All questions of Sociology and Society for Humanities/Arts Exam

The answer is capitalism because in the capitalist system the ownership was private and was based on making greater profits.

As per the other options -

•Industrialization is the process of setting up industries and is associated with the use of machinery and power such as steam or electricity.

• Modernization is the process which is marked by the development or adoption of rational thinking, new technologies and ideas.

• Westernization is the process of development that is as much as the level of western countries that is USA and European countries.

For the circumference of a circle is C = 2πr, where C is the circumference, π is pi (approximately 3.14), and r is the radius of the circle.

The founding father of sociology is Auguste Comte. He is widely recognized as the founder of sociology and coined the term "sociology" itself. Comte was a French philosopher who lived from 1798 to 1857. He is best known for his work in developing the field of sociology and for his theory of positivism.

Positivism:
One of Comte's major contributions to sociology was the development of the theory of positivism. Positivism is a philosophical approach that emphasizes the use of empirical evidence and scientific methods to understand and explain social phenomena. Comte believed that society could be studied and understood in a similar way to the natural sciences, such as biology and physics. He argued that sociology should be based on observation, experimentation, and the collection of data to develop general laws and theories about society.

Three Stages of Society:
Comte also proposed a theory of the three stages of society, which outlines the historical development of human thought and society. According to Comte, human society progresses through three stages: the theological stage, the metaphysical stage, and the positive stage. In the theological stage, people explain natural phenomena in terms of supernatural beings or forces. In the metaphysical stage, people explain natural phenomena in terms of abstract concepts and philosophical ideas. And in the positive stage, people explain natural phenomena in terms of empirical evidence and scientific observation. Comte believed that sociology represented the positive stage of human society, where social phenomena could be studied and understood scientifically.

Influence on Sociology:
Comte's ideas and theories had a significant impact on the development of sociology as a distinct discipline. His emphasis on using empirical evidence and scientific methods to study society established the foundation for modern sociological research. Comte's work inspired subsequent sociologists, such as Emile Durkheim and Herbert Spencer, who further developed and expanded upon his ideas. Durkheim, in particular, built upon Comte's positivism and made significant contributions to the study of social facts and the importance of social integration.

Conclusion:
Auguste Comte is rightly called the founding father of sociology due to his pioneering work in developing the field and his theory of positivism. His emphasis on using scientific methods to study society and his theory of the three stages of society laid the groundwork for the development of sociology as a distinct discipline. His ideas continue to influence sociological research and theory to this day.

The kinship term that indicates father is "father" or "dad."

Introduction

Auguste Comte, a prominent French philosopher and sociologist, was born in Montpellier, France.

Birthplace and Early Life

Auguste Comte was born on January 19, 1798, in Montpellier, a city located in the south of France. Montpellier was known for its vibrant intellectual and cultural environment during that time, making it an ideal place for Comte to develop his ideas and theories.

Significance of Montpellier

Montpellier was renowned for its medical school and its vibrant intellectual community, which attracted scholars and thinkers from various fields. This environment likely had a significant impact on Comte's intellectual development and the formation of his sociological theories.

Education and Intellectual Development

Comte received his early education at the College of Montpellier, where he studied mathematics, physics, and Latin. He had a strong interest in science and philosophy from a young age, which laid the foundation for his later work.

Influence of Montpellier

Montpellier's intellectual environment exposed Comte to a wide range of ideas and philosophies, including those of the Enlightenment thinkers. This exposure likely influenced Comte's own ideas and theories, particularly his emphasis on positivism and scientific methods in sociology.

Later Life and Work

After completing his education in Montpellier, Comte moved to Paris, where he became involved in various intellectual and political circles. He developed his sociological theories, particularly his concept of positivism, which argued for the application of scientific methods to study society.

Conclusion

Auguste Comte, the renowned French philosopher and sociologist, was born in Montpellier, France. Montpellier's intellectual environment likely played a significant role in shaping Comte's ideas and theories, particularly his emphasis on positivism and scientific methods in sociology.

Social control brings social order to society.

Social control refers to the mechanisms and practices through which societies regulate and maintain order and conformity among their members. It is the collective effort of individuals, groups, and institutions to ensure that people adhere to social norms, values, and expectations. Social control plays a crucial role in maintaining social order and stability within a society.

Importance of social control in bringing social order:

1. Maintaining stability: Social control helps in maintaining stability and preventing chaos within society. By enforcing rules and regulations, social control ensures that individuals behave in a manner that is acceptable to the majority and does not disrupt the functioning of society.

2. Preserving social norms and values: Social control helps in preserving and reinforcing the social norms, values, and customs that are important for the functioning of society. It ensures that individuals conform to these norms and uphold the shared beliefs and moral codes of their community.

3. Preventing deviant behavior: Social control mechanisms discourage deviant behavior by imposing sanctions on individuals who violate social norms. This helps in discouraging actions that are considered harmful, immoral, or disruptive to society. By preventing deviance, social control promotes a sense of security and trust among members of society.

4. Creating a sense of belonging: Social control mechanisms help in creating a sense of belonging and community among individuals. By promoting conformity and adherence to social norms, social control fosters a sense of unity and cohesion within society. It reinforces the idea that individuals are part of a larger social structure and have a responsibility towards the well-being of the community.

5. Facilitating cooperation and coordination: Social control promotes cooperation and coordination among individuals by establishing shared expectations and guidelines for behavior. It ensures that individuals act in a manner that is consistent with the needs and goals of the larger society, facilitating smooth interactions and collective efforts.

6. Preventing violence and conflict: Social control mechanisms help in preventing violence and conflict within society. By establishing rules and regulations, social control reduces the likelihood of individuals resorting to aggressive or harmful behavior. It promotes peaceful coexistence and resolves disputes through peaceful means.

In conclusion, social control is essential for bringing social order to society. It helps in maintaining stability, preserving social norms and values, preventing deviant behavior, creating a sense of belonging, facilitating cooperation and coordination, and preventing violence and conflict. By enforcing rules and regulations, social control ensures that individuals adhere to societal expectations and contribute to the overall well-being of the community.

Common sense knowledge refers to the basic understanding and practical knowledge that individuals acquire through their everyday experiences and interactions with the world around them. It includes information and beliefs that are widely accepted within a particular culture or society. On the other hand, sociological knowledge is the scientific study of society and social behavior, which involves analyzing social patterns, structures, and processes.

Sociological Imagination:
One of the key concepts in sociology is the sociological imagination, which was introduced by sociologist C. Wright Mills. The sociological imagination is the ability to see the connection between personal troubles and public issues. It allows individuals to understand how their personal experiences are shaped by broader social forces and structures. By using the sociological imagination, people can go beyond common sense knowledge and gain a deeper understanding of the social world.

Relationship between Common Sense Knowledge and Sociological Knowledge:
While common sense knowledge is based on personal experiences and intuitive understanding, sociological knowledge is grounded in empirical research and theoretical frameworks. However, there is an important relationship between the two.

1. Common Sense as a Starting Point:
Sociologists often start their research by examining common sense beliefs and assumptions. They recognize that common sense knowledge reflects the shared understanding of a particular society or culture. By exploring common sense knowledge, sociologists can identify prevailing beliefs, values, and norms that shape social behavior.

2. Challenging Common Sense:
Sociological research aims to go beyond common sense knowledge and critically examine prevailing beliefs and assumptions. Sociologists question common sense notions and seek to understand the underlying social processes and structures that shape them. By challenging common sense, sociologists can uncover hidden inequalities, power dynamics, and social mechanisms that are often taken for granted.

3. Building Sociological Knowledge:
Through empirical research, sociologists generate knowledge that goes beyond common sense. They collect data, analyze social patterns, and develop theories to explain social phenomena. Sociological knowledge is based on systematic observation, analysis, and theory-building, which allows for a more nuanced and comprehensive understanding of society.

4. Application of Sociological Knowledge:
Sociological knowledge is not limited to academic research. It can be applied to various real-world issues and challenges. By understanding social structures and processes, sociologists can contribute to policy-making, social interventions, and the development of more inclusive and equitable societies.

In conclusion, while common sense knowledge is important in everyday life, sociological knowledge provides a deeper understanding of the social world by going beyond common sense beliefs and assumptions. Sociologists use the sociological imagination to critically examine common sense knowledge, generate empirical research, and build theories that contribute to our understanding of society. Therefore, questions on common sense knowledge can lead to sociological knowledge.

The Industrial Revolution, which began in the 18th century, was a period of significant changes in the way goods were produced and the way people lived. It was characterized by several key features, including migration to cities, the emergence of clock time, and poor living conditions due to bad sanitation and general squalor. Let's explore each of these characteristics in detail:

Migration to Cities:
- One of the prominent features of the Industrial Revolution was the mass movement of people from rural areas to urban centers. This migration was driven by the opportunities presented by the new industrial economy.
- As industries developed and factories were established, jobs became available in urban areas. This led to a rapid influx of people seeking employment and better economic prospects.
- The allure of higher wages and the availability of work in factories attracted workers from agricultural communities, resulting in the growth of cities and the creation of urban working-class populations.

Emergence of Clock Time:
- Another significant aspect of the Industrial Revolution was the emergence and widespread adoption of clock time. Prior to the industrial era, time was primarily determined by natural factors such as the rising and setting of the sun.
- However, with the advent of factories and the need to coordinate workers and production processes, a more precise and standardized measurement of time became essential.
- The introduction of clock time allowed for greater efficiency and synchronization in industrial operations. It enabled workers to adhere to fixed schedules and facilitated the coordination of various production stages.

Bad Sanitation and General Squalor:
- Despite the economic advancements brought about by the Industrial Revolution, living conditions during this period were often deplorable, particularly for the working class.
- Rapid urbanization combined with inadequate urban planning and infrastructure led to overcrowded and unsanitary living conditions.
- Lack of proper sanitation systems, limited access to clean water, and inadequate waste management resulted in polluted environments and the spread of diseases.
- The living conditions of the working class were characterized by cramped housing, poor ventilation, and inadequate hygiene facilities, contributing to high mortality rates and poor health outcomes.

In conclusion, the Industrial Revolution was characterized by migration to cities, the emergence of clock time, and poor living conditions due to bad sanitation and general squalor. These key features shaped the social and economic landscape of the time, leaving a lasting impact on society and setting the stage for further industrial development.