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Which of the following assertions about object permanence is NOT actually the case? 
  • a)
    In the first few months of life, the stability of objects in their lives is generally beyond infants’ control. 
  • b)
    Object permanence is the notion that an object exists only while we can see it. 
  • c)
    Piaget maintained that very young infants have no conception of the durability of objects. 
  • d)
    Developments during the sensorimotor stage of development include learning to use objects as tools.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Kiran Mehta answered
In the course of their seemingly playful activity, infants are learning a great deal. But at any one stage, there are limits to what they know. For example, in the first few months of life, although babies get better at manipulating objects, the stability of objects in their lives is generally beyond their control – things (such as toys) come and go. Piaget maintained that very young infants have no conception of the durability of objects: according to him, at this age, while something is within reach or sight, it exists, but ‘out of sight is out of mind’. The notion that an object can continue to exist even when we cannot see it is termed object permanence.
Piaget believed that this is a relatively late achievement of the sensorimotor period (around 9 months). Other developments during this sensorimotor stage of development include greater experimentation with the things the infant can do with objects, learning to use objects as tools, and systematically copying others’ behaviour to achieve new skills.

Which of the following statements about Jean Piaget is NOT true? 
  • a)
    Piaget developed a model of cognitive development which holds that children’s thinking progresses through a series of orderly stages. 
  • b)
    According to Piaget, the sensorimotor stage extends from approximately 2 to 7 years of age. 
  • c)
    Piaget regarded the child in the sensorimotor stage as acting to learn about itself and its relations to the environment. 
  • d)
    Piaget believed that children learn by doing.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Rajesh Gupta answered
Jean Piaget (1896–1980), a Swiss psychologist, developed a model of cognitive development which holds that children’s thinking progresses through a series of orderly stages. According to Piaget, each stage reflects qualitative differences in the way the child understands and acts upon the world relative to its status at another developmental phase.
In the first, sensorimotor stage (which he described as extending from birth to approximately 2 years), Piaget regarded the child as acting to learn about itself and its relations to the environment. A key emphasis here is on the child’s actions. Piaget believed that children learn by doing, and that they advance their understanding by testing what they know to its limits (much as scientists do).

Which stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development occurs during adolescence and refers to the ability to reason about abstract concepts and principles and evaluate issues in the broader social environment? 
  • a)
    Formal operations 
  • b)
    Concrete operations 
  • c)
    Sensorimotor 
  • d)
    Postformal reasoning 
  • e)
    Preoperational
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Arun Yadav answered
The last stage of Piaget’s theory is the formal operations stage which includes the ability to reason about abstract concepts and principles and evaluate alternative outcomes. Concrete operations occur in middle childhood, sensorimotor occurs in the first 2 years and preoperational occurs between 2 and 6 years; none of these stages involves the ability to engage in abstract reasoning. Logic and reasoning is not a term used to refer to Piaget’s stages.

Which of these is true in terms of an adolescent’s physical development? 
  • a)
    Girls experience their adolescent growth spurt at an earlier age than boys. 
  • b)
    Boys experience their adolescent growth spurt at an earlier age than girls. 
  • c)
    With the beginnings of adolescence, most individuals undergo a decline in their rate of growth. 
  • d)
    Puberty is the final phase of the reproductive process.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Malavika Patel answered
Adolescent Growth Spurts
During adolescence, physical development varies significantly between genders, particularly in terms of growth spurts.
Timing of Growth Spurts
- Girls Experience Earlier Growth Spurts: Generally, girls undergo their adolescent growth spurt earlier than boys, typically starting around ages 10 to 12.
- Boys’ Growth Spurts: In contrast, boys usually experience their growth spurts later, around ages 12 to 14. This results in a significant height difference during early adolescence, with girls often being taller during this phase.
Implications of Growth Patterns
- Physical Changes: The earlier onset of growth spurts in girls leads to quicker increases in height and weight, along with the development of secondary sexual characteristics like breast development.
- Social and Psychological Effects: These physical differences can impact social dynamics, self-esteem, and body image perceptions among adolescents.
Conclusion
Understanding the timing of growth spurts is crucial for recognizing the diverse experiences of adolescents. The fact that girls typically experience their growth spurt earlier than boys is a well-documented phenomenon in developmental psychology. This difference not only reflects biological changes but also influences social interactions and personal development during these formative years.

Which of the following pillars of human development focuses on equality of opportunities for all?
  • a)
    Productivity
  • b)
    Equity
  • c)
    Sustainability
  • d)
    Empowerment
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Kritika Saha answered
Understanding the Pillars of Human Development
Human development is a multidimensional process that aims to improve people's lives. Among its key pillars, equity stands out as a critical component that focuses specifically on providing equal opportunities for all individuals.
What is Equity?
Equity refers to fairness and justice in the distribution of resources and opportunities. It emphasizes that everyone, regardless of their background, should have access to the same chances for growth and development.
Importance of Equity in Human Development
- Access to Resources: Equity ensures that marginalized groups receive the necessary resources to thrive. This includes education, healthcare, and employment opportunities.
- Reducing Inequalities: By focusing on equity, societies can work to close the gaps between different social, economic, and ethnic groups. This fosters a more inclusive environment.
- Empowerment of Individuals: When opportunities are equitably distributed, individuals can empower themselves, leading to a more engaged and productive society.
Comparison with Other Pillars
- Productivity: Focuses on efficiency and output but does not necessarily ensure that all individuals can participate equally.
- Sustainability: Concerns long-term viability of resources and environments rather than immediate equality in opportunities.
- Empowerment: While related, empowerment emphasizes individual agency and decision-making, which is enhanced by equitable opportunities.
Conclusion
In summary, equity is the pillar of human development that directly addresses the need for equal opportunities for all individuals. By prioritizing equity, societies can create a more just and inclusive framework for growth, allowing everyone to contribute to and benefit from development efforts.

K. Warner Schaie and his colleagues have conducted major longitudinal studies of the evolution of primary mental abilities among several thousand adult Americans (Schaie, 1995, 2000). But which of the following are primary mental abilities?
  1. Narrative memory
  2. Dialectical reasoning.
  3. Spatial orientation.
  4. Verbal ability.
  • a)
    1 & 2 
  • b)
    2 & 3 
  • c)
    3 & 4 
  • d)
    1 & 4
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Atharva Banerjee answered
Understanding Primary Mental Abilities
Primary mental abilities, as identified by K. Warner Schaie and his colleagues, encompass various cognitive skills that are fundamental to human intelligence. In their studies, they focused on understanding how these abilities evolve across adulthood.
Identifying the Primary Mental Abilities
Among the options provided, the primary mental abilities include:
- Spatial Orientation: This refers to the ability to visualize and manipulate objects in space. It is crucial for tasks that involve navigation, design, and understanding geometric relationships.
- Verbal Ability: This encompasses skills related to understanding and using language effectively. It includes reading comprehension, vocabulary, and verbal reasoning, which are essential for communication and problem-solving.
Abilities Not Considered Primary
The other options mentioned are not classified as primary mental abilities:
- Narrative Memory: While important for recalling stories and personal experiences, it is more specific to personal cognition rather than a core mental ability.
- Dialectical Reasoning: This involves the capacity to engage in complex reasoning and thought processes, often related to philosophical or abstract ideas, but it is not categorized as a primary mental ability.
Conclusion
Therefore, the correct answer, identifying primary mental abilities from the options, is Spatial Orientation (3) and Verbal Ability (4), making option 'C' the right choice. These abilities are fundamental aspects of cognitive functioning that develop and change throughout adulthood.

Language in the form of phonemes or words is typically apparent in children of which age? 
  • a)
    Six months 
  • b)
    One year 
  • c)
    Three months 
  • d)
    Two years 
  • e)
    Five years
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Devanshi Choudhary answered
Language Development in Children

Introduction:
Language development is a crucial aspect of a child's overall growth and communication skills. It involves the ability to understand and use spoken words, gestures, and written symbols to effectively interact with others. While language development varies from child to child, there are general milestones that indicate when certain linguistic abilities begin to emerge.

Language in the Form of Phonemes or Words:
The question asks about the age at which language in the form of phonemes or words typically becomes apparent in children. Phonemes are the smallest units of sound in a language, while words are combinations of phonemes with specific meanings.

Answer:
The correct answer is option 'B' - One year.

Explanation:
1. Early Language Development:
- During the first few months of life, infants primarily communicate through nonverbal means such as crying, cooing, and babbling.
- Around three months of age, babies start producing vowel-like sounds and experiment with different vocalizations. However, these are not considered as true phonemes or words.

2. Babbling Stage:
- Between six and ten months of age, babies enter the babbling stage. They start producing a variety of consonant-vowel combinations, such as "ba-ba" or "da-da."
- Although these babbling sounds resemble real words, they are not used with consistent meaning.

3. First Words:
- At around one year of age, children typically say their first words with purpose and meaning.
- These words are often simple and may include common objects, people's names, or familiar actions.
- Children at this stage understand that specific sounds or phonemes represent certain objects or concepts.

4. Expanding Vocabulary:
- As children approach two years of age, their vocabulary rapidly expands.
- They start combining words to form short phrases, such as "more milk" or "daddy go."
- Their understanding of language and ability to express themselves continue to improve.

5. Language Development Continues:
- Language development is a continuous process that extends beyond the age of five years.
- Children refine their pronunciation, increase their vocabulary, and acquire more complex grammatical structures as they grow.

Conclusion:
In summary, language in the form of phonemes or words typically becomes apparent in children at around one year of age. This is when children start saying their first words with purpose and meaning, marking an important milestone in their language development journey.

When someone’s biological sex does not match their gender identity, they may be experiencing which phenomenon? 
  • a)
    Transexual identity 
  • b)
    Communicative disorder 
  • c)
    Sexual dysfunction 
  • d)
    Gender identity disorder 
  • e)
    All of the above
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Kiran Mehta answered
Gender identity disorder is the term used to refer to the experience of a person whose biological sex does not match their gender identity. Answers A, B and C do not refer to this experience and represent other potential complications in physical, social and mental development.

An infant acts relatively indifferent to her mother’s presence, does not seem greatly disturbed by her departure, and does not go to her when she returns. This is an example of which type of infant attachment style according to Mary Ainsworth and colleagues? 
  • a)
    Secure attachment 
  • b)
    Insecure attachment/resistant 
  • c)
    Insecure attachment/avoidant 
  • d)
    Preoperational attachment 
  • e)
    None of the above
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Kiran Mehta answered
When an infant acts relatively indifferent to the mother’s presence and does not respond to her leave or return, this is identified as an avoidant style. The resistant style demonstrates great distress at mother’s absence and great difficulty being consoled upon mother’s return. Secure attachment may show some distress at mother’s absence, but happy upon her return. Preoperational is not a term used to describe attachment styles.

Identify the correct statement from those given below, with respect to peer influence in adolescence: 
  • a)
    Adolescents tend to choose friends who have markedly different interests to their own. 
  • b)
    Adolescents tend to choose friends who have similar interests to their own. 
  • c)
    Adolescents invariably report that peer pressures have a major influence on their behaviour. 
  • d)
    Causation exists between friends’ behaviour and adolescents’ choices and actions.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Rajesh Gupta answered
Peers are often regarded as a potentially harmful influence, leading impressionable teenagers into dangerous experimentation (e.g. with drugs and sex), dereliction of responsibilities (e.g. schoolwork) and hostility to adults and adult society. Peer values are often assumed to be the antithesis of parental values. But is this actually the case? Friends’ behaviour does tend to be correlated with adolescents’ choices and actions in many areas (Durkin, 1995). But, as you should already know from your readings on methodology, correlation does not equal causation.
In fact, we choose our friends – and adolescents tend to choose friends who have similar interests. If you are a smoker, you probably will not choose to hang out most of the time with the sports crowd. More generally, adolescents themselves report that, although they are subjected to peer pressures sometimes, they do not generally experience this as a major influence on their behaviour or as something that they find particularly difficult to handle (du Bois-Reymond & Revesloot, 1994; Lightfoot, 1992). Furthermore, perceived peer influence tends to vary across different domains of life. It is quite strong with regard to appearance (e.g. hairstyle, clothing) and socializing (e.g. dating, finding out where it is cool to be seen), but peer pressure is less influential when it comes to moral values, anti-social behaviour and career decisions (Brown, 1999).

Which of the following statements is NOT a feature of physical development in early adulthood? 
  • a)
    Manual dexterity begins to reduce in the mid-thirties. 
  • b)
    Physical strength declines substantially compared to the late teens. 
  • c)
    A decline in the perception of high-pitched tones is found by the late twenties. 
  • d)
    The health status and prospects of young adults are influenced by their own behavioural choices.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Arun Yadav answered
Early adulthood is, for most people, the time of peak physical capacity. The body reaches full height by the late teens, and physical strength increases into the late twenties and early thirties (Whitbourne, 2001). Manual agility and coordination, and sensory capacities such as vision and hearing, are also at their peak. But change is imminent, even in these basic capacities. Some decline in the perception of high-pitched tones is found by the late twenties (Whitbourne, 2001), and manual dexterity begins to reduce in the mid-thirties. In general, people in early adulthood feel robust and energetic, although it is not unusual to see fluctuations around deadlines and exam periods! On the other hand, people in this age group are also legally able to use damaging substances and can obtain access to illegal stimulants or narcotics. They also have increasing responsibility for organizing their own eating habits and exercise regimes. Not surprisingly, the health status and prospects of young adults are dependent more than ever before on their own behavioural choices.

Which of the following statements is FALSE? In old age: 
  • a)
    Some people find that the marital relationship becomes more rewarding. 
  • b)
    The most long-lasting relationships are usually with siblings. 
  • c)
    Family becomes more important. 
  • d)
    Social networks are no longer important.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Kiran Mehta answered
As in all other parts of the lifespan, relationships are important to the older person’s adjustment (Johnson, 2001). For some people, the marital relationship may become more rewarding during old age. Some research has found that satisfaction with marriage tends to be rated higher in retired people than in middle-aged adults (Orbuch, House & Webster, 1996; Rollins & Feldman, 1970). This could be down to a whole host of reasons, not least the fact that partners now provide each other with a degree of companionship and support that may not always have been so apparent or so appreciated in busier earlier years. Other social roles – such as grand-parenting or great-grandparenting – are also enjoyed by many older people, and sibling relationships often become particularly important (Cicirelli, 1989) – by this stage, our most long-lasting relationships are usually those with our brothers and sisters. And the many positive benefits of friendships remain at least as important in the later years as they are earlier in the lifespan (Antonucci, 1985). Overall, when asked to identify the most important considerations affecting quality of life, older people consistently place personal relationships and social networks high on their lists (Ferris & Branston, 1994).

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