure torsion moment, the maximum shear stress occurs at the outer surface of the shaft, while the maximum normal stress occurs at the inner surface. However, at any point on the shaft, the ratio of maximum shear stress to maximum normal stress is always equal to 1 : 1.

If the fineness modulus of sand is 2.7, it is geared as medium sand.

According to IS: 450 : 2000

Plasticity index (I_P=ω_L−ω_P)

The recommended camber for water-bounding Macadam road is 1 in 33 to 1 in 40

When contour lines are broadly spaced it means we don't require much information about that area as the area is flat

on the other side if contour lines are more in number closely spaced it means every single detail of that area is needed for consideration of project
.
hence more no of contour lines means more info about the topography of that area.