All questions of Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context for Humanities/Arts Exam

The 8th Five Year Plan in India, which covered the period from 1992 to 1997, faced a significant delay due to a combination of political instability and liberalization measures introduced by the government. Both factors played a crucial role in the postponement of the plan's implementation.

1. Political Instability:
- During the early 1990s, India witnessed a period of political instability and frequent changes in government. This instability was primarily caused by coalition politics, with no single party enjoying a clear majority in the parliament.
- The frequent changes in government led to a lack of continuity and consistency in policy-making and planning. Each new government had its own priorities and agendas, which often resulted in delays and disruptions in the implementation of the Five Year Plan.
- The political instability also affected the decision-making process and coordination between different departments and ministries, further contributing to the delay in the plan's execution.

2. Liberalization:
- The 8th Five Year Plan coincided with the introduction of economic reforms and liberalization measures in India. The government initiated these reforms to open up the Indian economy, attract foreign investment, and stimulate growth.
- The liberalization measures included the dismantling of the license raj, reduction of trade barriers, and deregulation of various sectors. These changes aimed to promote competition, efficiency, and private sector participation in the economy.
- However, the process of liberalization required careful planning and coordination to ensure a smooth transition. The government had to reorient its policies and strategies to adapt to the changing economic landscape.
- The introduction of liberalization measures and the associated policy changes required additional time and resources, leading to delays in finalizing and implementing the 8th Five Year Plan.

In conclusion, the delay in the implementation of the 8th Five Year Plan can be attributed to the combination of political instability and the introduction of liberalization measures. The frequent changes in government and the need to adapt to the new economic reforms created significant challenges and disruptions in the planning and execution of the plan.

"artificial intelligence" first used?

Explanation:

System of equal distribution of canal water is an important aspect of irrigation management. It ensures that every farmer in the command area of the outlet gets an equal share of water. This system is achieved through various methods like Waranbandi, Naranballi, and Hissabandi.

Waranbandi:
Waranbandi is a system of water distribution where the water is distributed equally among the farmers in the command area of the outlet. In this system, the total available water is divided into equal parts based on the number of farmers in the area. Each farmer is then given a specific time to irrigate their fields. The time is calculated based on the size of the land and the amount of water required for irrigation.

Naranballi:
Naranballi is another system of water distribution where the water is distributed based on the size of the land and the amount of water required for irrigation. In this system, the available water is divided into equal parts based on the size of the land owned by the farmers. The farmers with larger land holdings get more water than the farmers with smaller land holdings.

Hissabandi:
Hissabandi is a system of water distribution where the water is distributed based on the amount of water required for irrigation. In this system, the available water is distributed among the farmers based on the amount of water required for irrigation. The farmers who require more water get more water than the farmers who require less water.

Conclusion:
Out of the above three systems of water distribution, Waranbandi ensures equal distribution of canal water in the command area of the outlet. This is achieved by dividing the total available water into equal parts and giving each farmer a specific time to irrigate their fields. This system ensures that every farmer in the command area gets an equal share of water and is thus fair to all.

Overview of Drought-Prone Districts in India
In 1967, the Planning Commission of India conducted a comprehensive assessment to identify districts susceptible to drought across the country. This study was crucial for formulating policies aimed at mitigating the effects of drought and enhancing agricultural productivity.
Identification of Districts
- The Planning Commission identified 67 districts that were either entirely or partially prone to drought.
- This identification was based on various factors, including climatic conditions, rainfall patterns, and the agricultural viability of the regions.
Significance of the Findings
- Understanding which districts are vulnerable to drought allows for better resource allocation and planning.
- It helps in implementing targeted measures for drought relief, agricultural support, and infrastructure development.
Impact on Policy Formation
- The findings from the 1967 assessment have paved the way for numerous government initiatives aimed at mitigating drought impacts.
- Policies such as irrigation projects, water conservation efforts, and crop diversification strategies have been influenced by this data.
Conclusion
The identification of 67 drought-prone districts by the Planning Commission was a pivotal moment in India's approach to dealing with natural calamities. It provided a framework for understanding the vulnerabilities of specific regions and informed policy decisions that continue to influence agricultural and economic strategies in the country. The proactive measures initiated since then have played a significant role in improving resilience against drought conditions in India.

The irrigation in the Command Area was started in the mid-1980s.

The command area refers to the area of land that is served by a particular irrigation project. In the context of this question, it refers to the area where irrigation was implemented.

Background:
Irrigation is the process of artificially supplying water to agricultural land in order to support crop growth. It is an essential practice in areas where rainfall is insufficient to meet the water requirements of crops. Irrigation systems can vary in scale and complexity, ranging from small-scale systems such as sprinklers to large-scale projects involving dams, canals, and reservoirs.

Explanation:
In the context of the question, the mid-1980s is identified as the period when irrigation in the command area was initiated. However, without additional information, it is difficult to provide specific details regarding the reasons or circumstances that led to the implementation of irrigation in the command area during this time.

It is worth noting that the development and implementation of irrigation projects are often influenced by various factors such as the availability of water resources, technological advancements, government policies, and the need to increase agricultural productivity. These factors can vary from region to region and may have contributed to the decision to start irrigation in the command area during the mid-1980s.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the irrigation in the command area was started in the mid-1980s. While additional information would be needed to provide a more comprehensive explanation, it is likely that factors such as water availability and agricultural needs played a role in the decision to implement irrigation during this period.