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Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): In Indian nationalism, the dominant trend was marked by an inclusive and democratic vision.
Reason (R): It was democratic because it recognised diversity and plurality- a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- c)Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
- d)Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): In Indian nationalism, the dominant trend was marked by an inclusive and democratic vision.
Reason (R): It was democratic because it recognised diversity and plurality
Assertion (A): In Indian nationalism, the dominant trend was marked by an inclusive and democratic vision.
Reason (R): It was democratic because it recognised diversity and plurality
a)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
b)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
c)
Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d)
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Inclusive because it recognised diversity and plurality. Democratic because it sought to do away with discrimination and exclusion and bring forth a just and equitable society.
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Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): In modern times, and particularly since the nineteenth century, the link between caste and occupation has become much less rigid.
Reason (R): The caste-class correlation is still remarkably stable at the macro level.- a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- c)Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
- d)Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): In modern times, and particularly since the nineteenth century, the link between caste and occupation has become much less rigid.
Reason (R): The caste-class correlation is still remarkably stable at the macro level.
Assertion (A): In modern times, and particularly since the nineteenth century, the link between caste and occupation has become much less rigid.
Reason (R): The caste-class correlation is still remarkably stable at the macro level.
a)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
b)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
c)
Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d)
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
The reason for the assertion is that ritual-religious prohibitions on occupational change are not easily imposed today, and it is easier than before to change one’s occupation.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: “Compared to the ancient past, we know a lot more about caste in our recent history. If modern history is taken to begin with the nineteenth century, then Indian Independence in 1947 offers a natural dividing line between the colonial period (roughly 150 years from around 1800 to 1947) and the post-Independence or post-colonial period (the six decades from 1947 to the present day). The present form of caste as a social institution has been shaped very strongly by both the colonial period as well as the rapid changes that have come about in independent India.”Q. Which of the following is an example of the economic changes affecting caste?- a)Recruitment to industrial jobs continued to be organised along caste and kinship-based lines.
- b)Emergence of caste-based political parties in the 1980s.
- c)Particular departments or shop floors were often dominated by specific castes.
- d)Modern industry created all kinds of new jobs for which there were no caste rules.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: “Compared to the ancient past, we know a lot more about caste in our recent history. If modern history is taken to begin with the nineteenth century, then Indian Independence in 1947 offers a natural dividing line between the colonial period (roughly 150 years from around 1800 to 1947) and the post-Independence or post-colonial period (the six decades from 1947 to the present day). The present form of caste as a social institution has been shaped very strongly by both the colonial period as well as the rapid changes that have come about in independent India.”
Q. Which of the following is an example of the economic changes affecting caste?
a)
Recruitment to industrial jobs continued to be organised along caste and kinship-based lines.
b)
Emergence of caste-based political parties in the 1980s.
c)
Particular departments or shop floors were often dominated by specific castes.
d)
Modern industry created all kinds of new jobs for which there were no caste rules.
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
The first and the third options are examples of the resilience of the caste system. Emergence of caste-based political parties in the 1980s is an example of political changes. Growth of private modern industry opened new job opportunities that where caste rules did not apply. At a different level, modern educated Indians attracted to the liberal ideas of individualism and meritocracy, began to abandon the more extreme caste practices.
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A):A significant yet paradoxical change in the caste system in the contemporary period is that it has tended to become ‘invisible’ for the upper caste, urban middle and upper classes.
Reason (R): Caste plays no part in their private lives.- a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- c)Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
- d)Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A):A significant yet paradoxical change in the caste system in the contemporary period is that it has tended to become ‘invisible’ for the upper caste, urban middle and upper classes.
Reason (R): Caste plays no part in their private lives.
Assertion (A):A significant yet paradoxical change in the caste system in the contemporary period is that it has tended to become ‘invisible’ for the upper caste, urban middle and upper classes.
Reason (R): Caste plays no part in their private lives.
a)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
b)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
c)
Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d)
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
For the upper caste, caste plays no part in their public lives, being limited to the personal sphere of religious practice or marriage and kinship.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:“Tribe’ is a modern term for communities that are very old, being among the oldest inhabitants of the sub-continent. Tribes in India have generally been defined in terms of what they were not. Tribes were communities that did not practice a religion with a written text; did not have a state or political form of the normal kind; did not have sharp class divisions; and, most important, they did not have caste and were neither Hindus nor peasants. The term was introduced in the colonial era. The use of a single term for a very disparate set of communities was more a matter of administrative convenience… In terms of positive characteristics, tribes have been classified according to their ‘permanent’ and ‘acquired’ traits.”Q. Which of the following is NOT a permanent trait of tribes in India?- a)Region
- b)Ecological habitat
- c)Mode of livelihood
- d)Language
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:
“Tribe’ is a modern term for communities that are very old, being among the oldest inhabitants of the sub-continent. Tribes in India have generally been defined in terms of what they were not. Tribes were communities that did not practice a religion with a written text; did not have a state or political form of the normal kind; did not have sharp class divisions; and, most important, they did not have caste and were neither Hindus nor peasants. The term was introduced in the colonial era. The use of a single term for a very disparate set of communities was more a matter of administrative convenience… In terms of positive characteristics, tribes have been classified according to their ‘permanent’ and ‘acquired’ traits.”
Q. Which of the following is NOT a permanent trait of tribes in India?
a)
Region
b)
Ecological habitat
c)
Mode of livelihood
d)
Language
|
Aditya Choudhary answered |
Region, Ecological habitat, and Language as Permanent Traits of Tribes in India
Region:
- Tribes in India are often identified by the region they inhabit. They have distinct territories where they have lived for generations, maintaining their unique cultural practices and traditions.
Ecological habitat:
- Another permanent trait of tribes in India is their ecological habitat. Tribes have adapted to specific environmental conditions, such as forests, mountains, deserts, or plains, which have shaped their way of life and livelihood practices.
Language:
- Language is an important marker of tribal identity. Many tribes in India have their own distinct languages or dialects, which are passed down through generations. Language plays a crucial role in preserving tribal culture and heritage.
Mode of livelihood:
- Unlike region, ecological habitat, and language, the mode of livelihood is not necessarily a permanent trait of tribes in India. Tribes have historically engaged in various livelihood activities such as hunting, gathering, fishing, agriculture, or pastoralism, which can change over time due to factors like modernization, urbanization, or government policies.
Region:
- Tribes in India are often identified by the region they inhabit. They have distinct territories where they have lived for generations, maintaining their unique cultural practices and traditions.
Ecological habitat:
- Another permanent trait of tribes in India is their ecological habitat. Tribes have adapted to specific environmental conditions, such as forests, mountains, deserts, or plains, which have shaped their way of life and livelihood practices.
Language:
- Language is an important marker of tribal identity. Many tribes in India have their own distinct languages or dialects, which are passed down through generations. Language plays a crucial role in preserving tribal culture and heritage.
Mode of livelihood:
- Unlike region, ecological habitat, and language, the mode of livelihood is not necessarily a permanent trait of tribes in India. Tribes have historically engaged in various livelihood activities such as hunting, gathering, fishing, agriculture, or pastoralism, which can change over time due to factors like modernization, urbanization, or government policies.
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): Social exclusion is voluntary.
Reason (R): Exclusion is practiced regardless of the wishes of those who are excluded.- a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- c)Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
- d)Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): Social exclusion is voluntary.
Reason (R): Exclusion is practiced regardless of the wishes of those who are excluded.
Assertion (A): Social exclusion is voluntary.
Reason (R): Exclusion is practiced regardless of the wishes of those who are excluded.
a)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
b)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
c)
Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d)
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Since it is practiced regardless of the wishes of those who are excluded, social exclusion is involuntary.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: Opinions also differ on the exact age of the caste system. It is generally agreed, though, that the four varna classification is roughly three thousand years old. However, the ‘caste system’ stood for different things in different time periods, so that it is misleading to think of the same system continuing for three thousand years. In its earliest phase, in the late Vedic period roughly between 900 — 500 BC, the caste system was really a varna system and consisted of only four major divisions. These divisions were not very elaborate or very rigid, and they were not determined by birth. Movement across the categories seems to have been not only possible but quite common. It is only in the postVedic period that caste became the rigid institution that is familiar to us from well-known definitions.Q. Which of the following is NOT a correct statement about the term jati?- a)It is a local classification that varies from region to region.
- b)It has a segmental organisation
- c)Membership in a jati involves rules about food and food-sharing.
- d)It is an all-India aggregative classification.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: Opinions also differ on the exact age of the caste system. It is generally agreed, though, that the four varna classification is roughly three thousand years old. However, the ‘caste system’ stood for different things in different time periods, so that it is misleading to think of the same system continuing for three thousand years. In its earliest phase, in the late Vedic period roughly between 900 — 500 BC, the caste system was really a varna system and consisted of only four major divisions. These divisions were not very elaborate or very rigid, and they were not determined by birth. Movement across the categories seems to have been not only possible but quite common. It is only in the postVedic period that caste became the rigid institution that is familiar to us from well-known definitions.
Q. Which of the following is NOT a correct statement about the term jati?
a)
It is a local classification that varies from region to region.
b)
It has a segmental organisation
c)
Membership in a jati involves rules about food and food-sharing.
d)
It is an all-India aggregative classification.
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
Varna is a broad all-India aggregative classification, while jati is taken to be a regional or local sub-classification involving a much more complex system consisting of hundreds or even thousands of castes and subcastes.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: Untouchability was the most visible and comprehensive form of social discrimination. However, there were a large group of castes that were of low status and were also subjected to varying levels of discrimination short of untouchability. These were the service and artisanal castes who occupied the lower rungs of the caste hierarchy. The Constitution of India recognises the possibility that there may be groups other than the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes who suffer from social disadvantages.Q. What is/are reason(s) for the OBCs being a much more diverse group than the Dalits or Adivasis?- a)There are members of other religions who belong to the backward castes.
- b)The category comprises service and artisanal castes who occupied the lower rungs of the caste hierarchy.
- c)Only (A) is true.
- d)Both (A) and (B) are true.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: Untouchability was the most visible and comprehensive form of social discrimination. However, there were a large group of castes that were of low status and were also subjected to varying levels of discrimination short of untouchability. These were the service and artisanal castes who occupied the lower rungs of the caste hierarchy. The Constitution of India recognises the possibility that there may be groups other than the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes who suffer from social disadvantages.
Q. What is/are reason(s) for the OBCs being a much more diverse group than the Dalits or Adivasis?
a)
There are members of other religions who belong to the backward castes.
b)
The category comprises service and artisanal castes who occupied the lower rungs of the caste hierarchy.
c)
Only (A) is true.
d)
Both (A) and (B) are true.
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Both (A) and (B) statements are true and contribute to the diversity in the OBC category.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:The Kalinganagar incident, like many horrors before it and after, briefly made the headlines and then disappeared from public view. The lives and deaths of poor adivasis slid back into obscurity. Yet their struggle still continues and by revisiting it, we not only remind ourselves of the need to address ongoing injustice, but also appreciate how this conflict encapsulates many of the key issues in the sphere of environment and development in India today. Like many adivasi-dominated parts of the country, Kalinganagar in Jaipur district of central Orissa is a paradox. Its wealth of natural resources contrasts sharply with the poverty of its inhabitants, mainly small farmers and labourers. The rich iron ore deposits in the area are state property and their ‘development’ means that Adivasi lands are compulsorily acquired by the state for a pittance. While a handful of local residents may get secure jobs on the lower rungs of the industrial sector, most are impoverished even further and survive on the edge of starvation as wage-labourers. It is estimated that 30 million people, more than the entire population of Canada, have been displaced by this land acquisition policy since India became independent in 1947 (Fernandes 1991). Of these, almost 75 per cent are, by the government’s own admission, ‘still awaiting rehabilitation’. This process of land acquisition is justified as being in the public interest since the state is committed to promoting economic growth by expanding industrial production and infrastructure.Q. Adivasis and their struggles are different from the Dalit struggle because:- a)Adivasis were concentrated in contiguous areas and could demand statehood
- b)They were not discriminated against like the Dalits
- c)They did not face social exclusion like the Dalits
- d)Their social and economic conditions were better than the Dalits
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:
The Kalinganagar incident, like many horrors before it and after, briefly made the headlines and then disappeared from public view. The lives and deaths of poor adivasis slid back into obscurity. Yet their struggle still continues and by revisiting it, we not only remind ourselves of the need to address ongoing injustice, but also appreciate how this conflict encapsulates many of the key issues in the sphere of environment and development in India today. Like many adivasi-dominated parts of the country, Kalinganagar in Jaipur district of central Orissa is a paradox. Its wealth of natural resources contrasts sharply with the poverty of its inhabitants, mainly small farmers and labourers. The rich iron ore deposits in the area are state property and their ‘development’ means that Adivasi lands are compulsorily acquired by the state for a pittance. While a handful of local residents may get secure jobs on the lower rungs of the industrial sector, most are impoverished even further and survive on the edge of starvation as wage-labourers. It is estimated that 30 million people, more than the entire population of Canada, have been displaced by this land acquisition policy since India became independent in 1947 (Fernandes 1991). Of these, almost 75 per cent are, by the government’s own admission, ‘still awaiting rehabilitation’. This process of land acquisition is justified as being in the public interest since the state is committed to promoting economic growth by expanding industrial production and infrastructure.
Q. Adivasis and their struggles are different from the Dalit struggle because:
a)
Adivasis were concentrated in contiguous areas and could demand statehood
b)
They were not discriminated against like the Dalits
c)
They did not face social exclusion like the Dalits
d)
Their social and economic conditions were better than the Dalits
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
Dalits unlike Adivasis are not concentrated in particular regions across India.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:To be effective, the ideas of inclusive nationalism had to be built into the Constitution…[T] here is a very strong tendency for the dominant group to assume that their culture or language or religion is synonymous with the nation state. However, for a strong and democratic nation, special constitutional provisions are required to ensure the rights of all groups and those of minority groups in particular… The notion of minority groups is widely used in sociology and is more than a merely numerical distinction.Q. Statistical minorities are not minorities in the sociological sense because they do not form a _____________ .- a)collectivity
- b)identity
- c)group
- d)society
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:
To be effective, the ideas of inclusive nationalism had to be built into the Constitution…[T] here is a very strong tendency for the dominant group to assume that their culture or language or religion is synonymous with the nation state. However, for a strong and democratic nation, special constitutional provisions are required to ensure the rights of all groups and those of minority groups in particular… The notion of minority groups is widely used in sociology and is more than a merely numerical distinction.
Q. Statistical minorities are not minorities in the sociological sense because they do not form a _____________ .
a)
collectivity
b)
identity
c)
group
d)
society
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
The sociological sense of minority also implies that the members of the minority form a collectivity – that is, they have a strong sense of group solidarity, a feeling of togetherness and belonging.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:The very term ‘disabled’ challenges each of these assumptions. Terms such as ‘mentally challenged’, ‘visually impaired’ and ‘physically impaired’ came to replace the triter negative terms such as ‘retarded’, ‘crippled’ or ‘lame’. The disabled are rendered disabled not because they are biologically disabled but because society renders them so. We are disabled by buildings that are not designed to admit us, and this in turn leads to a range of further disabilities regarding our education, our chances of gaining employment, our social lives and so on. The disablement lies in the construction of society, not in the physical condition of the individual (Brissenden 1986:176).Q. Who argued that the invisibility of the disabled can be compared to the protagonist of the book ‘Invisible Man’?- a)Tarabai Shinde
- b)Ralph Ellison
- c)Anita Ghai
- d)Daya Pawar
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:
The very term ‘disabled’ challenges each of these assumptions. Terms such as ‘mentally challenged’, ‘visually impaired’ and ‘physically impaired’ came to replace the triter negative terms such as ‘retarded’, ‘crippled’ or ‘lame’. The disabled are rendered disabled not because they are biologically disabled but because society renders them so. We are disabled by buildings that are not designed to admit us, and this in turn leads to a range of further disabilities regarding our education, our chances of gaining employment, our social lives and so on. The disablement lies in the construction of society, not in the physical condition of the individual (Brissenden 1986:176).
Q. Who argued that the invisibility of the disabled can be compared to the protagonist of the book ‘Invisible Man’?
a)
Tarabai Shinde
b)
Ralph Ellison
c)
Anita Ghai
d)
Daya Pawar
|
Saumya Pillai answered |
Explanation:
Anita Ghai
Anita Ghai is the one who argued that the invisibility of the disabled can be compared to the protagonist of the book ‘Invisible Man’ by Ralph Ellison.
Comparison to 'Invisible Man'
- Anita Ghai draws a parallel between the invisibility experienced by the disabled individuals in society and the protagonist of Ralph Ellison's book 'Invisible Man'.
- Just like the protagonist in the book who feels invisible and unheard in society, the disabled individuals often feel marginalized and overlooked.
Analogy to Social Construct
- Ghai's argument aligns with the idea that disability is not solely a result of individual biological impairments, but rather a social construct.
- Society's failure to accommodate diverse needs and provide equal opportunities to disabled individuals contributes to their disablement.
Implications of Social Construction
- The lack of accessibility in infrastructure, education, employment, and social interactions exacerbates the disablement experienced by individuals with disabilities.
- By recognizing disability as a social construct, efforts can be made to address systemic barriers and promote inclusivity for all members of society.
Anita Ghai
Anita Ghai is the one who argued that the invisibility of the disabled can be compared to the protagonist of the book ‘Invisible Man’ by Ralph Ellison.
Comparison to 'Invisible Man'
- Anita Ghai draws a parallel between the invisibility experienced by the disabled individuals in society and the protagonist of Ralph Ellison's book 'Invisible Man'.
- Just like the protagonist in the book who feels invisible and unheard in society, the disabled individuals often feel marginalized and overlooked.
Analogy to Social Construct
- Ghai's argument aligns with the idea that disability is not solely a result of individual biological impairments, but rather a social construct.
- Society's failure to accommodate diverse needs and provide equal opportunities to disabled individuals contributes to their disablement.
Implications of Social Construction
- The lack of accessibility in infrastructure, education, employment, and social interactions exacerbates the disablement experienced by individuals with disabilities.
- By recognizing disability as a social construct, efforts can be made to address systemic barriers and promote inclusivity for all members of society.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: “Compared to the ancient past, we know a lot more about caste in our recent history. If modern history is taken to begin with the nineteenth century, then Indian Independence in 1947 offers a natural dividing line between the colonial period (roughly 150 years from around 1800 to 1947) and the post-Independence or post-colonial period (the six decades from 1947 to the present day). The present form of caste as a social institution has been shaped very strongly by both the colonial period as well as the rapid changes that have come about in independent India.”Q. Choose the incorrect statement about the position of caste and caste-based issues in the nationalist movement.- a)Anti-untouchability programmes became a significant part of the Congress agenda.
- b)There was an initiative taken to organise “depressed classes” from both ends of the caste spectrum.
- c)The dominant view was to treat caste as a social evil and as a colonial ploy to divide Indians.
- d)Efforts to organise the “depressed classes” and particularly the untouchable castes began during the nationalist movement.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: “Compared to the ancient past, we know a lot more about caste in our recent history. If modern history is taken to begin with the nineteenth century, then Indian Independence in 1947 offers a natural dividing line between the colonial period (roughly 150 years from around 1800 to 1947) and the post-Independence or post-colonial period (the six decades from 1947 to the present day). The present form of caste as a social institution has been shaped very strongly by both the colonial period as well as the rapid changes that have come about in independent India.”
Q. Choose the incorrect statement about the position of caste and caste-based issues in the nationalist movement.
a)
Anti-untouchability programmes became a significant part of the Congress agenda.
b)
There was an initiative taken to organise “depressed classes” from both ends of the caste spectrum.
c)
The dominant view was to treat caste as a social evil and as a colonial ploy to divide Indians.
d)
Efforts to organise the “depressed classes” and particularly the untouchable castes began during the nationalist movement.
|
|
Devanshi Choudhary answered |
Understanding Caste in the Nationalist Movement
The question asks to identify the incorrect statement regarding caste issues within the nationalist movement in India. The provided options hint at various perspectives and initiatives regarding caste, particularly the untouchable castes or "depressed classes."
Analysis of Option D
- Option D states: "Efforts to organise the 'depressed classes' and particularly the untouchable castes began during the nationalist movement."
- This statement is misleading because while there were efforts to address caste issues during the nationalist movement, significant and organized efforts specifically targeting the "depressed classes" were not as prominent until later.
Context of Caste in Nationalism
- The nationalist movement primarily focused on achieving independence from colonial rule, which often overshadowed caste-based issues.
- Key leaders like B.R. Ambedkar emerged later in the struggle, advocating for the rights of the untouchables and highlighting caste discrimination more forcefully.
Correctly Identified Statements
- Options A, B, and C accurately reflect the nationalist movement's engagement with caste:
- Anti-untouchability programmes became significant: The Congress party did incorporate anti-untouchability agendas in its manifesto.
- Initiatives to organise “depressed classes”: There were efforts to unite various caste groups, but often these did not effectively prioritize the needs of the untouchables.
- View of caste as a social evil: Many nationalists viewed caste as a colonial tool used to create divisions among Indians.
Conclusion
Thus, the incorrect statement regarding the timing and nature of efforts to organize the "depressed classes" is Option D, as significant mobilization for their rights primarily gained momentum post-independence rather than being a central focus during the nationalist movement.
The question asks to identify the incorrect statement regarding caste issues within the nationalist movement in India. The provided options hint at various perspectives and initiatives regarding caste, particularly the untouchable castes or "depressed classes."
Analysis of Option D
- Option D states: "Efforts to organise the 'depressed classes' and particularly the untouchable castes began during the nationalist movement."
- This statement is misleading because while there were efforts to address caste issues during the nationalist movement, significant and organized efforts specifically targeting the "depressed classes" were not as prominent until later.
Context of Caste in Nationalism
- The nationalist movement primarily focused on achieving independence from colonial rule, which often overshadowed caste-based issues.
- Key leaders like B.R. Ambedkar emerged later in the struggle, advocating for the rights of the untouchables and highlighting caste discrimination more forcefully.
Correctly Identified Statements
- Options A, B, and C accurately reflect the nationalist movement's engagement with caste:
- Anti-untouchability programmes became significant: The Congress party did incorporate anti-untouchability agendas in its manifesto.
- Initiatives to organise “depressed classes”: There were efforts to unite various caste groups, but often these did not effectively prioritize the needs of the untouchables.
- View of caste as a social evil: Many nationalists viewed caste as a colonial tool used to create divisions among Indians.
Conclusion
Thus, the incorrect statement regarding the timing and nature of efforts to organize the "depressed classes" is Option D, as significant mobilization for their rights primarily gained momentum post-independence rather than being a central focus during the nationalist movement.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:“Tribe’ is a modern term for communities that are very old, being among the oldest inhabitants of the sub-continent. Tribes in India have generally been defined in terms of what they were not. Tribes were communities that did not practice a religion with a written text; did not have a state or political form of the normal kind; did not have sharp class divisions; and, most important, they did not have caste and were neither Hindus nor peasants. The term was introduced in the colonial era. The use of a single term for a very disparate set of communities was more a matter of administrative convenience… In terms of positive characteristics, tribes have been classified according to their ‘permanent’ and ‘acquired’ traits.”Q. If we look at the share of tribals in the state population, then the North Eastern states have the highest concentrations, with all states, except ____________, having concentrations of more than 30%.Fill in the blanks using the following options:- a)Nagaland
- b)Meghalaya
- c)Assam
- d)Arunachal Pradesh
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:
“Tribe’ is a modern term for communities that are very old, being among the oldest inhabitants of the sub-continent. Tribes in India have generally been defined in terms of what they were not. Tribes were communities that did not practice a religion with a written text; did not have a state or political form of the normal kind; did not have sharp class divisions; and, most important, they did not have caste and were neither Hindus nor peasants. The term was introduced in the colonial era. The use of a single term for a very disparate set of communities was more a matter of administrative convenience… In terms of positive characteristics, tribes have been classified according to their ‘permanent’ and ‘acquired’ traits.”
Q. If we look at the share of tribals in the state population, then the North Eastern states have the highest concentrations, with all states, except ____________, having concentrations of more than 30%.
Fill in the blanks using the following options:
a)
Nagaland
b)
Meghalaya
c)
Assam
d)
Arunachal Pradesh
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
States like Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland have more than 60% and up to 95% of tribal population in terms of concentration. Assam is an only exception with less than 30% of tribal population.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:The Kalinganagar incident, like many horrors before it and after, briefly made the headlines and then disappeared from public view. The lives and deaths of poor adivasis slid back into obscurity. Yet their struggle still continues and by revisiting it, we not only remind ourselves of the need to address ongoing injustice, but also appreciate how this conflict encapsulates many of the key issues in the sphere of environment and development in India today. Like many adivasi-dominated parts of the country, Kalinganagar in Jaipur district of central Orissa is a paradox. Its wealth of natural resources contrasts sharply with the poverty of its inhabitants, mainly small farmers and labourers. The rich iron ore deposits in the area are state property and their ‘development’ means that Adivasi lands are compulsorily acquired by the state for a pittance. While a handful of local residents may get secure jobs on the lower rungs of the industrial sector, most are impoverished even further and survive on the edge of starvation as wage-labourers. It is estimated that 30 million people, more than the entire population of Canada, have been displaced by this land acquisition policy since India became independent in 1947 (Fernandes 1991). Of these, almost 75 per cent are, by the government’s own admission, ‘still awaiting rehabilitation’. This process of land acquisition is justified as being in the public interest since the state is committed to promoting economic growth by expanding industrial production and infrastructure.Q. Which of the following is not true about the tribal population in India?- a)They are marked by poverty, powerlessness and social stigma
- b)Many tribal groups have been waging struggles against outsiders
- c)They have been alienated from their resources
- d)Their ecological isolation is absolute
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:
The Kalinganagar incident, like many horrors before it and after, briefly made the headlines and then disappeared from public view. The lives and deaths of poor adivasis slid back into obscurity. Yet their struggle still continues and by revisiting it, we not only remind ourselves of the need to address ongoing injustice, but also appreciate how this conflict encapsulates many of the key issues in the sphere of environment and development in India today. Like many adivasi-dominated parts of the country, Kalinganagar in Jaipur district of central Orissa is a paradox. Its wealth of natural resources contrasts sharply with the poverty of its inhabitants, mainly small farmers and labourers. The rich iron ore deposits in the area are state property and their ‘development’ means that Adivasi lands are compulsorily acquired by the state for a pittance. While a handful of local residents may get secure jobs on the lower rungs of the industrial sector, most are impoverished even further and survive on the edge of starvation as wage-labourers. It is estimated that 30 million people, more than the entire population of Canada, have been displaced by this land acquisition policy since India became independent in 1947 (Fernandes 1991). Of these, almost 75 per cent are, by the government’s own admission, ‘still awaiting rehabilitation’. This process of land acquisition is justified as being in the public interest since the state is committed to promoting economic growth by expanding industrial production and infrastructure.
Q. Which of the following is not true about the tribal population in India?
a)
They are marked by poverty, powerlessness and social stigma
b)
Many tribal groups have been waging struggles against outsiders
c)
They have been alienated from their resources
d)
Their ecological isolation is absolute
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Tribal population in India does not live under absolute isolation. It co-exists with the non-tribal, caste-peasant community.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: We don’t have to do anything to be born into a community – in fact, no one has any choice about which family or community or country they are born into. These kinds of identities are called ‘ascriptive’ – that is, they are determined by the accidents of birth and do not involve any choice on the part of the individuals concerned. It is an odd fact of social life that people feel a deep sense of security and satisfaction in belonging to communities in which their membership is entirely accidental. We often identify so strongly with communities we have done nothing to ‘deserve’ – passed no exam, demonstrated no skill or competence… This is very unlike belonging to, say, a profession or team. Doctors or architects have to pass exams and demonstrate their competence.Q. Everyone has a motherland, a mother tongue, a family, a faith…This signifies another feature of community identity i.e.,_____________.- a)Achieved
- b)conditional
- c)localised
- d)universal
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: We don’t have to do anything to be born into a community – in fact, no one has any choice about which family or community or country they are born into. These kinds of identities are called ‘ascriptive’ – that is, they are determined by the accidents of birth and do not involve any choice on the part of the individuals concerned. It is an odd fact of social life that people feel a deep sense of security and satisfaction in belonging to communities in which their membership is entirely accidental. We often identify so strongly with communities we have done nothing to ‘deserve’ – passed no exam, demonstrated no skill or competence… This is very unlike belonging to, say, a profession or team. Doctors or architects have to pass exams and demonstrate their competence.
Q. Everyone has a motherland, a mother tongue, a family, a faith…This signifies another feature of community identity i.e.,_____________.
a)
Achieved
b)
conditional
c)
localised
d)
universal
|
Rajat Iyer answered |
Universal Nature of Community Identity:
Community identities are often ascriptive, meaning they are determined by factors such as birth and do not involve any choice on the part of individuals. However, everyone still has certain aspects of their identity that are universal in nature.
Features of Universal Community Identity:
- Motherland: Regardless of where we are born, everyone has a connection to a particular country or region that is considered their motherland.
- Mother Tongue: Similarly, individuals have a natural connection to a language that is often passed down through generations.
- Family: Family ties are universal, as everyone is born into a family structure that plays a significant role in shaping their identity.
- Faith: Beliefs and religious practices are inherent to individuals, even if they may choose to follow a different path later in life.
Significance of Universal Community Identity:
- These universal aspects of community identity provide individuals with a sense of belonging and connection to something greater than themselves.
- They form the foundation of one's cultural and personal identity, shaping beliefs, values, and traditions.
- Despite being ascriptive, these universal identities often evoke strong emotions and a sense of security in individuals.
In conclusion, while community identities may be largely ascriptive, the universal aspects of identity such as motherland, mother tongue, family, and faith play a significant role in shaping who we are and how we relate to the world around us.
Community identities are often ascriptive, meaning they are determined by factors such as birth and do not involve any choice on the part of individuals. However, everyone still has certain aspects of their identity that are universal in nature.
Features of Universal Community Identity:
- Motherland: Regardless of where we are born, everyone has a connection to a particular country or region that is considered their motherland.
- Mother Tongue: Similarly, individuals have a natural connection to a language that is often passed down through generations.
- Family: Family ties are universal, as everyone is born into a family structure that plays a significant role in shaping their identity.
- Faith: Beliefs and religious practices are inherent to individuals, even if they may choose to follow a different path later in life.
Significance of Universal Community Identity:
- These universal aspects of community identity provide individuals with a sense of belonging and connection to something greater than themselves.
- They form the foundation of one's cultural and personal identity, shaping beliefs, values, and traditions.
- Despite being ascriptive, these universal identities often evoke strong emotions and a sense of security in individuals.
In conclusion, while community identities may be largely ascriptive, the universal aspects of identity such as motherland, mother tongue, family, and faith play a significant role in shaping who we are and how we relate to the world around us.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: Opinions also differ on the exact age of the caste system. It is generally agreed, though, that the four varna classification is roughly three thousand years old. However, the ‘caste system’ stood for different things in different time periods, so that it is misleading to think of the same system continuing for three thousand years. In its earliest phase, in the late Vedic period roughly between 900 — 500 BC, the caste system was really a varna system and consisted of only four major divisions. These divisions were not very elaborate or very rigid, and they were not determined by birth. Movement across the categories seems to have been not only possible but quite common. It is only in the postVedic period that caste became the rigid institution that is familiar to us from well-known definitions.Q. Membership in a caste involves strict rules about marriage. Marriages are restricted to members of the caste group. What do we call this practice?- a)Polyandry
- b)Polygamy
- c)Endogamy
- d)Monogamy
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: Opinions also differ on the exact age of the caste system. It is generally agreed, though, that the four varna classification is roughly three thousand years old. However, the ‘caste system’ stood for different things in different time periods, so that it is misleading to think of the same system continuing for three thousand years. In its earliest phase, in the late Vedic period roughly between 900 — 500 BC, the caste system was really a varna system and consisted of only four major divisions. These divisions were not very elaborate or very rigid, and they were not determined by birth. Movement across the categories seems to have been not only possible but quite common. It is only in the postVedic period that caste became the rigid institution that is familiar to us from well-known definitions.
Q. Membership in a caste involves strict rules about marriage. Marriages are restricted to members of the caste group. What do we call this practice?
a)
Polyandry
b)
Polygamy
c)
Endogamy
d)
Monogamy
|
|
Devanshi Choudhary answered |
Endogamy Practice in Caste System
The practice of restricting marriages within a particular caste group is known as endogamy. This means that individuals are expected to marry within their own caste, and inter-caste marriages are discouraged or even prohibited in some cases.
Significance of Endogamy in Caste System
- Maintaining Caste Purity: Endogamy helps in preserving the purity and hierarchy of the caste system by ensuring that social boundaries are not crossed through marriage.
- Preservation of Cultural Practices: By marrying within the same caste, individuals are more likely to uphold and pass on their caste-specific traditions, rituals, and values.
- Protection of Caste Privileges: Endogamy helps in safeguarding the privileges and benefits that come with belonging to a particular caste, as inter-caste marriages may blur these distinctions.
Challenges of Endogamy
- Reduced Genetic Diversity: Endogamy can lead to a limited gene pool within a caste group, increasing the risk of genetic disorders and health issues.
- Social Stagnation: By restricting marriage options, endogamy can limit social mobility and opportunities for individuals to interact with people from different backgrounds.
- Resistance to Change: The practice of endogamy can reinforce traditional beliefs and customs, making it difficult for caste boundaries to be challenged or dismantled.
In conclusion, endogamy plays a significant role in maintaining the structure and identity of the caste system, but it also poses challenges in terms of diversity, social progress, and inclusivity.
The practice of restricting marriages within a particular caste group is known as endogamy. This means that individuals are expected to marry within their own caste, and inter-caste marriages are discouraged or even prohibited in some cases.
Significance of Endogamy in Caste System
- Maintaining Caste Purity: Endogamy helps in preserving the purity and hierarchy of the caste system by ensuring that social boundaries are not crossed through marriage.
- Preservation of Cultural Practices: By marrying within the same caste, individuals are more likely to uphold and pass on their caste-specific traditions, rituals, and values.
- Protection of Caste Privileges: Endogamy helps in safeguarding the privileges and benefits that come with belonging to a particular caste, as inter-caste marriages may blur these distinctions.
Challenges of Endogamy
- Reduced Genetic Diversity: Endogamy can lead to a limited gene pool within a caste group, increasing the risk of genetic disorders and health issues.
- Social Stagnation: By restricting marriage options, endogamy can limit social mobility and opportunities for individuals to interact with people from different backgrounds.
- Resistance to Change: The practice of endogamy can reinforce traditional beliefs and customs, making it difficult for caste boundaries to be challenged or dismantled.
In conclusion, endogamy plays a significant role in maintaining the structure and identity of the caste system, but it also poses challenges in terms of diversity, social progress, and inclusivity.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: Untouchability was the most visible and comprehensive form of social discrimination. However, there were a large group of castes that were of low status and were also subjected to varying levels of discrimination short of untouchability. These were the service and artisanal castes who occupied the lower rungs of the caste hierarchy. The Constitution of India recognises the possibility that there may be groups other than the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes who suffer from social disadvantages.Q. Like the category of the ‘tribe’, the OBCs are defined ____________, by what __________.- a)Negatively, they are not
- b)Positively, they are
- c)Empirically, is observed
- d)None of the above
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: Untouchability was the most visible and comprehensive form of social discrimination. However, there were a large group of castes that were of low status and were also subjected to varying levels of discrimination short of untouchability. These were the service and artisanal castes who occupied the lower rungs of the caste hierarchy. The Constitution of India recognises the possibility that there may be groups other than the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes who suffer from social disadvantages.
Q. Like the category of the ‘tribe’, the OBCs are defined ____________, by what __________.
a)
Negatively, they are not
b)
Positively, they are
c)
Empirically, is observed
d)
None of the above
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
OBCs are neither part of the ‘forward’ castes at the upper end of the status spectrum, nor of the Dalits at the lower end.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: “Compared to the ancient past, we know a lot more about caste in our recent history. If modern history is taken to begin with the nineteenth century, then Indian Independence in 1947 offers a natural dividing line between the colonial period (roughly 150 years from around 1800 to 1947) and the post-Independence or post-colonial period (the six decades from 1947 to the present day). The present form of caste as a social institution has been shaped very strongly by both the colonial period as well as the rapid changes that have come about in independent India.”The post-Independence Indian state inherited and reflected the contradictions of the nationalist movement.Q. Choose the incorrect statement about the postIndependence India state?- a)The state was committed to the abolition of caste and explicitly wrote this into the Constitution.
- b)The state was both unable and unwilling to push through radical reforms which would have undermined the economic basis for caste inequality.
- c)It assumed that if it operated in a caste-blind manner, this would automatically lead to the undermining of caste-based privileges.
- d)The state made sufficient efforts to deal with the fact that the upper castes and the lower castes were far from equal in economic and educational terms.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: “Compared to the ancient past, we know a lot more about caste in our recent history. If modern history is taken to begin with the nineteenth century, then Indian Independence in 1947 offers a natural dividing line between the colonial period (roughly 150 years from around 1800 to 1947) and the post-Independence or post-colonial period (the six decades from 1947 to the present day). The present form of caste as a social institution has been shaped very strongly by both the colonial period as well as the rapid changes that have come about in independent India.”
The post-Independence Indian state inherited and reflected the contradictions of the nationalist movement.
Q. Choose the incorrect statement about the postIndependence India state?
a)
The state was committed to the abolition of caste and explicitly wrote this into the Constitution.
b)
The state was both unable and unwilling to push through radical reforms which would have undermined the economic basis for caste inequality.
c)
It assumed that if it operated in a caste-blind manner, this would automatically lead to the undermining of caste-based privileges.
d)
The state made sufficient efforts to deal with the fact that the upper castes and the lower castes were far from equal in economic and educational terms.
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
The other three statements prove that the efforts made by the Indian state were not sufficient and their actions were also contradictory towards the abolition of caste.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: We don’t have to do anything to be born into a community – in fact, no one has any choice about which family or community or country they are born into. These kinds of identities are called ‘ascriptive’ – that is, they are determined by the accidents of birth and do not involve any choice on the part of the individuals concerned. It is an odd fact of social life that people feel a deep sense of security and satisfaction in belonging to communities in which their membership is entirely accidental. We often identify so strongly with communities we have done nothing to ‘deserve’ – passed no exam, demonstrated no skill or competence… This is very unlike belonging to, say, a profession or team. Doctors or architects have to pass exams and demonstrate their competence.Q. Most ascriptive identities are accidental and ________________.- a)Conditional
- b)Unconditional
- c)Achieved
- d)Temporary
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: We don’t have to do anything to be born into a community – in fact, no one has any choice about which family or community or country they are born into. These kinds of identities are called ‘ascriptive’ – that is, they are determined by the accidents of birth and do not involve any choice on the part of the individuals concerned. It is an odd fact of social life that people feel a deep sense of security and satisfaction in belonging to communities in which their membership is entirely accidental. We often identify so strongly with communities we have done nothing to ‘deserve’ – passed no exam, demonstrated no skill or competence… This is very unlike belonging to, say, a profession or team. Doctors or architects have to pass exams and demonstrate their competence.
Q. Most ascriptive identities are accidental and ________________.
a)
Conditional
b)
Unconditional
c)
Achieved
d)
Temporary
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Ascriptive identities are hard to shake off.
Features of Ascriptive Identity:
- They are determined by the accidents of birth and do not involve any choice on the part of the individuals concerned.
- It is an odd fact of social life that people feel a deep sense of security and satisfaction in belonging to communities in which their membership is entirely accidental.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: Untouchability was the most visible and comprehensive form of social discrimination. However, there were a large group of castes that were of low status and were also subjected to varying levels of discrimination short of untouchability. These were the service and artisanal castes who occupied the lower rungs of the caste hierarchy. The Constitution of India recognises the possibility that there may be groups other than the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes who suffer from social disadvantages.Q. What is the constitutional basis of the popular term ‘Other Backward Classes’ (OBCs), which is in common use today?- a)Social backwardness
- b)Economic backwardness
- c)Neither (A) nor (B)
- d)Both (A) and (B)
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: Untouchability was the most visible and comprehensive form of social discrimination. However, there were a large group of castes that were of low status and were also subjected to varying levels of discrimination short of untouchability. These were the service and artisanal castes who occupied the lower rungs of the caste hierarchy. The Constitution of India recognises the possibility that there may be groups other than the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes who suffer from social disadvantages.
Q. What is the constitutional basis of the popular term ‘Other Backward Classes’ (OBCs), which is in common use today?
a)
Social backwardness
b)
Economic backwardness
c)
Neither (A) nor (B)
d)
Both (A) and (B)
|
Kanav Garg answered |
A is the correct answer because,
social backwardsness means society does not want to be backwards class in their society
economic means money background, there so many people have money in the bank account
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:The very term ‘disabled’ challenges each of these assumptions. Terms such as ‘mentally challenged’, ‘visually impaired’ and ‘physically impaired’ came to replace the triter negative terms such as ‘retarded’, ‘crippled’ or ‘lame’. The disabled are rendered disabled not because they are biologically disabled but because society renders them so. We are disabled by buildings that are not designed to admit us, and this in turn leads to a range of further disabilities regarding our education, our chances of gaining employment, our social lives and so on. The disablement lies in the construction of society, not in the physical condition of the individual (Brissenden 1986:176).Q. The dominant cultural construction in India therefore looks at disability as essentially a characteristic of the¬_____________.- a)Social group
- b)Individual
- c)Community
- d)Family
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:
The very term ‘disabled’ challenges each of these assumptions. Terms such as ‘mentally challenged’, ‘visually impaired’ and ‘physically impaired’ came to replace the triter negative terms such as ‘retarded’, ‘crippled’ or ‘lame’. The disabled are rendered disabled not because they are biologically disabled but because society renders them so. We are disabled by buildings that are not designed to admit us, and this in turn leads to a range of further disabilities regarding our education, our chances of gaining employment, our social lives and so on. The disablement lies in the construction of society, not in the physical condition of the individual (Brissenden 1986:176).
Q. The dominant cultural construction in India therefore looks at disability as essentially a characteristic of the¬_____________.
a)
Social group
b)
Individual
c)
Community
d)
Family
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Whenever a disabled person is confronted with problems, it is taken for granted that the problems originate from her/ his impairment. Disability is supposed to be linked with the disabled individual’s self perception.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: We don’t have to do anything to be born into a community – in fact, no one has any choice about which family or community or country they are born into. These kinds of identities are called ‘ascriptive’ – that is, they are determined by the accidents of birth and do not involve any choice on the part of the individuals concerned. It is an odd fact of social life that people feel a deep sense of security and satisfaction in belonging to communities in which their membership is entirely accidental. We often identify so strongly with communities we have done nothing to ‘deserve’ – passed no exam, demonstrated no skill or competence… This is very unlike belonging to, say, a profession or team. Doctors or architects have to pass exams and demonstrate their competence.Q. Our community provides us various identities through the process of- a)socialisation
- b)separation
- c)exclusion
- d)discrimination
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: We don’t have to do anything to be born into a community – in fact, no one has any choice about which family or community or country they are born into. These kinds of identities are called ‘ascriptive’ – that is, they are determined by the accidents of birth and do not involve any choice on the part of the individuals concerned. It is an odd fact of social life that people feel a deep sense of security and satisfaction in belonging to communities in which their membership is entirely accidental. We often identify so strongly with communities we have done nothing to ‘deserve’ – passed no exam, demonstrated no skill or competence… This is very unlike belonging to, say, a profession or team. Doctors or architects have to pass exams and demonstrate their competence.
Q. Our community provides us various identities through the process of
a)
socialisation
b)
separation
c)
exclusion
d)
discrimination
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Community identity is based on birth and belonging rather than on some forms of acquired qualifications or accomplishments. These kind of identities are called ascriptive i.e. they are determined by birth and individual's choice is not involved.
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): Matriarchy, unlike patriarchy, has been a theoretical rather than an empirical concept.
Reason (R): There is no historical or anthropological evidence of matriarchy – i.e., societies where women exercise dominance.- a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- c)Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
- d)Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): Matriarchy, unlike patriarchy, has been a theoretical rather than an empirical concept.
Reason (R): There is no historical or anthropological evidence of matriarchy – i.e., societies where women exercise dominance.
Assertion (A): Matriarchy, unlike patriarchy, has been a theoretical rather than an empirical concept.
Reason (R): There is no historical or anthropological evidence of matriarchy – i.e., societies where women exercise dominance.
a)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
b)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
c)
Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d)
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
There do exist matrilineal societies, i.e., societies where women inherit property from their mothers but do not exercise control over it, nor are they the decision makers in public affairs. But matriarchy only exists as conceptual opposition to patriarchy.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:The Kalinganagar incident, like many horrors before it and after, briefly made the headlines and then disappeared from public view. The lives and deaths of poor adivasis slid back into obscurity. Yet their struggle still continues and by revisiting it, we not only remind ourselves of the need to address ongoing injustice, but also appreciate how this conflict encapsulates many of the key issues in the sphere of environment and development in India today. Like many adivasi-dominated parts of the country, Kalinganagar in Jaipur district of central Orissa is a paradox. Its wealth of natural resources contrasts sharply with the poverty of its inhabitants, mainly small farmers and labourers. The rich iron ore deposits in the area are state property and their ‘development’ means that Adivasi lands are compulsorily acquired by the state for a pittance. While a handful of local residents may get secure jobs on the lower rungs of the industrial sector, most are impoverished even further and survive on the edge of starvation as wage-labourers. It is estimated that 30 million people, more than the entire population of Canada, have been displaced by this land acquisition policy since India became independent in 1947 (Fernandes 1991). Of these, almost 75 per cent are, by the government’s own admission, ‘still awaiting rehabilitation’. This process of land acquisition is justified as being in the public interest since the state is committed to promoting economic growth by expanding industrial production and infrastructure.Q. The term ‘jana’ means:- a)original inhabitants
- b)‘people of the forest’
- c)people
- d)oppressed people
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:
The Kalinganagar incident, like many horrors before it and after, briefly made the headlines and then disappeared from public view. The lives and deaths of poor adivasis slid back into obscurity. Yet their struggle still continues and by revisiting it, we not only remind ourselves of the need to address ongoing injustice, but also appreciate how this conflict encapsulates many of the key issues in the sphere of environment and development in India today. Like many adivasi-dominated parts of the country, Kalinganagar in Jaipur district of central Orissa is a paradox. Its wealth of natural resources contrasts sharply with the poverty of its inhabitants, mainly small farmers and labourers. The rich iron ore deposits in the area are state property and their ‘development’ means that Adivasi lands are compulsorily acquired by the state for a pittance. While a handful of local residents may get secure jobs on the lower rungs of the industrial sector, most are impoverished even further and survive on the edge of starvation as wage-labourers. It is estimated that 30 million people, more than the entire population of Canada, have been displaced by this land acquisition policy since India became independent in 1947 (Fernandes 1991). Of these, almost 75 per cent are, by the government’s own admission, ‘still awaiting rehabilitation’. This process of land acquisition is justified as being in the public interest since the state is committed to promoting economic growth by expanding industrial production and infrastructure.
Q. The term ‘jana’ means:
a)
original inhabitants
b)
‘people of the forest’
c)
people
d)
oppressed people
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
The term ‘jana’ refers to ‘people of the forest’.
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): Policies promoting integration are different in style but not in overall objective.
Reason (R): They insist that the public culture be restricted to a common national pattern, while all ‘non-national’ cultures are to be relegated to the private sphere.- a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- c)Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
- d)Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): Policies promoting integration are different in style but not in overall objective.
Reason (R): They insist that the public culture be restricted to a common national pattern, while all ‘non-national’ cultures are to be relegated to the private sphere.
Assertion (A): Policies promoting integration are different in style but not in overall objective.
Reason (R): They insist that the public culture be restricted to a common national pattern, while all ‘non-national’ cultures are to be relegated to the private sphere.
a)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
b)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
c)
Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d)
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
|
Amrita Dey answered |
Owing for individual differences in private life.
The correct choice is:
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
Explanation: The assertion states that policies promoting integration are different in style but not in overall objective. This means that although the implementation and approach may vary, the ultimate goal of these policies remains the same, which is to promote integration.
The reason provides an explanation for the assertion. It states that these policies insist on a common national pattern in public culture, while allowing for individual differences in private life. This supports the assertion that policies promoting integration may have different styles but share the objective of promoting a common national pattern in public culture while respecting individual differences in private life.
The correct choice is:
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
Explanation: The assertion states that policies promoting integration are different in style but not in overall objective. This means that although the implementation and approach may vary, the ultimate goal of these policies remains the same, which is to promote integration.
The reason provides an explanation for the assertion. It states that these policies insist on a common national pattern in public culture, while allowing for individual differences in private life. This supports the assertion that policies promoting integration may have different styles but share the objective of promoting a common national pattern in public culture while respecting individual differences in private life.
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): States generally tend to favour a single, homogenous national identity.
Reason (R): Community identities can act as the basis for nation-formation, already existing states see all forms of community identity as dangerous rivals.- a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- c)Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
- d)Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): States generally tend to favour a single, homogenous national identity.
Reason (R): Community identities can act as the basis for nation-formation, already existing states see all forms of community identity as dangerous rivals.
Assertion (A): States generally tend to favour a single, homogenous national identity.
Reason (R): Community identities can act as the basis for nation-formation, already existing states see all forms of community identity as dangerous rivals.
a)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
b)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
c)
Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d)
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
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Aniket Khanna answered |
Assertion (A): States generally tend to favour a single, homogenous national identity.
Reason (R): Community identities can act as the basis for nation-formation, already existing states see all forms of community identity as dangerous rivals.
Explanation:
To understand the given assertion and reason, let's break it down into two parts and analyze each one separately.
Part 1: Assertion (A)
States generally tend to favour a single, homogenous national identity.
This means that states often promote and prioritize a single, unified national identity, rather than recognizing and accommodating diverse community identities within their borders. The emphasis is on creating a sense of unity and cohesion among the population.
Part 2: Reason (R)
Community identities can act as the basis for nation-formation, already existing states see all forms of community identity as dangerous rivals.
This reason suggests that community identities, which are based on shared cultural, linguistic, or ethnic characteristics, can serve as the foundation for the formation of a nation. However, already established states may view such community identities as potential threats to their authority and control. Therefore, they see diverse community identities as dangerous rivals that might undermine the unity and stability of the state.
Analysis and Conclusion:
Both the assertion and the reason are true. States often prefer a single national identity to foster unity, while community identities can indeed play a significant role in nation-formation. The reason provides an explanation for why states may view community identities as rivals. The fear of division and instability leads states to promote a homogenous identity to maintain control.
Correct Answer:
The correct answer is option A: Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
Reason (R): Community identities can act as the basis for nation-formation, already existing states see all forms of community identity as dangerous rivals.
Explanation:
To understand the given assertion and reason, let's break it down into two parts and analyze each one separately.
Part 1: Assertion (A)
States generally tend to favour a single, homogenous national identity.
This means that states often promote and prioritize a single, unified national identity, rather than recognizing and accommodating diverse community identities within their borders. The emphasis is on creating a sense of unity and cohesion among the population.
Part 2: Reason (R)
Community identities can act as the basis for nation-formation, already existing states see all forms of community identity as dangerous rivals.
This reason suggests that community identities, which are based on shared cultural, linguistic, or ethnic characteristics, can serve as the foundation for the formation of a nation. However, already established states may view such community identities as potential threats to their authority and control. Therefore, they see diverse community identities as dangerous rivals that might undermine the unity and stability of the state.
Analysis and Conclusion:
Both the assertion and the reason are true. States often prefer a single national identity to foster unity, while community identities can indeed play a significant role in nation-formation. The reason provides an explanation for why states may view community identities as rivals. The fear of division and instability leads states to promote a homogenous identity to maintain control.
Correct Answer:
The correct answer is option A: Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:Assertion (A): Gender identities can be chosen willingly.Reason (R): By using surgical procedures male body can be converted into female body or female body into male body.- a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- c)Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
- d)Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): Gender identities can be chosen willingly.
Reason (R): By using surgical procedures male body can be converted into female body or female body into male body.
a)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
b)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
c)
Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d)
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
In general, ‘male body’ and ‘female body’ as social units are unchanging identities but due to so much research in the field of physiology, the notion of the body is now linked with ‘choice structure’. Transgender as concept, thus, refers to conversions of gender status of body into opposite gender by using choice or certain compulsions.
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): Castes are supposed to be complementary and competing groups.
Reason (R): Each caste has its own place in the system which cannot be taken by any other caste.- a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- c)Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
- d)Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): Castes are supposed to be complementary and competing groups.
Reason (R): Each caste has its own place in the system which cannot be taken by any other caste.
Assertion (A): Castes are supposed to be complementary and competing groups.
Reason (R): Each caste has its own place in the system which cannot be taken by any other caste.
a)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
b)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
c)
Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d)
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Castes are not only unequal to each other in ritual terms, they are also supposed to be complementary and noncompeting groups. Since caste is also linked with occupation, the system functions as the social division of labour, except that, in principle, it allows no mobility.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:“Tribe’ is a modern term for communities that are very old, being among the oldest inhabitants of the sub-continent. Tribes in India have generally been defined in terms of what they were not. Tribes were communities that did not practice a religion with a written text; did not have a state or political form of the normal kind; did not have sharp class divisions; and, most important, they did not have caste and were neither Hindus nor peasants. The term was introduced in the colonial era. The use of a single term for a very disparate set of communities was more a matter of administrative convenience… In terms of positive characteristics, tribes have been classified according to their ‘permanent’ and ‘acquired’ traits.”Q. Which of the following is not a physical-racial criterion for defining the tribes in India?- a)Austric
- b)Aryan
- c)Dravidian
- d)Negrito
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:
“Tribe’ is a modern term for communities that are very old, being among the oldest inhabitants of the sub-continent. Tribes in India have generally been defined in terms of what they were not. Tribes were communities that did not practice a religion with a written text; did not have a state or political form of the normal kind; did not have sharp class divisions; and, most important, they did not have caste and were neither Hindus nor peasants. The term was introduced in the colonial era. The use of a single term for a very disparate set of communities was more a matter of administrative convenience… In terms of positive characteristics, tribes have been classified according to their ‘permanent’ and ‘acquired’ traits.”
Q. Which of the following is not a physical-racial criterion for defining the tribes in India?
a)
Austric
b)
Aryan
c)
Dravidian
d)
Negrito
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|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
Austric is a linguistic category.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:
“Tribe’ is a modern term for communities that are very old, being among the oldest inhabitants of the sub-continent. Tribes in India have generally been defined in terms of what they were not. Tribes were communities that did not practice a religion with a written text; did not have a state or political form of the normal kind; did not have sharp class divisions; and, most important, they did not have caste and were neither Hindus nor peasants. The term was introduced in the colonial era. The use of a single term for a very disparate set of communities was more a matter of administrative convenience… In terms of positive characteristics, tribes have been classified according to their ‘permanent’ and ‘acquired’ traits.”
Q. According to Census Report 2011, it is ____% of the population of India, or about 104 million tribal persons in the country, or about 104 million tribal persons in the country.
- a)8.2%
- b)11%
- c)8.6%
- d)15%
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:
“Tribe’ is a modern term for communities that are very old, being among the oldest inhabitants of the sub-continent. Tribes in India have generally been defined in terms of what they were not. Tribes were communities that did not practice a religion with a written text; did not have a state or political form of the normal kind; did not have sharp class divisions; and, most important, they did not have caste and were neither Hindus nor peasants. The term was introduced in the colonial era. The use of a single term for a very disparate set of communities was more a matter of administrative convenience… In terms of positive characteristics, tribes have been classified according to their ‘permanent’ and ‘acquired’ traits.”
Q. According to Census Report 2011, it is ____% of the population of India, or about 104 million tribal persons in the country, or about 104 million tribal persons in the country.
a)
8.2%
b)
11%
c)
8.6%
d)
15%
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
The total population of tribes amounts to about 8.2% of the population of India, or about 84 million persons according to the 2001 Census. The Census of 2011 reported an increase of 0.2%. It is now 8.6% of the population of India, or about 104 million tribal persons in the country.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:The very term ‘disabled’ challenges each of these assumptions. Terms such as ‘mentally challenged’, ‘visually impaired’ and ‘physically impaired’ came to replace the triter negative terms such as ‘retarded’, ‘crippled’ or ‘lame’. The disabled are rendered disabled not because they are biologically disabled but because society renders them so. We are disabled by buildings that are not designed to admit us, and this in turn leads to a range of further disabilities regarding our education, our chances of gaining employment, our social lives and so on. The disablement lies in the construction of society, not in the physical condition of the individual (Brissenden 1986:176).Q. Which of the following is NOT a feature central to the public perception of ‘disability’?- a)Disability is linked with the disabled individual’s self-perception.
- b)The very idea of disability suggests that they are in need of help.
- c)Disability is biologically given.
- d)None of the above
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:
The very term ‘disabled’ challenges each of these assumptions. Terms such as ‘mentally challenged’, ‘visually impaired’ and ‘physically impaired’ came to replace the triter negative terms such as ‘retarded’, ‘crippled’ or ‘lame’. The disabled are rendered disabled not because they are biologically disabled but because society renders them so. We are disabled by buildings that are not designed to admit us, and this in turn leads to a range of further disabilities regarding our education, our chances of gaining employment, our social lives and so on. The disablement lies in the construction of society, not in the physical condition of the individual (Brissenden 1986:176).
Q. Which of the following is NOT a feature central to the public perception of ‘disability’?
a)
Disability is linked with the disabled individual’s self-perception.
b)
The very idea of disability suggests that they are in need of help.
c)
Disability is biologically given.
d)
None of the above
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|
Arun Yadav answered |
All the other options are central features to the public perception of disability.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: Historically, states have tried to establish and enhance their political legitimacy through nation building strategies. They sought to secure … the loyalty and obedience of their citizens through policies of assimilation or integration. Attaining these objectives was not easy, especially in a context of cultural diversity where citizens, in addition to their identifications with their country, might also feel a strong sense of identity with their community – ethnic, religious, linguistic and so on. Most states feared that the recognition of such difference would lead to social fragmentation and prevent the creation of a harmonious society. In short, such identity politics was considered a threat to state unity. In addition, accommodating these differences is politically challenging, so many states have resorted to either suppressing these diverse identities or ignoring them on the political domain.Q. In the case of integrationist policies too, there is the danger of the dominant group’s culture being treated as ‘________’ culture.- a)community
- b)regional
- c)national
- d)international
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: Historically, states have tried to establish and enhance their political legitimacy through nation building strategies. They sought to secure … the loyalty and obedience of their citizens through policies of assimilation or integration. Attaining these objectives was not easy, especially in a context of cultural diversity where citizens, in addition to their identifications with their country, might also feel a strong sense of identity with their community – ethnic, religious, linguistic and so on. Most states feared that the recognition of such difference would lead to social fragmentation and prevent the creation of a harmonious society. In short, such identity politics was considered a threat to state unity. In addition, accommodating these differences is politically challenging, so many states have resorted to either suppressing these diverse identities or ignoring them on the political domain.
Q. In the case of integrationist policies too, there is the danger of the dominant group’s culture being treated as ‘________’ culture.
a)
community
b)
regional
c)
national
d)
international
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
Policies of integration insist that the public culture be restricted to a common national pattern, while all ‘non-national’ cultures are to be relegated to the private sphere.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: Historically, states have tried to establish and enhance their political legitimacy through nation building strategies. They sought to secure … the loyalty and obedience of their citizens through policies of assimilation or integration. Attaining these objectives was not easy, especially in a context of cultural diversity where citizens, in addition to their identifications with their country, might also feel a strong sense of identity with their community – ethnic, religious, linguistic and so on. Most states feared that the recognition of such difference would lead to social fragmentation and prevent the creation of a harmonious society. In short, such identity politics was considered a threat to state unity. In addition, accommodating these differences is politically challenging, so many states have resorted to either suppressing these diverse identities or ignoring them on the political domain.Q. There is no historically fixed or logically necessary relationship between a ___________and the varied forms of __________ that it could be based on.- a)state-nation, society
- b)nation-state, community
- c)nation, ideology
- d)community, nation-state
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: Historically, states have tried to establish and enhance their political legitimacy through nation building strategies. They sought to secure … the loyalty and obedience of their citizens through policies of assimilation or integration. Attaining these objectives was not easy, especially in a context of cultural diversity where citizens, in addition to their identifications with their country, might also feel a strong sense of identity with their community – ethnic, religious, linguistic and so on. Most states feared that the recognition of such difference would lead to social fragmentation and prevent the creation of a harmonious society. In short, such identity politics was considered a threat to state unity. In addition, accommodating these differences is politically challenging, so many states have resorted to either suppressing these diverse identities or ignoring them on the political domain.
Q. There is no historically fixed or logically necessary relationship between a ___________and the varied forms of __________ that it could be based on.
a)
state-nation, society
b)
nation-state, community
c)
nation, ideology
d)
community, nation-state
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Today it is hard to define a nation in any way other than to say that it is a community that has succeeded in acquiring a state of its own. Interestingly, the opposite has also become increasingly true. Just as would be or aspiring nationalities are now more and more likely to work towards forming a state, existing states are also finding it more and more necessary to claim that they represent a nation. The relationship between the nation-state and community is relatively new one.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: Opinions also differ on the exact age of the caste system. It is generally agreed, though, that the four varna classification is roughly three thousand years old. However, the ‘caste system’ stood for different things in different time periods, so that it is misleading to think of the same system continuing for three thousand years. In its earliest phase, in the late Vedic period roughly between 900 — 500 BC, the caste system was really a varna system and consisted of only four major divisions. These divisions were not very elaborate or very rigid, and they were not determined by birth. Movement across the categories seems to have been not only possible but quite common. It is only in the postVedic period that caste became the rigid institution that is familiar to us from well-known definitions.Q. Which of the following is not a principle on which the caste system is based?- a)Difference
- b)Wholism
- c)Separation
- d)Competition
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: Opinions also differ on the exact age of the caste system. It is generally agreed, though, that the four varna classification is roughly three thousand years old. However, the ‘caste system’ stood for different things in different time periods, so that it is misleading to think of the same system continuing for three thousand years. In its earliest phase, in the late Vedic period roughly between 900 — 500 BC, the caste system was really a varna system and consisted of only four major divisions. These divisions were not very elaborate or very rigid, and they were not determined by birth. Movement across the categories seems to have been not only possible but quite common. It is only in the postVedic period that caste became the rigid institution that is familiar to us from well-known definitions.
Q. Which of the following is not a principle on which the caste system is based?
a)
Difference
b)
Wholism
c)
Separation
d)
Competition
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
Theoretically, the caste system can be understood as the combination of two sets of principles, one based on difference and separation and the other on wholism and hierarchy.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: Opinions also differ on the exact age of the caste system. It is generally agreed, though, that the four varna classification is roughly three thousand years old. However, the ‘caste system’ stood for different things in different time periods, so that it is misleading to think of the same system continuing for three thousand years. In its earliest phase, in the late Vedic period roughly between 900 — 500 BC, the caste system was really a varna system and consisted of only four major divisions. These divisions were not very elaborate or very rigid, and they were not determined by birth. Movement across the categories seems to have been not only possible but quite common. It is only in the postVedic period that caste became the rigid institution that is familiar to us from well-known definitions.Q. Castes were traditionally linked to occupations. Caste based occupations are ___________ in nature.- a)Hereditary
- b)Equal
- c)Segmentary
- d)Less rigid
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: Opinions also differ on the exact age of the caste system. It is generally agreed, though, that the four varna classification is roughly three thousand years old. However, the ‘caste system’ stood for different things in different time periods, so that it is misleading to think of the same system continuing for three thousand years. In its earliest phase, in the late Vedic period roughly between 900 — 500 BC, the caste system was really a varna system and consisted of only four major divisions. These divisions were not very elaborate or very rigid, and they were not determined by birth. Movement across the categories seems to have been not only possible but quite common. It is only in the postVedic period that caste became the rigid institution that is familiar to us from well-known definitions.
Q. Castes were traditionally linked to occupations. Caste based occupations are ___________ in nature.
a)
Hereditary
b)
Equal
c)
Segmentary
d)
Less rigid
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
A person born into a caste could only practice the occupation associated with that caste, so that occupations were hereditary, i.e., passed on from generation to generation.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: Untouchability was the most visible and comprehensive form of social discrimination. However, there were a large group of castes that were of low status and were also subjected to varying levels of discrimination short of untouchability. These were the service and artisanal castes who occupied the lower rungs of the caste hierarchy. The Constitution of India recognises the possibility that there may be groups other than the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes who suffer from social disadvantages.Q. The First Backward Classes Commission headed by ____________submitted its report in______.- a)Jawaharlal Nehru, 1953
- b)B.P. Mandal, 1979
- c)Kaka Kalelkar, 1953
- d)B.P. Mandal, 1990
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: Untouchability was the most visible and comprehensive form of social discrimination. However, there were a large group of castes that were of low status and were also subjected to varying levels of discrimination short of untouchability. These were the service and artisanal castes who occupied the lower rungs of the caste hierarchy. The Constitution of India recognises the possibility that there may be groups other than the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes who suffer from social disadvantages.
Q. The First Backward Classes Commission headed by ____________submitted its report in______.
a)
Jawaharlal Nehru, 1953
b)
B.P. Mandal, 1979
c)
Kaka Kalelkar, 1953
d)
B.P. Mandal, 1990
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
The first government of independent India under Jawaharlal Nehru appointed a commission to look into measures for the welfare of the OBCs. It was headed by Kaka Kalelkar and submitted its report in 1953.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:To be effective, the ideas of inclusive nationalism had to be built into the Constitution…[T] here is a very strong tendency for the dominant group to assume that their culture or language or religion is synonymous with the nation state. However, for a strong and democratic nation, special constitutional provisions are required to ensure the rights of all groups and those of minority groups in particular… The notion of minority groups is widely used in sociology and is more than a merely numerical distinction.Q. ____________such extremely wealthy people are not usually referred to as minorities.- a)Religious minorities
- b)Numerical minorities
- c)Linguistic minorities
- d)Privileged minorities
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:
To be effective, the ideas of inclusive nationalism had to be built into the Constitution…[T] here is a very strong tendency for the dominant group to assume that their culture or language or religion is synonymous with the nation state. However, for a strong and democratic nation, special constitutional provisions are required to ensure the rights of all groups and those of minority groups in particular… The notion of minority groups is widely used in sociology and is more than a merely numerical distinction.
Q. ____________such extremely wealthy people are not usually referred to as minorities.
a)
Religious minorities
b)
Numerical minorities
c)
Linguistic minorities
d)
Privileged minorities
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
The term ‘privileged minorities’ is self-explanatory. All the other kinds of minorities may or may not be economically powerful.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: Historically, states have tried to establish and enhance their political legitimacy through nation building strategies. They sought to secure … the loyalty and obedience of their citizens through policies of assimilation or integration. Attaining these objectives was not easy, especially in a context of cultural diversity where citizens, in addition to their identifications with their country, might also feel a strong sense of identity with their community – ethnic, religious, linguistic and so on. Most states feared that the recognition of such difference would lead to social fragmentation and prevent the creation of a harmonious society. In short, such identity politics was considered a threat to state unity. In addition, accommodating these differences is politically challenging, so many stateshave resorted to either suppressing these diverse identities or ignoring them on the political domain.Q. Policies that promote __________are aimed at persuading, encouraging or forcing all citizens to adopt a uniform set of cultural values and norms.- a)assimilation
- b)isolation
- c)acculturation
- d)integration
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: Historically, states have tried to establish and enhance their political legitimacy through nation building strategies. They sought to secure … the loyalty and obedience of their citizens through policies of assimilation or integration. Attaining these objectives was not easy, especially in a context of cultural diversity where citizens, in addition to their identifications with their country, might also feel a strong sense of identity with their community – ethnic, religious, linguistic and so on. Most states feared that the recognition of such difference would lead to social fragmentation and prevent the creation of a harmonious society. In short, such identity politics was considered a threat to state unity. In addition, accommodating these differences is politically challenging, so many states
have resorted to either suppressing these diverse identities or ignoring them on the political domain.
Q. Policies that promote __________are aimed at persuading, encouraging or forcing all citizens to adopt a uniform set of cultural values and norms.
a)
assimilation
b)
isolation
c)
acculturation
d)
integration
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
Policies that promote values and norms that are usually entirely or largely those of the dominant social group. Other, nondominant or subordinated groups in society are expected or required to give up their own cultural values and adopt the prescribed ones.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:To be effective, the ideas of inclusive nationalism had to be built into the Constitution…[T] here is a very strong tendency for the dominant group to assume that their culture or language or religion is synonymous with the nation state. However, for a strong and democratic nation, special constitutional provisions are required to ensure the rights of all groups and those of minority groups in particular… The notion of minority groups is widely used in sociology and is more than a merely numerical distinction.Q. When minority is used without qualification, it generally implies a relatively small but also _______________ group.- a)advantaged
- b)disadvantaged
- c)privileged
- d)diverse
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:
To be effective, the ideas of inclusive nationalism had to be built into the Constitution…[T] here is a very strong tendency for the dominant group to assume that their culture or language or religion is synonymous with the nation state. However, for a strong and democratic nation, special constitutional provisions are required to ensure the rights of all groups and those of minority groups in particular… The notion of minority groups is widely used in sociology and is more than a merely numerical distinction.
Q. When minority is used without qualification, it generally implies a relatively small but also _______________ group.
a)
advantaged
b)
disadvantaged
c)
privileged
d)
diverse
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
Sociologically speaking, a minority is a social group that besides being small in size suffers a relative social, political and economic disadvantage as well.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: We don’t have to do anything to be born into a community – in fact, no one has any choice about which family or community or country they are born into. These kinds of identities are called ‘ascriptive’ – that is, they are determined by the accidents of birth and do not involve any choice on the part of the individuals concerned. It is an odd fact of social life that people feel a deep sense of security and satisfaction in belonging to communities in which their membership is entirely accidental. We often identify so strongly with communities we have done nothing to ‘deserve’ – passed no exam, demonstrated no skill or competence… This is very unlike belonging to, say, a profession or team. Doctors or architects have to pass exams and demonstrate their competence.Q. In times of community conflict, communities become _______________ of each other.- a)Opposite images
- b)Mirror images
- c)Friends
- d)Kin
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: We don’t have to do anything to be born into a community – in fact, no one has any choice about which family or community or country they are born into. These kinds of identities are called ‘ascriptive’ – that is, they are determined by the accidents of birth and do not involve any choice on the part of the individuals concerned. It is an odd fact of social life that people feel a deep sense of security and satisfaction in belonging to communities in which their membership is entirely accidental. We often identify so strongly with communities we have done nothing to ‘deserve’ – passed no exam, demonstrated no skill or competence… This is very unlike belonging to, say, a profession or team. Doctors or architects have to pass exams and demonstrate their competence.
Q. In times of community conflict, communities become _______________ of each other.
a)
Opposite images
b)
Mirror images
c)
Friends
d)
Kin
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
In times of community conflict, communities become Mirror images of each other. It is an odd fact of social life that people feel a deep sense of security and satisfaction in belonging to communities in which their membership is entirely accidental.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:The Kalinganagar incident, like many horrors before it and after, briefly made the headlines and then disappeared from public view. The lives and deaths of poor adivasis slid back into obscurity. Yet their struggle still continues and by revisiting it, we not only remind ourselves of the need to address ongoing injustice, but also appreciate how this conflict encapsulates many of the key issues in the sphere of environment and development in India today. Like many adivasi-dominated parts of the country, Kalinganagar in Jaipur district of central Orissa is a paradox. Its wealth of natural resources contrasts sharply with the poverty of its inhabitants, mainly small farmers and labourers. The rich iron ore deposits in the area are state property and their ‘development’ means that Adivasi lands are compulsorily acquired by the state for a pittance. While a handful of local residents may get secure jobs on the lower rungs of the industrial sector, most are impoverished even further and survive on the edge of starvation as wage-labourers. It is estimated that 30 million people, more than the entire population of Canada, have been displaced by this land acquisition policy since India became independent in 1947 (Fernandes 1991). Of these, almost 75 per cent are, by the government’s own admission, ‘still awaiting rehabilitation’. This process of land acquisition is justified as being in the public interest since the state is committed to promoting economic growth by expanding industrial production and infrastructure.Q. The outsiders against whom the tribals have been waging struggles are called______- a)immigrants
- b)dikus
- c)traders
- d)upper-castes
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:
The Kalinganagar incident, like many horrors before it and after, briefly made the headlines and then disappeared from public view. The lives and deaths of poor adivasis slid back into obscurity. Yet their struggle still continues and by revisiting it, we not only remind ourselves of the need to address ongoing injustice, but also appreciate how this conflict encapsulates many of the key issues in the sphere of environment and development in India today. Like many adivasi-dominated parts of the country, Kalinganagar in Jaipur district of central Orissa is a paradox. Its wealth of natural resources contrasts sharply with the poverty of its inhabitants, mainly small farmers and labourers. The rich iron ore deposits in the area are state property and their ‘development’ means that Adivasi lands are compulsorily acquired by the state for a pittance. While a handful of local residents may get secure jobs on the lower rungs of the industrial sector, most are impoverished even further and survive on the edge of starvation as wage-labourers. It is estimated that 30 million people, more than the entire population of Canada, have been displaced by this land acquisition policy since India became independent in 1947 (Fernandes 1991). Of these, almost 75 per cent are, by the government’s own admission, ‘still awaiting rehabilitation’. This process of land acquisition is justified as being in the public interest since the state is committed to promoting economic growth by expanding industrial production and infrastructure.
Q. The outsiders against whom the tribals have been waging struggles are called______
a)
immigrants
b)
dikus
c)
traders
d)
upper-castes
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
The word ‘dikus’ means outsiders. Dikus were the people who made the tribal people dependent upon them, thereby causing them a lot of misery and suffering.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: Historically, states have tried to establish and enhance their political legitimacy through nation building strategies. They sought to secure … the loyalty and obedience of their citizens through policies of assimilation or integration. Attaining these objectives was not easy, especially in a context of cultural diversity where citizens, in addition to their identifications with their country, might also feel a strong sense of identity with their community – ethnic, religious, linguistic and so on. Most states feared that the recognition of such difference would lead to social fragmentation and prevent the creation of a harmonious society. In short, such identity politics was considered a threat to state unity. In addition, accommodating these differences is politically challenging, so many stateshave resorted to either suppressing these diverse identities or ignoring them on the political domain.Q. However, there are many successful examples – including India – which show that it is perfectly possible to have a strong nation-state without having to ___________ different types of community identities into one standard type.- a)homogenise
- b)eliminate
- c)heterogeneous
- d)divide
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: Historically, states have tried to establish and enhance their political legitimacy through nation building strategies. They sought to secure … the loyalty and obedience of their citizens through policies of assimilation or integration. Attaining these objectives was not easy, especially in a context of cultural diversity where citizens, in addition to their identifications with their country, might also feel a strong sense of identity with their community – ethnic, religious, linguistic and so on. Most states feared that the recognition of such difference would lead to social fragmentation and prevent the creation of a harmonious society. In short, such identity politics was considered a threat to state unity. In addition, accommodating these differences is politically challenging, so many states
have resorted to either suppressing these diverse identities or ignoring them on the political domain.
Q. However, there are many successful examples – including India – which show that it is perfectly possible to have a strong nation-state without having to ___________ different types of community identities into one standard type.
a)
homogenise
b)
eliminate
c)
heterogeneous
d)
divide
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
To homogenise is to make uniform or similar. If something is homogenized, it is changed so that all its parts are similar or the same, especially in a way that is undesirable. They no longer worry about the homogenization of culture.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: “Compared to the ancient past, we know a lot more about caste in our recent history. If modern history is taken to begin with the nineteenth century, then Indian Independence in 1947 offers a natural dividing line between the colonial period (roughly 150 years from around 1800 to 1947) and the post-Independence or post-colonial period (the six decades from 1947 to the present day). The present form of caste as a social institution has been shaped very strongly by both the colonial period as well as the rapid changes that have come about in independent India.”Q. In which area has caste proved to be the strongest?- a)Cultural and domestic sphere
- b)Politics
- c)Economic
- d)Urban sphere
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: “Compared to the ancient past, we know a lot more about caste in our recent history. If modern history is taken to begin with the nineteenth century, then Indian Independence in 1947 offers a natural dividing line between the colonial period (roughly 150 years from around 1800 to 1947) and the post-Independence or post-colonial period (the six decades from 1947 to the present day). The present form of caste as a social institution has been shaped very strongly by both the colonial period as well as the rapid changes that have come about in independent India.”
Q. In which area has caste proved to be the strongest?
a)
Cultural and domestic sphere
b)
Politics
c)
Economic
d)
Urban sphere
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
It was in the cultural and domestic spheres that caste has proved strongest. Endogamy, or the practice of marrying within the caste, remained largely unaffected by modernisation and change.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:The very term ‘disabled’ challenges each of these assumptions. Terms such as ‘mentally challenged’, ‘visually impaired’ and ‘physically impaired’ came to replace the triter negative terms such as ‘retarded’, ‘crippled’ or ‘lame’. The disabled are rendered disabled not because they are biologically disabled but because society renders them so. We are disabled by buildings that are not designed to admit us, and this in turn leads to a range of further disabilities regarding our education, our chances of gaining employment, our social lives and so on. The disablement lies in the construction of society, not in the physical condition of the individual (Brissenden 1986:176).Q. Labels such as bechara (poor thing) accentuate the ____________ for the disabled person.- a)victim status
- b)state of poverty
- c)marginalised status
- d)low status
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:
The very term ‘disabled’ challenges each of these assumptions. Terms such as ‘mentally challenged’, ‘visually impaired’ and ‘physically impaired’ came to replace the triter negative terms such as ‘retarded’, ‘crippled’ or ‘lame’. The disabled are rendered disabled not because they are biologically disabled but because society renders them so. We are disabled by buildings that are not designed to admit us, and this in turn leads to a range of further disabilities regarding our education, our chances of gaining employment, our social lives and so on. The disablement lies in the construction of society, not in the physical condition of the individual (Brissenden 1986:176).
Q. Labels such as bechara (poor thing) accentuate the ____________ for the disabled person.
a)
victim status
b)
state of poverty
c)
marginalised status
d)
low status
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
The roots of such attitudes lie in the cultural conception that views an impaired body as a result of fate. Destiny is seen as the culprit, and disabled people are the victims.
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:To be effective, the ideas of inclusive nationalism had to be built into the Constitution…[T] here is a very strong tendency for the dominant group to assume that their culture or language or religion is synonymous with the nation state. However, for a strong and democratic nation, special constitutional provisions are required to ensure the rights of all groups and those of minority groups in particular… The notion of minority groups is widely used in sociology and is more than a merely numerical distinction.Q. Religious minorities like the Parsis or Sikhs may be relatively well-off economically but, they may still be disadvantaged in a __________sense.- a)economic
- b)sociological
- c)historical
- d)cultural
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:
To be effective, the ideas of inclusive nationalism had to be built into the Constitution…[T] here is a very strong tendency for the dominant group to assume that their culture or language or religion is synonymous with the nation state. However, for a strong and democratic nation, special constitutional provisions are required to ensure the rights of all groups and those of minority groups in particular… The notion of minority groups is widely used in sociology and is more than a merely numerical distinction.
Q. Religious minorities like the Parsis or Sikhs may be relatively well-off economically but, they may still be disadvantaged in a __________sense.
a)
economic
b)
sociological
c)
historical
d)
cultural
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
The above-mentioned communities may still be disadvantaged in a cultural sense because of their small numbers relative to the overwhelming majority of Hindus. Religious or cultural minorities need special protection because of the demographic dominance of the majority.
Chapter doubts & questions for CBSE Practice Questions - Sociology Class 12 2024 is part of Humanities/Arts exam preparation. The chapters have been prepared according to the Humanities/Arts exam syllabus. The Chapter doubts & questions, notes, tests & MCQs are made for Humanities/Arts 2024 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, notes, meanings, examples, exercises, MCQs and online tests here.
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Sociology Class 12
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