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All questions of Security in the Contemporary World for Humanities/Arts Exam

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India conducted second nuclear test in:
  • a)
    1972
  • b)
    1985
  • c)
    1986
  • d)
    1998
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Prerna Nair answered
India did so as it was surrounded by nuclear-armed countries and it wanted to safeguard itself from them.

Global poverty is another source of:
  • a)
    insecurity.
  • b)
    security.
  • c)
    internal problem.
  • d)
    external threat.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Ojasvi Mehta answered
Global poverty refers to low economic growth, low national income and low standard of living of developing or least developed countries. It is a source of insecurity because: 
1. Half the world’s population growth occurs in just six countries- India, China, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh and Indonesia, considered developing countries and even in poorest countries population is expected to triple in next 50 years. 
2. Globally, this disparity contributes to the gap between the northern and southern countries of the world. 
3. Poverty in the south has also led a large migration to seek better economic opportunities in the north. 
4. All these created international political friction as international law and norms make a distinction between migrants and refugees as they do not get ready to accept migrants.

Read the following paragraph and answer the questions that follow:
After Pakistan framed its first constitution, General Ayub Khan took over the administration of the country and soon got himself elected. He had to give up office when there was popular dissatisfaction against his rule. This gave way to a military takeover once again under General Yahya Khan. During Yahya’s military rule, Pakistan faced the Bangladesh crisis, and after a war with India in 1971, East Pakistan broke away to emerge as an independent country called Bangladesh. After this, an elected government under the leadership of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto came to power in Pakistan from 1971 to 1977. The Bhutto government was removed by General Zia-ul-Haq in 1977. General Zia faced a pro-democracy movement from 1982 onwards and an elected democratic government was established once again in 1988 under the leadership of Benazir Bhutto. In the period that followed, Pakistani politics centred around the competition between her party, the Pakistan People’s Party, and the Muslim League. This phase of elective democracy lasted till 1999 when the army stepped in again and General Pervez Musharraf removed Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. In 2001, General Musharraf got himself elected as the President. Pakistan continued to be ruled by the army, though the army rulers have held some elections to give their rule a democratic image. Since 2008, democratically elected leaders have been ruling Pakistan.
Q. Pakistan’s first constitution was enacted by the Constituent Assembly in
  • a)
    1956
  • b)
    1947
  • c)
    1962
  • d)
    1952
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Arnab Gupta answered
Historical Context of Pakistan's First Constitution
The first constitution of Pakistan was enacted on March 23, 1956, marking a significant moment in the country's political history. Here are some key points explaining this event:
Formation of the Constituent Assembly
- The Constituent Assembly was formed shortly after Pakistan gained independence in 1947.
- Its primary task was to draft a constitution that would provide a framework for governance.
Delay in Constitution Framing
- The process of drafting the constitution faced numerous delays due to political instability and various military interventions.
- Several interim governments were established, which complicated the constitution-making process.
Adoption of the Constitution
- The 1956 Constitution aimed to establish Pakistan as a democratic state with a parliamentary system.
- It provided for fundamental rights, a bicameral legislature, and a strong emphasis on Islamic principles.
Significance of the 1956 Constitution
- The constitution was a crucial step towards formalizing governance and rule of law in Pakistan.
- Its enactment symbolized a commitment to democracy, although this commitment faced challenges shortly after due to military takeovers.
Conclusion
- The 1956 Constitution remains a landmark in Pakistan’s history, despite the subsequent political upheaval.
- Understanding this context helps highlight the challenges of establishing a stable democratic framework in the country.

Study the cartoon given below carefully and answer the following questions:
Q. Which country ’s problem is depicted here?
  • a)
    Tamil Nadu in India
  • b)
    South India
  • c)
    Sri Lanka
  • d)
    Indian Tamils
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Ojasvi Mehta answered
The cartoon depicts the dilemma of the Sri Lankan leadership who are trying to balance the Sinhala hardliners lion or the Tamil militant tiger while negotiating peace. The government thinks if it goes according to the Sinhala community, actions would be taken by LTTE in Sri Lanka and if LTTE is given preference, the Sinhala community would become upset and the country would be divided.

Directions: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Q. Assertion: Political parties and the common people of Nepal have wanted a more open and responsive system of government.
Reason: The king accepted the demand for a new democratic constitution in 1990, in the wake of a strong pro-democracy movement.
  • a)
    Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
  • b)
    Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
  • c)
    (A) is true, but (R) is false.
  • d)
    (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Arun Yadav answered
It has seen three major movements, the Revolution of 1951, Jana Andolan and Loktantra Andolan which ultimately abolished the Shah monarchy, transitioned Nepal towards a republic and reintroduced multi-party bicameral democracy.

Directions: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Q. Assertion: Democratic governments had a short and troubled career.
Reason: India continued to enjoy democratic status since its inception. It is considered to be among the best democracies of the world.
  • a)
    Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
  • b)
    Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
  • c)
    (A) is true, but (R) is false.
  • d)
    (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Rajesh Gupta answered
It depends upon the leaders of the nation whether the country enjoys the democratic status and for how long. In the case of Indian politics, it had never tried curbing the fundamental rights of the people. While, in case of Pakistan, the country had faced major upheavals in the politics. It never remained a consistent democratic nation.

Directions: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Q. Assertion: The Sri Lankan problem involves people of Indian origin, and there is considerable pressure from the Tamil people in India to the effect that the Indian government should protect the interests of the Tamils in Sri Lanka. K Reason: The government of India has from time to time tried to negotiate with the Sri Lankan government on the Tamil question.
  • a)
    Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
  • b)
    Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
  • c)
    (A) is true, but (R) is false.
  • d)
    (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Ojasvi Mehta answered
The Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War was the deployment of the Indian Peace Keeping Force in Sri Lanka intended to perform a peacekeeping role. The original intention was the Indian Peace Keeping Force would not be involved in large scale military operations.

Directions: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Q. Assertion: Despite the mixed record of the democratic experience, the people in all these countries share the aspiration for democracy.
Reason: A recent survey of the attitudes of the people in the five big countries of the region showed that there is widespread support for democracy in all these countries.
  • a)
    Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
  • b)
    Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
  • c)
    (A) is true, but (R) is false.
  • d)
    (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Ojasvi Mehta answered
People wish to be ruled by representatives elected by them as a democratic government, it is people’s own government and makes them believe that it is suitable for their country as it is a legitimate government.

Human rights are classified into
  • a)
    three types.
  • b)
    two types.
  • c)
    four types.
  • d)
    one type.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Mira Gupta answered
Human rights have come to be classified into three types. the first type is political rights such as freedom of speech and assembly.The second type is economic and social rights. The third type is the rights of colonised people and indigenous minorities.

Directions: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Q. Assertion: Pakistan and Bangladesh have experienced both civilian and military rulers.
Reason: Bangladesh remained a democracy in the post-Cold War period. Pakistan began the post-Cold War period with successive democratic governments under Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif respectively. But it suffered a military coup in 1999.
  • a)
    Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
  • b)
    Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
  • c)
    (A) is true, but (R) is false.
  • d)
    (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Arun Yadav answered
Both the countries have many a times experienced military as well as democratic rule. Governments in both these countries were never stable. These frequent upheavals have affected their political, social and economic development.

Directions: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Q. Assertion: Sinhala were hostile to a large number of Tamils who had migrated from India to Sri Lanka and settled there. This migration continued even after independence.
Reason: The Sinhala nationalists thought that Sri Lanka should not give ‘concessions’ to the Tamils because Sri Lanka belongs to the Sinhala people only.
  • a)
    Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
  • b)
    Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
  • c)
    (A) is true, but (R) is false.
  • d)
    (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Arun Yadav answered
The combination of religious and ethnic differences continues to create violent conflicts between the parties although they have shared Sri Lanka for innumerable centuries. Religious tension intensifies the struggle for supremacy between Tamils and Sinhalese.

Directions: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Q. Assertion: In April 2006, there were massive, country wide, pro-democracy protests.
Reason: The largely non-violent movement was led by the Seven Party Alliance (SPA), the Maoists and social activists.
  • a)
    Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
  • b)
    Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
  • c)
    (A) is true, but (R) is false.
  • d)
    (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Ojasvi Mehta answered
Civil War in Nepal lasted between 1996 and 2006. The Nepalese Civil war was a dispute between the Nepalese government and the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) whereby each side went up in arms. The dispute was started by the communist party who wanted to overthrow the Nepalese Monarchy.

Disarmament requires all states to give up certain kinds of
  • a)
    weapons.
  • b)
    arms control.
  • c)
    violence.
  • d)
    internal wars.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Siddharth Choudhary answered
Disarmament requires all states to give up certain kinds of weapons. For example, the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) and the 1992 Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) banned the production and possession of these weapons. More than 155 states acceded to the BWC and 181 states acceded to the CWC.Both conventions included all the great powers.

Directions: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Q. Assertion: Pakistan gave an independent status to Bangladesh without any conflict.
Reason: Bangladesh was a part of Pakistan from 1947 to 1971.
  • a)
    Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
  • b)
    Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
  • c)
    (A) is true, but (R) is false.
  • d)
    (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Ojasvi Mehta answered
The East Pakistan Renaissance Society advocated the creation of a sovereign state in eastern British India. The violent crackdown by the Pakistan Army led to Awami League leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman declaring East Pakistan’s independence as the state of Bangladesh on 26 March 1971. Thus it was not without any conflict.

Directions: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Q. Assertion: Various countries in South Asia do not have the same kind of political systems.
Reason: Despite many problems and limitations, Sri Lanka and India have successfully operated a democratic system since their independence from the British.
  • a)
    Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
  • b)
    Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
  • c)
    (A) is true, but (R) is false.
  • d)
    (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Arun Yadav answered
Despite of the frequent ups and downs in the governments of South Asia, Sri Lanka and India managed to maintain their democratic status. The path to democracy was not easy for both of them, but they have overcome every obstacle to attain stability in democracy.

Poverty in South Asia has led to _________.
  • a)
    Illiteracy
  • b)
    Population Explosion
  • c)
    Migration
  • d)
    Terrorism
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Nisha Sengupta answered
Migration is the result of the search for better economic opportunities in the north and has led to friction amongst countries.

India first tested nuclear device in-
  • a)
    1962.
  • b)
    1970.
  • c)
    1974.
  • d)
    1998.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Arjun Chaudhary answered
India’s first nuclear test occurred on 18 May 1974. Since then India has conducted another series of tests at the Pokhran test range in the state of Rajasthan in 1998. India has an extensive civil and military nuclear program.

Directions: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Q. Assertion: The Maoist groups agreed to suspend armed struggle.
Reason: In 2008, Nepal became a democratic republic after abolishing the monarchy
  • a)
    Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
  • b)
    Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
  • c)
    (A) is true, but (R) is false.
  • d)
    (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Ojasvi Mehta answered
On May 28, 2008, the newly elected Constituent Assembly declared Nepal a Federal Democratic Republic, abolishing the 240 year-old monarchy. The Constituent Assembly made significant progress to accomplish the mandate of writing a new democratic constitution of Nepal during its first 4 years term.

Directions: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Q. Assertion: India’s conflict with Pakistan is also over strategic issues like the control of the Siachen glacier and over acquisition of arms. K Reason: India and Pakistan never come face to face on the war field over these issues.
  • a)
    Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
  • b)
    Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
  • c)
    (A) is true, but (R) is false.
  • d)
    (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Ojasvi Mehta answered
Since Independence in 1947, India and Pakistan have been in four wars, including one undeclared war, and many border skirmishes and military stand-offs.

Read the following paragraph and answer the questions that follow:
The Sri Lankan problem involves people of Indian origin, and there is considerable pressure from the Tamil people in India to the effect that the Indian government should protect the interests of the Tamils in Sri Lanka. The government of India has from time to time tried to negotiate with the Sri Lankan government on the Tamil question. But in 1987, the government of India for the first time got directly involved in the Sri Lankan Tamil question. India signed an accord with Sri Lanka and sent troops to stabilise relations between the Sri Lankan government and the Tamils. Eventually, the Indian Army got into a fight with the LTTE. The presence of Indian troops was also not liked much by the Sri Lankans. They saw this as an attempt by India to interfere in the internal affairs of Sri Lanka. In 1989, the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) pulled out of Sri Lanka without attaining its objective. The Sri Lankan crisis continued to be violent. However, international actors, particularly the Scandinavian countries such as Norway and Iceland tried to bring the warring groups back to negotiations. Finally, the armed conflict came to an end, as the LTTE was vanquished in 2009.
Q. When did government of India directly got involve in the conflict of Sri Lanka?
  • a)
    in 1987
  • b)
    in 1988
  • c)
    in 1990
  • d)
    in 1989
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Rajesh Gupta answered
During the 1970s, India’s external intelligence agency, the Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) helped to train and arm the LTTE, but after the group’s terrorist activities grew in the 1980s--including its alliances with separatist groups in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu--RAW withdrew this support. In 1987, India made a pact with the Sri Lankan government to send peacekeeping troops to the island. The Indian forces were unable to end the conflict and instead began fighting with the LTTE. India was forced to withdraw by Sri Lankan President Ranasinghe Premadasa in 1990. Rajiv Gandhi, prime minister of India at the time of the peacekeeping force deployment, was killed by an LTTE suicide bomber in 1991. Premadasa met a similar fate in 1993.

The Tutsi tribe are in
  • a)
    Rwanda.
  • b)
    Uganda.
  • c)
    Nigeria.
  • d)
    Greece.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Nandita Joshi answered
The Tutsi tribe in Rwanda faced a threat to its existence as nearly five lakh of its people were killed by the rival Hutu tribe in a matter of weeks. This shows that non-traditional conceptions of security, like traditional conceptions of security, vary according to local contexts.

Read the following paragraph and answer the questions that follow:
Territorial disputes over the Kashmir region sparked two of the three major Indo- Pakistani wars in 1947 and 1965, and a limited war in 1999. Although both countries have maintained a fragile cease-fire since 2003, they regularly exchange fire across the contested border, known as the Line of Control. Both sides accuse the other of violating the cease-fire and claim to be shooting in response to attacks. An up-tick in border skirmishes that began in late 2016 and continued into 2018 killed dozens and displaced thousands of civilians on both sides of the Line of Control.
In 2014, after India’s then newly elected Prime Minister Modi invited then Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif to attend his inauguration, there were hopes that Modi’s government would pursue meaningful peace negotiations with Pakistan. However, after a brief period of optimism, relations turned sour once more when India cancelled talks with Pakistan’s foreign minister in August 2014 after the Pakistani high commissioner in India met with Kashmiri separatist leaders. A series of openings continued throughout 2015, including an unscheduled December meeting on the side-lines of the UN Climate Change Conference in Paris. This led to a meeting between national security advisors in Bangkok a few days later, where the Kashmir dispute was discussed. Later in December, Prime Minister Modi made a surprise visit to Lahore to meet with Prime Minister Sharif, the first visit of an Indian leader to Pakistan in more than a decade.
Q. In which years, according to this paragraph, India and Pakistan were involved in face to face conflicts?
  • a)
    1947, 1965, 1999
  • b)
    1971, 1961, 1999
  • c)
    1991, 1999, 2003
  • d)
    None of the above
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Rajesh Gupta answered
Territorial disputes over the Kashmir region sparked two of the three major Indo-Pakistani wars in 1947 and 1965, and a limited war in 1999. Although both countries have maintained a fragile cease-fire since 2003, they regularly exchange fire across the contested border, known as the Line of Control.

Read the following paragraph and answer the questions that follow:
After Pakistan framed its first constitution, General Ayub Khan took over the administration of the country and soon got himself elected. He had to give up office when there was popular dissatisfaction against his rule. This gave way to a military takeover once again under General Yahya Khan. During Yahya’s military rule, Pakistan faced the Bangladesh crisis, and after a war with India in 1971, East Pakistan broke away to emerge as an independent country called Bangladesh. After this, an elected government under the leadership of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto came to power in Pakistan from 1971 to 1977. The Bhutto government was removed by General Zia-ul-Haq in 1977. General Zia faced a pro-democracy movement from 1982 onwards and an elected democratic government was established once again in 1988 under the leadership of Benazir Bhutto. In the period that followed, Pakistani politics centred around the competition between her party, the Pakistan People’s Party, and the Muslim League. This phase of elective democracy lasted till 1999 when the army stepped in again and General Pervez Musharraf removed Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. In 2001, General Musharraf got himself elected as the President. Pakistan continued to be ruled by the army, though the army rulers have held some elections to give their rule a democratic image. Since 2008, democratically elected leaders have been ruling Pakistan.
Q. How long did Zulfikar Ali Bhutto’s Government lasted?
  • a)
    1971 to 1988
  • b)
    1971 to 1976
  • c)
    1971 to 1977
  • d)
    1971 to 1973
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Ojasvi Mehta answered
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was a Pakistani barrister and politician who served as the 9th Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1971 to 1977.

Read the following paragraph and answer the questions that follow:
The Sri Lankan problem involves people of Indian origin, and there is considerable pressure from the Tamil people in India to the effect that the Indian government should protect the interests of the Tamils in Sri Lanka. The government of India has from time to time tried to negotiate with the Sri Lankan government on the Tamil question. But in 1987, the government of India for the first time got directly involved in the Sri Lankan Tamil question. India signed an accord with Sri Lanka and sent troops to stabilise relations between the Sri Lankan government and the Tamils. Eventually, the Indian Army got into a fight with the LTTE. The presence of Indian troops was also not liked much by the Sri Lankans. They saw this as an attempt by India to interfere in the internal affairs of Sri Lanka. In 1989, the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) pulled out of Sri Lanka without attaining its objective. The Sri Lankan crisis continued to be violent. However, international actors, particularly the Scandinavian countries such as Norway and Iceland tried to bring the warring groups back to negotiations. Finally, the armed conflict came to an end, as the LTTE was vanquished in 2009.
Q. Why was there pressure from Indian Tamils to protect and safeguard the interests of Tamil living in Sri Lanka?
  • a)
    Because Tamils living in Sri Lanka share the same ethnicity with Indian Tamils.
  • b)
    Because the conflict in Sri Lanka involves people of Indian origin.
  • c)
    Because Tamils from Sri Lanka are the ancestors of Indian Tamils.
  • d)
    All of the above
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Isha Kaur answered
Pressure from Indian Tamils to protect Tamil interests in Sri Lanka
- The conflict in Sri Lanka involves people of Indian origin, specifically the Tamil population.
- Indian Tamils feel a sense of kinship and shared ethnicity with the Tamils in Sri Lanka.
- There is a historical connection between the Tamil communities in India and Sri Lanka.
- The Indian government is urged to safeguard the interests of Tamils in Sri Lanka due to these factors.
- The protection of Tamil rights in Sri Lanka is seen as a matter of ethnic solidarity and humanitarian concern by Indian Tamils.

Read the following paragraph and answer the questions that follow:
After Pakistan framed its first constitution, General Ayub Khan took over the administration of the country and soon got himself elected. He had to give up office when there was popular dissatisfaction against his rule. This gave way to a military takeover once again under General Yahya Khan. During Yahya’s military rule, Pakistan faced the Bangladesh crisis, and after a war with India in 1971, East Pakistan broke away to emerge as an independent country called Bangladesh. After this, an elected government under the leadership of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto came to power in Pakistan from 1971 to 1977. The Bhutto government was removed by General Zia-ul-Haq in 1977. General Zia faced a pro-democracy movement from 1982 onwards and an elected democratic government was established once again in 1988 under the leadership of Benazir Bhutto. In the period that followed, Pakistani politics centred around the competition between her party, the Pakistan People’s Party, and the Muslim League. This phase of elective democracy lasted till 1999 when the army stepped in again and General Pervez Musharraf removed Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. In 2001, General Musharraf got himself elected as the President. Pakistan continued to be ruled by the army, though the army rulers have held some elections to give their rule a democratic image. Since 2008, democratically elected leaders have been ruling Pakistan.
Q. Why democracy isn’t stable in Pakistan?
  • a)
    It is a communist state.
  • b)
    Military has all the power.
  • c)
    People are anti-democracy.
  • d)
    None of the above.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Ojasvi Mehta answered
Since its independence, Pakistan’s system has fluctuated between civilian and military governments at various times throughout its political history, mainly due to political instability, civil-military conflicts, political corruption, and the periodic coup d’états by the military establishment.

Read the following paragraph and answer the questions that follow:
Territorial disputes over the Kashmir region sparked two of the three major Indo- Pakistani wars in 1947 and 1965, and a limited war in 1999. Although both countries have maintained a fragile cease-fire since 2003, they regularly exchange fire across the contested border, known as the Line of Control. Both sides accuse the other of violating the cease-fire and claim to be shooting in response to attacks. An up-tick in border skirmishes that began in late 2016 and continued into 2018 killed dozens and displaced thousands of civilians on both sides of the Line of Control.
In 2014, after India’s then newly elected Prime Minister Modi invited then Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif to attend his inauguration, there were hopes that Modi’s government would pursue meaningful peace negotiations with Pakistan. However, after a brief period of optimism, relations turned sour once more when India cancelled talks with Pakistan’s foreign minister in August 2014 after the Pakistani high commissioner in India met with Kashmiri separatist leaders. A series of openings continued throughout 2015, including an unscheduled December meeting on the side-lines of the UN Climate Change Conference in Paris. This led to a meeting between national security advisors in Bangkok a few days later, where the Kashmir dispute was discussed. Later in December, Prime Minister Modi made a surprise visit to Lahore to meet with Prime Minister Sharif, the first visit of an Indian leader to Pakistan in more than a decade.
Q. Till which year both the countries have maintained “fragile cease fire”?
  • a)
    2005
  • b)
    2003
  • c)
    1999
  • d)
    2016
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Rajesh Gupta answered
Territorial disputes over the Kashmir region sparked two of the three major Indo-Pakistani wars in 1947 and 1965, and a limited war in 1999. Although both countries have maintained a fragile cease-fire since 2003, they regularly exchange fire across the contested border, known as the Line of Control. Both sides accuse the other of violating the cease-fire and claim to be shooting in response to attacks. An uptick in border skirmishes that began in late 2016 and continued into 2018 killed dozens and displaced thousands of civilians on both sides of the Line of Control.

The Anti-ballistic Missile Treaty was signed in
  • a)
    1969.
  • b)
    1970.
  • c)
    1971.
  • d)
    1972.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Hrishikesh Jain answered
The Anti-ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty was signed in 1972.It tried to stop the united States and Soviet union from using ballistic missiles as a defensive shield to launch a nuclear attack. While it did allow both countries to deploy a very limited number of defensive systems, it stopped them from large scale production of those system.

Read the following paragraph and answer the questions that follow:
After Pakistan framed its first constitution, General Ayub Khan took over the administration of the country and soon got himself elected. He had to give up office when there was popular dissatisfaction against his rule. This gave way to a military takeover once again under General Yahya Khan. During Yahya’s military rule, Pakistan faced the Bangladesh crisis, and after a war with India in 1971, East Pakistan broke away to emerge as an independent country called Bangladesh. After this, an elected government under the leadership of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto came to power in Pakistan from 1971 to 1977. The Bhutto government was removed by General Zia-ul-Haq in 1977. General Zia faced a pro-democracy movement from 1982 onwards and an elected democratic government was established once again in 1988 under the leadership of Benazir Bhutto. In the period that followed, Pakistani politics centred around the competition between her party, the Pakistan People’s Party, and the Muslim League. This phase of elective democracy lasted till 1999 when the army stepped in again and General Pervez Musharraf removed Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. In 2001, General Musharraf got himself elected as the President. Pakistan continued to be ruled by the army, though the army rulers have held some elections to give their rule a democratic image. Since 2008, democratically elected leaders have been ruling Pakistan.
Q. Who removed Bhutto’s govt.? When?
  • a)
    General Zia-ul-Haq, 1977
  • b)
    General Yahya Khan, 1990
  • c)
    Benazir Bhutto, 1976
  • d)
    Asif Ali zardari, 2000
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Rajesh Gupta answered
Operation Fair Play was the code name for the 5 July 1977 coup by Pakistan Chief of Army Staff General Muhammad Zia-ulHaq, overthrowing the government of Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.

Read the following paragraph and answer the questions that follow:
The Sri Lankan problem involves people of Indian origin, and there is considerable pressure from the Tamil people in India to the effect that the Indian government should protect the interests of the Tamils in Sri Lanka. The government of India has from time to time tried to negotiate with the Sri Lankan government on the Tamil question. But in 1987, the government of India for the first time got directly involved in the Sri Lankan Tamil question. India signed an accord with Sri Lanka and sent troops to stabilise relations between the Sri Lankan government and the Tamils. Eventually, the Indian Army got into a fight with the LTTE. The presence of Indian troops was also not liked much by the Sri Lankans. They saw this as an attempt by India to interfere in the internal affairs of Sri Lanka. In 1989, the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) pulled out of Sri Lanka without attaining its objective. The Sri Lankan crisis continued to be violent. However, international actors, particularly the Scandinavian countries such as Norway and Iceland tried to bring the warring groups back to negotiations. Finally, the armed conflict came to an end, as the LTTE was vanquished in 2009.
Q. Who posed challenge to Indian Army in Sri Lanka?
  • a)
    Local Tamils
  • b)
    Indian Tamils
  • c)
    LTTE
  • d)
    Sri Lankan government
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

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