All questions of Biotechnology for Biotechnology Engineering (BT) Exam

• Footprinting (A): This technique, often referred to as "DNase footprinting," is used to study the binding sites of DNA-binding proteins such as transcription factors on DNA. So the appropriate match would be (T) Identification of binding sites of transcription factor.
• ChIP Assay (B): Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay is used to investigate the interaction between proteins and DNA in the cell. This technique can identify the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins, such as transcription factors, on the genome. Therefore, the match is (T) Identification of binding sites of transcription factor.
• ELISA (C): The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a test that uses antibodies and color change to identify a substance. It is commonly used for the detection and quantification of proteins, including hormones and antibodies. Thus, the match would be (S) Quantification of transgene expression if referring to a protein product of a transgene.
• Gel Filtration Chromatography (D): This is a type of size exclusion chromatography that separates proteins based on their size, and it's often used for molecular weight determination. Therefore, the match is (R) Molecular weight determination.

• (A) Foot printing - (T) Identification of binding sites of transcription factor
• (B) ChIP Assay - (T) Identification of binding sites of transcription factor
• (C) ELISA - (S) Quantification of transgene expression
• (D) Gel Filtration Chromatography - (R) Molecular weight determination

Monoclonal antibodies have become an important tool in the field of medicine due to their clinical applications. One of the key applications of monoclonal antibodies is in the purification of drugs.

Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced molecules that can mimic the immune system's ability to fight off harmful pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. These antibodies are designed to bind to specific molecules, known as antigens, which are present on the surface of cells or pathogens.

In the context of drug purification, monoclonal antibodies can be used to specifically bind and remove impurities from a drug formulation. This process is known as affinity chromatography.

Here is a detailed explanation of how monoclonal antibodies are used in the purification of drugs:

1. Affinity chromatography:
- Monoclonal antibodies are immobilized on a solid support, such as a column or resin.
- The drug formulation is passed through the column, allowing the monoclonal antibodies to specifically bind to the target drug molecules.
- Non-target molecules, including impurities, are washed away, while the target drug molecules remain bound to the monoclonal antibodies.
- The target drug molecules can then be eluted from the column, resulting in a purified drug formulation.

2. Specificity and selectivity:
- Monoclonal antibodies exhibit high specificity and selectivity towards their target molecules. This ensures that only the desired drug molecules are captured and purified, while other molecules are not affected.
- This specificity and selectivity is crucial in the pharmaceutical industry, as it allows for the production of pure and safe drugs.

3. Increased yield and purity:
- The use of monoclonal antibodies in drug purification can significantly increase the yield and purity of the final drug product.
- By selectively removing impurities, monoclonal antibodies help to ensure that the drug formulation meets the required quality standards.

4. Potential for personalized medicine:
- Monoclonal antibodies can be engineered to target specific molecules or cell types, allowing for personalized medicine.
- This means that drugs can be tailored to the individual patient, increasing their efficacy and reducing potential side effects.

In summary, the clinical application of monoclonal antibodies in the purification of drugs is an important process that allows for the production of pure and safe drug formulations. By selectively binding to target drug molecules and removing impurities, monoclonal antibodies help to increase the yield and purity of drugs, ensuring their effectiveness and safety for patients.