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All questions of Social Justice for Humanities/Arts Exam

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
People with special needs or disabilities could be considered unequal in some particular respect and deserving of special help. But it is not always easy to get agreement regarding which inequalities of people should be recognised for providing them special help. Physical disabilities, age or lack of access to good education or health care, are some of the factors which are considered grounds for special treatment in many countries. It is believed that if people who enjoy very different standards of living and opportunities are treated equally in all respects with those who have been deprived of even the basic minimum needs to live a healthy and productive life, the result is likely to be an unequal society, not an egalitarian one. In our country, lack of access to good education or health care and other such facilities is often found combined with social discrimination on grounds of caste. The Constitution, therefore, allowed for reservations of government jobs and quotas for admissions to educational institutions for people belonging to the Scheduled Castes and Tribes. Our discussion of different principles of justice has indicated that governments might sometimes find it difficult to harmonise the three principles of justice such as equal treatment for equals, recognition of different efforts and skills while determining rewards and burdens, and provision of minimum standard of living and equal opportunities to the needy.
Q. Who are getting quotas for admissions to educational institutions?
  • a)
    SCs & STs
  • b)
    Government employees
  • c)
    An egalitarian
  • d)
    None of these
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Rajesh Gupta answered
SCs/ STs get reservation in all groups of posts under the Government in case of direct recruitment and in case of promotions made by non-selection method.
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Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
According to the German philosopher Immanuel Kant, human beings possess dignity. If all persons are granted dignity then what is due to each of them is that they have the opportunity to develop their talents and pursue their chosen goals. Justice requires that we give due and equal consideration to all individuals. Although there might be broad agreement in modern society about the equal importance of all people, it is not a simple matter to decide how to give each person his/her due. A number of different principles have been put forward in this regard. One of the principles is the principle of treating equals equally. It is considered that all individuals share certain characteristics as human beings. Therefore, they deserve equal rights and equal treatment. Some of the important rights which are granted in most liberal democracies today include civil rights such as the rights of life, liberty and property, political rights like the right to vote, which enable people to participate in political processes, and certain social rights which would include the right to enjoy equal opportunities with other members of the society.
Q. Who said, ‘human beings possess dignity’?
  • a)
    Immanuel Kant
  • b)
    John Rawls
  • c)
    B.R. Ambedkar
  • d)
    Mahatma Gandhi
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Rajesh Gupta answered
Kant's main themes were these (Kant 2002: 214–45): all persons, regardless of rank or social class, have an equal intrinsic worth or dignity. Human dignity is an innate worth or status that we did not earn and cannot forfeit.

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
Differences of opinion on matters such as whether,and how, to distribute resources and ensure equal access to education and jobs arouse fierce passions in society and even sometimes provoke violence. People believe the future of themselves and their families may be at stake. We have only to remind ourselves about the anger and even violence which has sometimes been roused by proposals to reserve seats in educational institutions or in government employment in our country. As students of political theory however we should be able to calmly examine the issues involved in terms of our understanding of the principles of justice. The theory of just distribution put forward by the well-known political philosopher, John Rawls. Rawls has argued that there could indeed be a rational justification for acknowledging the need to provide help to the least privileged members of a society.
Q. Who was John Rawls?
  • a)
    political philosopher
  • b)
    political leader
  • c)
    student of political theory
  • d)
    None of these
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Rajesh Gupta answered
John Rawls, (born February 21, 1921, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.—died November 24, 2002, Lexington, Massachusetts), American political and ethical philosopher, best known for his defense of egalitarian liberalism in his major work, A Theory of Justice (1971). in moral philosophy in 1950.

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
People with special needs or disabilities could be considered unequal in some particular respect and deserving of special help. But it is not always easy to get agreement regarding which inequalities of people should be recognised for providing them special help. Physical disabilities, age or lack of access to good education or health care, are some of the factors which are considered grounds for special treatment in many countries. It is believed that if people who enjoy very different standards of living and opportunities are treated equally in all respects with those who have been deprived of even the basic minimum needs to live a healthy and productive life, the result is likely to be an unequal society, not an egalitarian one. In our country, lack of access to good education or health care and other such facilities is often found combined with social discrimination on grounds of caste. The Constitution, therefore, allowed for reservations of government jobs and quotas for admissions to educational institutions for people belonging to the Scheduled Castes and Tribes. Our discussion of different principles of justice has indicated that governments might sometimes find it difficult to harmonise the three principles of justice such as equal treatment for equals, recognition of different efforts and skills while determining rewards and burdens, and provision of minimum standard of living and equal opportunities to the needy.
Q. Who allowed reservations of government jobs for Scheduled Tribes?
  • a)
    Physically disable people
  • b)
    Educational institutions
  • c)
    Our Constitution
  • d)
    Society
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Rajesh Gupta answered
The term 'Scheduled Tribes' first appeared in the Constitution of India. Article 366 (25) defined scheduled tribes as "such tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within such tribes or tribal communities as are deemed under Article 342 to be Scheduled Tribes for the purposes of this constitution".

Mark out the incorrect statement.
  • a)
    Quality of services provided by the private sector is better than the government institutions.
  • b)
    Private sector is profit oriented.
  • c)
    Within the reach of the poor.
  • d)
    To remove social and economic inequalities role of the state cannot be undermined.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Ujwal Kulkarni answered
Quality of services provided by the private sector is better than the government institutions. Private sector is profit oriented. Out of the reach of the poor .In order to bring social justice it is important for the state to see that all the members of the society are able to enjoy basic facilities. To remove social and economic inequalities, role of the state cannot be undermined.

Free market is a product of
  • a)
    socialism.
  • b)
    feminism.
  • c)
    neo-liberalism.
  • d)
    patriarchy.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Malavika Patel answered
Free market is a product of neo-liberalism. It contends minimum role for the state/government in the regulation of the economy. In most countries, the model followed is mixed economy, i.e., a combination of free market and a welfare state.

Mark out the type of stages of equality advocated by John Rawls.
  • a)
    Two
  • b)
    Three
  • c)
    Four
  • d)
    Five
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Sarthak Joshi answered
Three stages of equality were advocated by John Rawls, namely, Natural Liberty, Liberal Equality and Democratic Equality.

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
Differences of opinion on matters such as whether,and how, to distribute resources and ensure equal access to education and jobs arouse fierce passions in society and even sometimes provoke violence. People believe the future of themselves and their families may be at stake. We have only to remind ourselves about the anger and even violence which has sometimes been roused by proposals to reserve seats in educational institutions or in government employment in our country. As students of political theory however we should be able to calmly examine the issues involved in terms of our understanding of the principles of justice. The theory of just distribution put forward by the well-known political philosopher, John Rawls. Rawls has argued that there could indeed be a rational justification for acknowledging the need to provide help to the least privileged members of a society.
Q. On which issue, violence may be provoked sometimes?
  • a)
    distribution of resources
  • b)
    access to education and jobs
  • c)
    treating people equally
  • d)
    Both (a) and (b)
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Mansi Banerjee answered
Issue of Violence Provocation
Violence may be provoked sometimes on the issue of distribution of resources and access to education and jobs. When there are differences in opinion regarding how resources should be distributed or how equal access to education and jobs should be ensured, it can lead to fierce passions in society and even provoke violence.

Reasons for Provocation of Violence
- Future Concerns: People believe that the future of themselves and their families may be at stake when it comes to resource distribution and access to education and jobs.
- Anger and Opposition: Proposals such as reserving seats in educational institutions or government employment can lead to anger and opposition from certain groups in society.
- Perceived Injustice: Some individuals may perceive certain distribution policies as unjust, leading to protests and sometimes violence.

Rationale for Calm Examination
As students of political theory, it is important to calmly examine these issues in terms of the principles of justice. The theory of just distribution, as put forward by John Rawls, argues that there could be a rational justification for providing help to the least privileged members of society.
In conclusion, the issue of violence provocation can arise when there are disagreements on resource distribution and access to education and jobs. It is crucial to approach these matters with a rational and just perspective to prevent conflicts and promote equality in society.

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
People with special needs or disabilities could be considered unequal in some particular respect and deserving of special help. But it is not always easy to get agreement regarding which inequalities of people should be recognised for providing them special help. Physical disabilities, age or lack of access to good education or health care, are some of the factors which are considered grounds for special treatment in many countries. It is believed that if people who enjoy very different standards of living and opportunities are treated equally in all respects with those who have been deprived of even the basic minimum needs to live a healthy and productive life, the result is likely to be an unequal society, not an egalitarian one. In our country, lack of access to good education or health care and other such facilities is often found combined with social discrimination on grounds of caste. The Constitution, therefore, allowed for reservations of government jobs and quotas for admissions to educational institutions for people belonging to the Scheduled Castes and Tribes. Our discussion of different principles of justice has indicated that governments might sometimes find it difficult to harmonise the three principles of justice such as equal treatment for equals, recognition of different efforts and skills while determining rewards and burdens, and provision of minimum standard of living and equal opportunities to the needy.
Q. Principle of Justice is/ are:
  • a)
    Provision of minimum standard of living
  • b)
    Equal opportunities to the needy
  • c)
    equal treatment for equals
  • d)
    All of these
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Rajesh Gupta answered
The three principles that our justice system seeks to reflect are: equality, fairness and access. Equality is defined in the dictionary as 'the state of being equal, especially in status, rights, or opportunities.

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
According to the German philosopher Immanuel Kant, human beings possess dignity. If all persons are granted dignity then what is due to each of them is that they have the opportunity to develop their talents and pursue their chosen goals. Justice requires that we give due and equal consideration to all individuals. Although there might be broad agreement in modern society about the equal importance of all people, it is not a simple matter to decide how to give each person his/her due. A number of different principles have been put forward in this regard. One of the principles is the principle of treating equals equally. It is considered that all individuals share certain characteristics as human beings. Therefore, they deserve equal rights and equal treatment. Some of the important rights which are granted in most liberal democracies today include civil rights such as the rights of life, liberty and property, political rights like the right to vote, which enable people to participate in political processes, and certain social rights which would include the right to enjoy equal opportunities with other members of the society.
Q. What are political rights?
  • a)
    Right to vote
  • b)
    Right to choose their representative
  • c)
    Right to contest elections
  • d)
    All of these
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Rajesh Gupta answered
Political rights include natural justice (procedural fairness) in law, such as the rights of the accused, including the right to a fair trial; due process; the right to seek redress or a legal remedy; and rights of participation in civil society and politics such as freedom of association, the right to assemble, the right to petition, the right of self-defense, and the right to vote.

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
According to the German philosopher Immanuel Kant, human beings possess dignity. If all persons are granted dignity then what is due to each of them is that they have the opportunity to develop their talents and pursue their chosen goals. Justice requires that we give due and equal consideration to all individuals. Although there might be broad agreement in modern society about the equal importance of all people, it is not a simple matter to decide how to give each person his/her due. A number of different principles have been put forward in this regard. One of the principles is the principle of treating equals equally. It is considered that all individuals share certain characteristics as human beings. Therefore, they deserve equal rights and equal treatment. Some of the important rights which are granted in most liberal democracies today include civil rights such as the rights of life, liberty and property, political rights like the right to vote, which enable people to participate in political processes, and certain social rights which would include the right to enjoy equal opportunities with other members of the society.
Q. What are civil rights?
  • a)
    Right to life
  • b)
    Right to liberty
  • c)
    Right to property
  • d)
    All of these
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Rajesh Gupta answered
Civil rights are basic rights that every citizen has under the laws of the government. In the United States the civil rights of each individual citizen are protected by the Constitution. Civil rights include the right to free speech, privacy, religion, assembly, a fair trial, and freedom of thought.

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
Differences of opinion on matters such as whether,and how, to distribute resources and ensure equal access to education and jobs arouse fierce passions in society and even sometimes provoke violence. People believe the future of themselves and their families may be at stake. We have only to remind ourselves about the anger and even violence which has sometimes been roused by proposals to reserve seats in educational institutions or in government employment in our country. As students of political theory however we should be able to calmly examine the issues involved in terms of our understanding of the principles of justice. The theory of just distribution put forward by the well-known political philosopher, John Rawls. Rawls has argued that there could indeed be a rational justification for acknowledging the need to provide help to the least privileged members of a society.
Q. When did violence occur on just distribution of resources?
  • a)
    Providing free services to the poor and needy.
  • b)
    Reserving seats in government employment
  • c)
    Physically challenged person getting a reserved seat on the bus.
  • d)
    All of the above
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Rajesh Gupta answered
In simple terms, reservation in India is all about reserving access to seats in the government jobs, educational institutions, and even legislatures to certain sections of the population. Reservation in India is a government policy, backed by the Indian Constitution (by means of various amendments).

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
People with special needs or disabilities could be considered unequal in some particular respect and deserving of special help. But it is not always easy to get agreement regarding which inequalities of people should be recognised for providing them special help. Physical disabilities, age or lack of access to good education or health care, are some of the factors which are considered grounds for special treatment in many countries. It is believed that if people who enjoy very different standards of living and opportunities are treated equally in all respects with those who have been deprived of even the basic minimum needs to live a healthy and productive life, the result is likely to be an unequal society, not an egalitarian one. In our country, lack of access to good education or health care and other such facilities is often found combined with social discrimination on grounds of caste. The Constitution, therefore, allowed for reservations of government jobs and quotas for admissions to educational institutions for people belonging to the Scheduled Castes and Tribes. Our discussion of different principles of justice has indicated that governments might sometimes find it difficult to harmonise the three principles of justice such as equal treatment for equals, recognition of different efforts and skills while determining rewards and burdens, and provision of minimum standard of living and equal opportunities to the needy.
Q. What are considered grounds for special treatment?
  • a)
    lack of access to health care
  • b)
    physical disabilities
  • c)
    financial statement check
  • d)
    Both (a) and (b)
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Rajesh Gupta answered
Some physical disabilities, age, lack of good education or health care facilities are considered of special treatment. In India, lack of good education, healthcare, amenities, etc. are generally combined with social discrimination on the basis of caste.

An international institution that work for justice is
  • a)
    International Court of justice.
  • b)
    Civil services.
  • c)
    IMF.
  • d)
    WTO.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Kunal Ghoshal answered
ICJ is the primary judicial organ of the UN. It resolves legal disputes between countries. IMF and WTO are economic oraginsations while civil services deal with administrative responsibilities.

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
Differences of opinion on matters such as whether,and how, to distribute resources and ensure equal access to education and jobs arouse fierce passions in society and even sometimes provoke violence. People believe the future of themselves and their families may be at stake. We have only to remind ourselves about the anger and even violence which has sometimes been roused by proposals to reserve seats in educational institutions or in government employment in our country. As students of political theory however we should be able to calmly examine the issues involved in terms of our understanding of the principles of justice. The theory of just distribution put forward by the well-known political philosopher, John Rawls. Rawls has argued that there could indeed be a rational justification for acknowledging the need to provide help to the least privileged members of a society.
Q. Who put forward the theory of just distribution?
  • a)
    Plato
  • b)
    Socrates
  • c)
    Rawls
  • d)
    Ambedkar
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Rajesh Gupta answered
The most widely discussed theory of distributive justice in the past four decades has been that proposed by John Rawls in A Theory of Justice, (Rawls 1971), and Political Liberalism, (Rawls 1993).

Which principle of justice involves giving each person what they are due while considering individual efforts and circumstances
  • a)
    Absolute equality
  • b)
    Distributive justice
  • c)
    Proportionate justice
  • d)
    Equal treatment for equals
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

EduRev Humanities answered
  • The principle of proportionate justice is discussed in the text as a form of justice where individuals are rewarded or recognized not purely on an equal basis but in proportion to factors like the effort, risk, and skill involved in their work.
  • This principle allows for differences in rewards and duties based on the diverse contributions and circumstances of individuals, aiming to achieve fairness through acknowledging the varying degrees of input and conditions among people.

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
According to the German philosopher Immanuel Kant, human beings possess dignity. If all persons are granted dignity then what is due to each of them is that they have the opportunity to develop their talents and pursue their chosen goals. Justice requires that we give due and equal consideration to all individuals. Although there might be broad agreement in modern society about the equal importance of all people, it is not a simple matter to decide how to give each person his/her due. A number of different principles have been put forward in this regard. One of the principles is the principle of treating equals equally. It is considered that all individuals share certain characteristics as human beings. Therefore, they deserve equal rights and equal treatment. Some of the important rights which are granted in most liberal democracies today include civil rights such as the rights of life, liberty and property, political rights like the right to vote, which enable people to participate in political processes, and certain social rights which would include the right to enjoy equal opportunities with other members of the society.
Q. _____ deserve equal rights and equal treatment.
  • a)
    Poor
  • b)
    Human beings
  • c)
    Students
  • d)
    Society
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Rajesh Gupta answered
Giving each person his/her due means that providing justice by ensuring the well-being of the people. The meaning of “giving each his due” changed over time, In today's world, it means understanding of what is due to each person as a human being.

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