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All questions of India Under British Rule: Governance and Other Aspects for BPSC (Bihar) Exam

Consider the following statements about Registration Act, 1867 
1. It was of oppressive and restrictive nature 
2. A copy was to be submitted to the courts within one month of the publication of a book 
Which of these statements are not correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both of them
  • d)
    Neither of them
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Arun Khatri answered
 
Registration Act, 1867: This replaced Metcalfe's Act of 1835 and was of a regulatory, not restrictive, nature.
  •  
    As per the Act, (i) every book/ newspaper was required to print the name of the printer and the publisher and the place of the publication, and (ii) a copy was to be submitted to the local government within one month of the publication of a book.
 
 
 

Which of the following statements are correct about pabna agrarian leagues? 
1. Having had enough of the oppressive regime, the peasants of Yusufshahi Pargana in Patna district formed an agrarian league or combination to resist the demands of the zamindars 
2. The league organized a rent strike—the ryots refused to pay the enhanced rents, challenging the zamindars in the courts
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both of them
  • d)
    Neither of them
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Tarun Datta answered
The correct answer is option 'C' - Both of them.

Explanation:
1. Formation of the Agrarian League:
The statement correctly states that the peasants of Yusufshahi Pargana in Patna district formed an agrarian league or combination. This league was formed by the peasants in response to the oppressive regime they were facing. The zamindars, who were the landowners, were imposing heavy demands on the peasants, leading to their dissatisfaction and desire for resistance.

2. Rent Strike by the Agrarian League:
The statement also correctly mentions that the league organized a rent strike. The ryots, which refers to the peasants or tenants, refused to pay the enhanced rents demanded by the zamindars. The ryots challenged the zamindars in the courts, seeking justice and relief from the oppressive demands.

The agrarian league's rent strike was a form of protest and resistance against the exploitative practices of the zamindars. By refusing to pay the enhanced rents, the ryots aimed to assert their rights and demand fair treatment. The strike also aimed to draw attention to the unjust conditions faced by the peasants and put pressure on the authorities to address their grievances.

Overall, both statements accurately describe the formation and actions of the Pabna Agrarian League. The league was formed by the peasants to resist the oppressive demands of the zamindars, and they organized a rent strike as a means of protest and seeking justice.

Which of these statements are correct about Mappila Revolt? 
1. The Mappila tenants were particularly encouraged the demand of the local Congress body for government legislation regulating tenant-landlord relations 
2. Soon, the Mappila movement merged with the ongoing Khilafat agitation 
Choose from the following options.
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both of them
  • d)
    Neither of them
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Arun Khatri answered
  • The Mappilas were the Muslim tenants inhabiting the Malabar region where most landlords were Hindus Mappilas had expressed their resentment against the landlords' oppression during the nineteenth century. 
  • Their grievances centred around lack of security of tenure, high rents, renewal fees and other oppressive exactions. 
  • The Mappila tenants were particularly encouraged by the local Congress body's demand for government legislation regulating tenant-landlord relations. 
  • Soon, the Mappila movement merged with the ongoing Khilafat agitation. The leaders of the Khilafat-Non-Cooperation Movement like Gandhi, Shaukat Ali and Maulana Azad, addressed Mappila meetings. After the arrest of national leaders, the leadership passed into the hands of local Mappila leaders.

Consider the following statements about Licensing Regulations, 1823. 
1. John Adam, who had reactionary views, enacted these 
2. The Act was extended to cover journals and Pamphlets 
3. Due to this, the publication of Maharatta stopped 
Choose from the following options.
  • a)
    1 and 2 Only
  • b)
    2 and 3 Only
  • c)
    1 and 3 Only
  • d)
    All of them
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Explanation:

1. John Adam, who had reactionary views, enacted these:
The statement is correct. The Licensing Regulations of 1823 were enacted during the reign of John Adam, who was known for his conservative and reactionary views. These regulations aimed to control the press and restrict the dissemination of information that was deemed to be against the interests of the ruling British government in India.

2. The Act was extended to cover journals and pamphlets:
The statement is correct. The Licensing Regulations of 1823 initially focused on newspapers and periodicals. However, the Act was later extended to cover other forms of publications, including journals and pamphlets. This extension allowed the government to have greater control over the spread of information and ideas.

3. Due to this, the publication of Maharatta stopped:
The statement is incorrect. The Licensing Regulations of 1823 did not lead to the complete cessation of the publication of Maharatta. Maharatta was a prominent Marathi newspaper that played a significant role in the social and political movements of its time. While the regulations did impose restrictions on Maharatta and other newspapers, they were not able to completely shut down these publications. Maharatta continued to be published, albeit under strict government control.

Conclusion:
Based on the above analysis, we can conclude that statements 1 and 2 are correct, while statement 3 is incorrect. Therefore, the correct answer is option 'A' - 1 and 2 only.

Consider the following statements. 
1. Transferability of land was one feature of the new settlement which caused great insecurity to the tenants who lost all their traditional rights inland 
2. There was little spending by the Government on the improvement of land productivity 
3. Zamindars, with increased powers and greed to earn more money, invested for improvement of agriculture
Which of these statements is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 and 2 Only
  • b)
    2 and 3 Only
  • c)
    1 and 3 Only
  • d)
    All of them
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Kavita Mehta answered
  • The government, only interested in the maximization of rents and in securing its share of revenue, had enforced the Permanent Settlement system in large parts. 
  • Transferability of land was one feature of the new settlement that caused great insecurity to the tenants who lost all their traditional land rights. 
  • There was little spending by the Government on the improvement of land productivity. 
  • With increased powers, the zamindars resorted to summary evictions, demanded illegal dues and begar' to maximize their share in the production, and had no incentive to invest for improvement of agriculture. 
  • The overburdened peasants had to approach the moneylenders to be able to pay their dues to the zamindars.

Why was there a rush of foreign capital in India in the second half of the 19th century?
1. Prospects of high profits 
2. Cheap and readily available raw material 
3. Willingness of administration to provide all help 
4. Ready market in India 
Choose from the following options.
  • a)
    1, 2 and 3 Only
  • b)
    2, 3 and 4 only
  • c)
    2 and 4 only
  • d)
    All of them
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Utkarsh Joshi answered
There was a rush of foreign capital in India at this time due to prospects of high profits, availability of cheap labour, cheap and readily available raw material, the ready market in India and the neighbours, diminishing avenues for investments at home, the willingness of the administration to provide all help, and ready markets abroad for some Indian exports such as tea, jute and manganese.

Which among the following are correct about the charter act of 1833? 
1. It deprived the governor of Bombay and Madras of the executive powers 
2. In this act, the Court of directors attempted to introduce the system of open competition for selection of civil servants 
Choose from the following options:
  • a)
    Neither of them
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both of them
  • d)
    1 Only
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Arya Chauhan answered
The Charter Act of 1833 was a significant act that brought about several changes in the administration of India. However, neither of the given options is correct about this act. Let's understand why:

1. It deprived the governor of Bombay and Madras of the executive powers: This statement is incorrect. In fact, the Charter Act of 1833 increased the power of the governors of Bombay and Madras by giving them the power to issue ordinances without the prior approval of the Governor-General in Council.

2. In this act, the Court of directors attempted to introduce the system of open competition for selection of civil servants: This statement is also incorrect. The system of open competition for selection of civil servants was actually introduced by the Charter Act of 1853, which abolished the East India Company's monopoly on the appointment of civil servants and opened up the civil service to competition.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 'D', which states that neither of the given options is correct. Some other important provisions of the Charter Act of 1833 include:

- It made English the official language of the courts and government in India, replacing Persian.
- It reorganized the legislative and executive councils and increased the number of British members in these councils.
- It abolished the trading activities of the East India Company, which was now limited to governance and administration.
- It provided for the establishment of a Law Commission to codify and consolidate laws in India.
- It extended the Company's monopoly on trade with China for another 20 years.

He developed a comprehensive scheme of village education through the medium of vernacular languages. In these village schools, useful subjects such as mensuration and agricultural sciences were taught. The purpose was to train personnel for the newly set up Revenue and Public Works Department. He was:
  • a)
    Lord Macaulay
  • b)
    James Thomson
  • c)
    Charles wood
  • d)
    William Adam
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Jaya Nair answered
James Thomson, lieutenant-governor of NW Provinces (1843- 53), developed a comprehensive village education scheme through the medium of vernacular languages. In these village schools, useful subjects such as mensuration and agriculture sciences were taught. The purpose was to train personnel for the newly set up Revenue and Public Works Department. 

Consider the following statements about Censorship of Press Act, 1799. 
1. Lord Wellesley enacted this, anticipating French invasion of India 
2. These restrictions become more oppressive under Lord Hastings 
Which of these statements is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both of them
  • d)
    Neither of them
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Sanjay Rana answered
  • Censorship of Press Act, 1799: Lord Wellesley enacted this, anticipating French invasion of India. It imposed almost wartime press restrictions including pre-censorship. 
  • These restrictions were relaxed under Lord Hastings, who had progressive views, and in 1818, pre-censorship was dispensed with.

The system of the budget was introduced in British India in
  • a)
    1960
  • b)
    1830
  • c)
    1840
  • d)
    1860
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Rahul Mehta answered
Budget was first introduced on 7th April, 1860, two years after the transfer of Indian administration from East-India Company to British Crown. The first Finance Member, who presented the Budget, was James Wilson.

Hindustan newspaper was started by:
  • a)
    Bal Gangadhar Tilak
  • b)
    Motilal Ghosh
  • c)
    Surendra Nath Banerjee
  • d)
    G.P. Verma
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Anjali Rao answered
  • Many newspapers emerged during these years under distinguished and fearless journalists. 
  • These included The Hindu and Swadesamitran under G. Subramaniya Aiyar, The Bengalee under Surendranath Banerjea, Voice of India under Dadabhai Naoroji, Amrita Bazar Patrika under Sisir Kumar Ghosh and Motilal Ghosh, Indian Mirror under N.N. Sen, Kesari (in Marathi) and Mahratta (in English) under Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Sudharak under Gopal Krishna Gokhale, and Hindustan and Advocate under G.P. Verma. Other main newspapers included, Tribune and Akbhar-i-am in Punjab, Gujarati, Indu Prakash, Dhyan Prakash and Kal in Bombay and Som Prakash, Banganivasi and Sadharani in Bengal.

Consider the following statements about British policy on education. 
1. Education became a Monopoly of upper and rich classes 
2. There was almost total neglect of women's education 
3. Modern system of Indian learning gradually declined 
Which of these statements are correct?
  • a)
    1 and 2 Only
  • b)
    2 and 3 Only
  • c)
    1 and 3 Only
  • d)
    All of them
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Preethi Ahuja answered
Overview:
The correct statements about British policy on education are:
1. Education became a Monopoly of upper and rich classes
2. There was almost total neglect of women's education

Explanation:
The British policy on education in colonial India had a significant impact on the socio-economic structure of society. Here is a detailed explanation of the correct statements:

1. Education became a Monopoly of upper and rich classes:
During the British colonial era, education became a privilege of the upper and rich classes. The British implemented a policy that favored the education of the elite, ensuring that the upper classes had exclusive access to modern education.

- Macaulay's Minute: Lord Macaulay, in his famous Minute on Indian Education in 1835, advocated for the promotion of English education among the elite class. This Minute became the foundation of British educational policy in India.
- English as the medium of instruction: The British introduced English as the medium of instruction in schools and colleges. This meant that only those who could afford to learn English and send their children to English-medium schools had access to modern education.
- Creation of elitist institutions: The British established prestigious institutions like the Presidency Colleges, which were exclusively meant for the upper classes. These institutions played a crucial role in maintaining the educational monopoly of the elite.

2. There was almost total neglect of women's education:
The British policy on education in colonial India also resulted in the neglect of women's education. The education of women was largely ignored, and they were denied access to modern education.

- Traditional role of women: The British viewed Indian women as being confined to traditional roles and did not prioritize their education. They believed that women should focus on domestic duties rather than seeking education.
- Limited opportunities for women: Very few schools were established for girls, and those that existed had limited resources and opportunities. The curriculum for girls was often limited to basic literacy and domestic skills.
- Social norms and prejudices: The prevailing social norms and prejudices further hindered the progress of women's education. The perception that educated women would challenge traditional gender roles and disrupt societal norms contributed to the neglect of women's education.

Therefore, the correct statements about British policy on education in colonial India are that education became a monopoly of the upper and rich classes and there was almost total neglect of women's education. These policies had long-lasting repercussions on social mobility and gender equality in Indian society.

Consider the following statements about the Trade Disputes Act, 1929. 
1. Made compulsory the appointment of Courts of Inquiry and Consultation Boards for settling industrial disputes 
2. Made illegal the strikes in public utility services 
3. Forbade trade union activity of coercive or purely political nature and even sympathetic strikes
Which of these statements are correct?
  • a)
    1 and 2 Only
  • b)
    2 and 3 Only
  • c)
    1 and 3 Only
  • d)
    All of them
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Bhaskar Mehta answered
TDA Act, 1929: 
  • Made compulsory the appointment of Courts of Inquiry and Consultation Boards for settling industrial disputes; 
  • Made illegal the strikes in public utility services like posts, railways, water and electricity, unless each worker planning to go on strike gave advance notice of one month to the administration; 
  • Forbade trade union activity of coercive or purely political nature and even sympathetic strikes.

Which of these statements are correct about Deccan Riots? 
1. Here moneylenders were mostly outsiders - Marwaris or Gujaratis 
2. Modern Nationalist Intelligentsia of Maharashtra opposed the peasants' cause due to the violence
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both of them
  • d)
    Neither of them
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Lakshmi Chavan answered
Explanation:

1. Moneylenders were mostly outsiders - Marwaris or Gujaratis
- The statement is correct. In the Deccan Riots, moneylenders were predominantly outsiders, often Marwaris or Gujaratis.
- These moneylenders were seen as exploiting the local peasants and farmers by charging exorbitant interest rates, leading to resentment and anger among the local population.
- This economic exploitation played a significant role in sparking the riots in the Deccan region.

2. Modern Nationalist Intelligentsia of Maharashtra opposed the peasants' cause due to the violence
- This statement is not correct. In fact, the modern nationalist intelligentsia of Maharashtra, including leaders like Mahatma Gandhi and Bal Gangadhar Tilak, supported the peasants' cause during the Deccan Riots.
- They recognized the economic grievances of the peasants and farmers and advocated for their rights and better treatment.
- The nationalist leaders condemned the violence that occurred during the riots but stood in solidarity with the peasants in their struggle against economic exploitation.
In conclusion, the correct statement about the Deccan Riots is that moneylenders were mostly outsiders, while the modern nationalist intelligentsia of Maharashtra supported the peasants' cause rather than opposing it due to violence.

Which one of the following is correct about regulating act of 1773? 
1. It designated the governor of Bengal as the Governor-General of Bengal 
2. Earlier before the Act, Governors of Bombay, Madras and Bengal were dependent on each other. Now with this act, it made the Governors of Bombay and Madras Presidencies subordinate to the governor-general of Bengal 
3. It prohibited the servants of the company from engaging in any private trade 
4. It prohibited the servants of the company from accepting presents or Gifts 
5. The court of directors have to report on its revenue and civil affairs Except for Military Affairs to the British government 
Choose from the following options:
  • a)
    1, 2 and 3 Only
  • b)
    All of them
  • c)
    1, 3 and 4 only
  • d)
    1, 3, 4 and 5 only
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Swara Bajaj answered
Regulating Act of 1773:

The Regulating Act of 1773 was passed by the British Parliament to regulate the affairs of the East India Company in India. It was the first step taken by the British Government to control the company's affairs in India.

The correct option is B, which includes the following features of the Regulating Act of 1773:

1. It designated the governor of Bengal as the Governor-General of Bengal: The Act created the office of Governor-General of Bengal and designated the governor of Bengal as the Governor-General.

2. It made the Governors of Bombay and Madras Presidencies subordinate to the governor-general of Bengal: The Act made the governors of Bombay and Madras Presidencies subordinate to the governor-general of Bengal.

3. It prohibited the servants of the company from engaging in any private trade: The Act prohibited the servants of the company from engaging in any private trade.

4. It prohibited the servants of the company from accepting presents or gifts: The Act prohibited the servants of the company from accepting presents or gifts.

5. The court of directors have to report on its revenue and civil affairs Except for Military Affairs to the British government: The Act required the court of directors of the East India Company to report annually to the British government on the company's revenue and civil affairs, except for military affairs.

Thus, option B is the correct answer, which includes features 1, 3, and 4 of the Regulating Act of 1773.

Which among the following are correct about the Government of India Act of 1858? 
1. It created a new office, Secretary of State for India 
2. The secretary of state was a member of the British cabinet and was responsible only ultimately to the British cabinet
3. It constituted the secretary of state-in-council as a body corporate, capable of Suing and being sued only in England 
Choose from the following options:
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 and 3 Only
  • c)
    1 and 3 Only
  • d)
    1 and 2 Only
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Deepika Dey answered
The correct answer is option 'A', which means that only statement 1 is correct. Let's understand why the other statements are incorrect:

1. It created a new office, Secretary of State for India: This statement is correct. The Government of India Act of 1858 abolished the East India Company's rule in India and transferred the powers and responsibilities to the British Crown. As a part of this transfer, a new office called the Secretary of State for India was created in the British government. The Secretary of State became the principal authority responsible for the governance of India.

2. The Secretary of State was a member of the British cabinet and was responsible only ultimately to the British cabinet: This statement is incorrect. The Secretary of State for India was indeed a member of the British cabinet, but they were not solely responsible to the British cabinet. The Secretary of State was also accountable to the British Parliament and had to report on Indian affairs to the Parliament. The Secretary of State had significant powers and authority over the governance of India.

3. It constituted the Secretary of State-in-Council as a body corporate, capable of suing and being sued only in England: This statement is incorrect. The Government of India Act of 1858 did establish the Secretary of State-in-Council as a body corporate, but this body was not limited to suing and being sued only in England. The Secretary of State-in-Council had the power to sue and be sued in both England and India. This provision allowed for legal actions against the British government or the Secretary of State-in-Council in Indian courts.

In conclusion, only statement 1 is correct as it created the office of Secretary of State for India. Statements 2 and 3 are incorrect as they misrepresent the accountability and legal jurisdiction of the Secretary of State and the Secretary of State-in-Council.

Which of the following are correctly matched? 
1. Narayan Meghajee Lokhande started the newspaper Bharat Shramjeevi.
2. Shashi Pada Banerjee started newspaper Deena Bandhu. 
Choose from the following options
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both of them
  • d)
    Neither of them
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Nisha Desai answered
Incorrectly matched newspapers and their founders:

1. Narayan Meghajee Lokhande started the newspaper Bharat Shramjeevi - This is a correct match. Lokhande was a social reformer and started Bharat Shramjeevi in 1897 to raise awareness about the plight of workers and peasants.

2. Shashi Pada Banerjee started newspaper Deena Bandhu - This is an incorrect match. Deena Bandhu was actually started by Anand Mohan Bose in 1877. Shashi Pada Banerjee was a journalist and founder of the newspaper Banglar Katha.

Therefore, the correct answer is option D, neither of them.

Explanation:
- Narayan Meghajee Lokhande and Bharat Shramjeevi: Lokhande was a social reformer who worked for the betterment of workers and peasants. He started the newspaper Bharat Shramjeevi in 1897 to raise awareness about their issues. The newspaper was published in Marathi and was aimed at promoting social and political reforms.

- Shashi Pada Banerjee and Deena Bandhu: Shashi Pada Banerjee was a journalist who founded the newspaper Banglar Katha, which was published in Bengali. He did not start the newspaper Deena Bandhu. Deena Bandhu was actually started by Anand Mohan Bose in 1877 in Kolkata. It was one of the earliest newspapers in India and was published in Bengali. Its aim was to promote social and political awareness among the Indian masses.

Which of the following are the factors for the impoverishment of the Indian peasantry? 
1. Colonial economic policies 
2. The new land revenue system 
3. Overcrowding of land 
Choose from the following options.
  • a)
    1 and 3 Only
  • b)
    2 and 3 Only
  • c)
    1 and 2 Only
  • d)
    All of them
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Kunal Menon answered
Factors for the Impoverishment of the Indian Peasantry

Factors for the impoverishment of the Indian peasantry include colonial economic policies, the new land revenue system, and overcrowding of land. These factors have played a significant role in the economic and social degradation of the Indian peasantry.

1. Colonial economic policies:
Under British colonial rule, India's economy was subjugated to benefit the British Empire. The British implemented policies that exploited and drained the resources of India, resulting in the impoverishment of the Indian peasantry. These policies included:

- Drain of wealth: The British extracted enormous wealth from India through heavy taxation, trade policies, and the export of raw materials. This led to economic exploitation and hindered the development of industries and agricultural practices in India, further impoverishing the peasantry.

- Deindustrialization: The British dismantled India's indigenous industries to protect their own industries in England. This led to the collapse of many traditional Indian crafts and industries, leaving the peasantry with limited economic opportunities and forcing them to rely solely on agriculture, which further intensified their poverty.

2. The new land revenue system:
The British introduced the Permanent Settlement System, also known as the Zamindari system, in many parts of India. This system involved the fixation of land revenue, which had to be paid by the peasants to the Zamindars (landlords). This system had several negative consequences:

- Increased burden on peasants: The fixed revenue demand was often high, and the peasants were forced to pay it irrespective of their economic conditions. This led to an increased burden on the peasantry, pushing them further into poverty.

- Exploitation by Zamindars: The Zamindars, who were appointed by the British as intermediaries, exploited the peasants by extracting exorbitant rents and imposing arbitrary taxes. This further impoverished the peasantry as they were left with little to no surplus from their agricultural produce.

3. Overcrowding of land:
Due to the growing population and limited availability of land, there was overcrowding of land in rural areas. This resulted in smaller landholdings for individual farmers, leading to decreased productivity and income. Overcrowding also intensified competition for resources, further exacerbating poverty among the peasantry.

In conclusion, the impoverishment of the Indian peasantry can be attributed to factors such as colonial economic policies, the new land revenue system, and overcrowding of land. These factors, driven by British colonial rule, created a cycle of economic exploitation and social degradation, leaving the peasantry trapped in a cycle of poverty.

Consider the following statements. 
1. The Indian moneylender provided loans to hard-pressed agriculturists and thus facilitated the state collection of revenue
2. The Indian trader carried imported British products to the remotest corners and helped in the movement of Indian agricultural products for exports 
3. The indigenous bankers helped both in the process of distribution and collection 
Which of these statements is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 and 2 Only
  • b)
    2 and 3 Only
  • c)
    1 and 3 Only
  • d)
    All of them
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Nilesh Patel answered
  • Indian traders, moneylenders and bankers had amassed some wealth as junior partners of English merchant capitalists in India. Their role fitted in the British scheme of colonial exploitation. 
  • The Indian moneylender provided loans to hard-pressed agriculturists and thus facilitated the state collection of revenue. 
  • The Indian trader carried imported British products to the remotest corners and helped in Indian agricultural products for exports. The indigenous bankers helped both in the process of distribution and collection.

Which among the following are true about the Government of India Act of 1935 
1. It abolished the Council of India and the office of the secretary of state 
2. It provided separate electorates for women 
3. The provinces were allowed to act as autonomous units of administration in the defined spheres
4. This Act had 10 Schedules
5. It provided for the establishment of the Reserve Bank of India and a monetary policy committee to control the currency and credit of the country
Choose from the following options:
  • a)
    1 and 2 Only
  • b)
    1, 2, 4 and 5 only
  • c)
    All of them
  • d)
    2, 3 and 4 only
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Anshu Bose answered
The correct option is B) 2, 3 and 4 only.

Explanation:

The Government of India Act of 1935 was an important constitutional development in India during the British rule. It introduced several changes in the governance of India. Let's see which statements are true about this act:

1. It abolished the Council of India and the office of the secretary of state: This statement is not true as the act did not abolish the Council of India and the office of the secretary of state. Instead, it provided for their continuance.

2. It provided separate electorates for women: This statement is true. The act provided for separate electorates for women in the provincial legislatures.

3. The provinces were allowed to act as autonomous units of administration in the defined spheres: This statement is true. The act allowed the provinces to act as autonomous units of administration in the defined spheres.

4. This Act had 10 Schedules: This statement is true. The act had 10 schedules that provided for various matters such as the distribution of powers between the centre and the provinces, provincial autonomy, and the establishment of the Federal Court.

5. It provided for the establishment of the Reserve Bank of India and a monetary policy committee to control the currency and credit of the country: This statement is not true. The Reserve Bank of India was established in 1934, a year before the Government of India Act of 1935. The act did not provide for the establishment of the RBI or a monetary policy committee.

Therefore, the correct options are 2, 3 and 4 only.

Large parts of East Bengal were engulfed by agrarian unrest during the 1870s and early 1880s. Which one of the following is NOT true with regards to the unrest?
  • a)
    In May 1873, an agrarian league or combination was formed in Yusufshahi Praganah in Pabna district to accept the demands of the zamindars.
  • b)
    The unrest was caused by the efforts of the zamindars to inflate rent beyond legal limits.
  • c)
    The unrest was caused by the efforts of the zamindars to prevent the tenants from acquiring occupancy rights under act X of 1859.
  • d)
    The zamindars tried to achieve this through illegal coercive methods such as forced eviction and seizure of crops and cattle as well as by dragging the tenants into costly litigation in the courts.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Lakshmi Chavan answered
Explanation:

Formation of Agrarian League
- In May 1873, an agrarian league or combination was formed in Yusufshahi Praganah in Pabna district to oppose the demands of the zamindars.
- The league was formed to fight against the unjust practices of the zamindars and protect the rights of the tenants.

Reasons for the Unrest
- The unrest was caused by the efforts of the zamindars to inflate rent beyond legal limits.
- The zamindars also tried to prevent the tenants from acquiring occupancy rights under act X of 1859.
- The zamindars used illegal coercive methods such as forced eviction, seizure of crops and cattle, and dragging the tenants into costly litigation in the courts to achieve their goals.

Role of the Agrarian League
- The agrarian league played a crucial role in organizing the tenants and resisting the oppressive practices of the zamindars.
- They demanded fair treatment, reasonable rents, and the protection of their rights as tenants.

Conclusion
- The formation of the agrarian league and the subsequent unrest in East Bengal highlighted the struggles faced by the tenants against the exploitative practices of the zamindars.
- The agrarian unrest eventually led to the implementation of reforms to protect the rights of the tenants and regulate the relationship between landlords and tenants.

Which of the following statements are correct about Indigo revolt? 
1. Peasants tried to use violent methods and initiated an armed revolution supported by fund collection.
2. Gradually they learnt to go on a rent strike by refusing to pay the enhanced rents 
Choose from the following options.
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both of them
  • d)
    Neither of them
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Vikram Kapoor answered
  • The anger of the peasants exploded in 1859 when Digambar Biswas and Bishnu Biswas of Nadia district decided not to grow indigo under duress and resisted the physical pressure of the planters and their lathiyals (retainers)backed by police and the courts. 
  • They also organized a counterforce against the planters' attacks. The planters also tried methods like evictions and enhanced rents. The ryots replied by going on a rent strike by refusing to pay the enhanced rents and by physically resisting the attempts to evict them. 
  • Gradually, they learned to use the legal machinery and initiated legal action supported by fund collection.

Which among the following are correct about the Act of 1909? 
1. It allowed non-official majority in the central Legislative Council 
2. It allowed official majority in provincial Legislative Councils 
3. It provided for the first time, for the association of Indians with the legislative councils of viceroys and governors 
4. It also provided for the separate representation of zamindars 
5. It increased the function of Legislative councils and gave them the power of discussing the budget. But they were not allowed to ask supplementary questions and move resolutions on the budget
Choose from the following options
  • a)
    1, 2 and 3 Only
  • b)
    4 Only 
  • c)
    3 and 5 Only
  • d)
    All of them
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Deepika Dey answered
The correct answer is option 'C' - 4 Only.

The Act of 1909, also known as the Morley-Minto Reforms, was an important legislative measure passed by the British government in India. It introduced certain reforms in the Indian legislative system, aiming to address the growing demand for political representation and participation of Indians in the governance of their country. Let's analyze the given options:

1. It allowed non-official majority in the central Legislative Council: This statement is incorrect. The Act of 1909 did not allow for a non-official majority in the central Legislative Council. The British government retained control over the central legislative institutions.

2. It allowed official majority in provincial Legislative Councils: This statement is incorrect. The Act of 1909 did not provide for an official majority in provincial Legislative Councils. The British government continued to have a significant influence over the provincial legislative bodies.

3. It provided for the first time, for the association of Indians with the legislative councils of viceroys and governors: This statement is correct. The Act of 1909 introduced the concept of "association" by allowing for the nomination of Indians to the legislative councils of viceroys and governors. Although the Indians were in the minority, this marked the beginning of their representation in these councils.

4. It also provided for the separate representation of zamindars: This statement is correct. The Act of 1909 introduced separate electorates for various communities, including zamindars. This allowed the zamindars to have their own representatives in the legislative councils.

5. It increased the function of Legislative councils and gave them the power of discussing the budget. But they were not allowed to ask supplementary questions and move resolutions on the budget: This statement is incorrect. The Act of 1909 did increase the function of the legislative councils and gave them the power to discuss the budget. However, they were also allowed to ask supplementary questions and move resolutions on the budget. This was an important step towards greater legislative control over financial matters.

In conclusion, the correct statements about the Act of 1909 are:

- It provided for the first time, for the association of Indians with the legislative councils of viceroys and governors (Statement 3).
- It also provided for the separate representation of zamindars (Statement 4).

The provisions of the Indian Factory Act 1881 were: 
1. Working hours restricted to 9 hours per day for children 
2. Children to get four holidays in a month, 
3. Hazardous machinery to be properly fenced off 
Which of these statements is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 and 2 Only
  • b)
    2 and 3 Only
  • c)
    1 and 3 Only
  • d)
    All of them
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Suresh Reddy answered
The Indian Factory Act, 1881 dealt primarily with child labour (between 7 and 12 years of age). Its significant provisions were: 
• employment of children under 7 years of age prohibited, 
• working hours restricted to 9 hours per day for children, 
• children to get four holidays in a month, 
• hazardous machinery to be properly fenced off.

Which of the following are correctly matched? 
1. Fort William college - Warren Hastings 
2. Sanskrit college - Jonathan Duncan 
3. Calcutta Madrasah - Wellesley 
Choose from the following options.
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    1 and 3 Only
  • c)
    1 and 2 Only
  • d)
    2 Only
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Priya Menon answered
For the first 60 years of its dominion in India, the Company, a trading and profit-making concern to promote education. Some minor exceptions were efforts by individuals- 
• The Calcutta Madrasah was established by Warren Hastings in 1781 for the study of Muslim law and related subjects 
• The Sanskrit College was established by Jonathan Duncan, the resident, at Benaras in 1791 for study of Hindu law and philosophy 
Wellesley set up • Fort William College in 1800 for training of civil servants of the Company in languages and customs of Indians (closed in 1802)

Arrange the following chronologically. 
1. Lord Macaulay's minute 
2. Hunter Education Commission 
3. Woods dispatch 
4. Saddler University Commission 
Choose from the following options.
  • a)
    1-2-4-3
  • b)
    1-3-2-4
  • c)
    1-2-3-4
  • d)
    3-1-2-4
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Pranavi Desai answered
Answer:

The correct chronological arrangement of the given events is option 'B': 1-3-2-4. To understand this sequence, let's examine each event in detail.

1. Lord Macaulay's Minute:
Lord Macaulay's Minute refers to a historical event that took place in 1835. In this event, Lord Macaulay, who was a British colonial administrator, drafted a document known as the "Minute on Indian Education." This document outlined the British policy for education in India. Lord Macaulay's intention was to create a class of English-educated Indians who would serve as intermediaries between the British administration and the Indian population. This event marked a significant shift in the British approach to Indian education and had long-lasting effects on the Indian education system.

2. Woods Dispatch:
The Woods Dispatch is the next event in chronological order, which occurred in 1854. It was a landmark moment in the history of education in India. The Dispatch was drafted by Sir Charles Wood, the President of the Board of Control for India. It laid down the foundation for the modern education system in India. The Woods Dispatch emphasized the importance of education, especially in English, for the social, economic, and political development of India. It proposed the establishment of a systematic and uniform educational system throughout the country. The Dispatch also advocated for the inclusion of vernacular languages in education and the promotion of female education. It led to the expansion of educational institutions and the spread of English education in India.

3. Hunter Education Commission:
The Hunter Education Commission is the third event in chronological order, which took place in 1882. The Commission was established under the chairmanship of Sir William Wilson Hunter. Its purpose was to examine the state of education in India and make recommendations for its improvement. The Commission conducted an extensive survey of educational institutions and published a comprehensive report known as the "Hunter Commission Report." This report highlighted various issues in the Indian education system, including the lack of adequate funding, the need for trained teachers, and the necessity of educational reforms. The recommendations made by the Commission played a crucial role in shaping the future of education in India.

4. Saddler University Commission:
The final event in the sequence is the Saddler University Commission, which occurred in 1917. The Commission was led by Sir Michael Sadler and was established to review the state of universities in India. The Commission's report, known as the "Sadler Report," addressed several important aspects of university education, including governance, curriculum, examinations, and funding. The report emphasized the need for academic freedom, student participation, and research-oriented education in universities. It also recommended the establishment of affiliating universities and the improvement of teaching standards. The recommendations of the Sadler Commission had a significant impact on the development of higher education in India.

In conclusion, the correct chronological arrangement of the given events is 1-3-2-4, which corresponds to Lord Macaulay's Minute, Woods Dispatch, Hunter Education Commission, and Saddler University Commission, respectively.

The newspaper 'Gujarati' was started in
  • a)
    Bombay
  • b)
    Punjab
  • c)
    Bengal
  • d)
    None of them
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Snehal Chauhan answered
Overview of the Newspaper 'Gujarati'
The newspaper 'Gujarati' holds a significant place in the history of Indian journalism. It was one of the earliest newspapers in the Gujarati language and played a crucial role in the socio-political landscape of India during the 19th century.
Foundation Location
- The newspaper 'Gujarati' was started in Bombay (now Mumbai).
- Founded in November 1850, it aimed to cater to the growing Gujarati-speaking population.
Historical Context
- The emergence of 'Gujarati' coincided with the period of social reform and awakening in India.
- It was established during the British Raj, a time when newspapers were becoming a vital medium for communication and expression.
Impact on Society
- 'Gujarati' focused on educating the masses about social issues, politics, and cultural matters.
- It played a pivotal role in promoting the Gujarati language and literature.
Significance in Journalism
- The newspaper set a precedent for future publications in regional languages.
- It contributed to the rise of journalism as a profession and encouraged the establishment of more vernacular newspapers across India.
In summary, the 'Gujarati' newspaper's inception in Bombay marked the beginning of a significant movement in regional journalism, influencing many aspects of Gujarati culture and society.

Arrange the industries, according to their coming into existence in India, chronically. 
1. Ancillary Industries along with the Railways 
2. Coal industry 
3. Cotton and jute industries 
Choose from the following options
  • a)
    1-3-2
  • b)
    1-2-3
  • c)
    2-3-1
  • d)
    They all came simultaneously
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Rhea Reddy answered
  • The beginning of the second half of the nineteenth century heralded the entry of modern industry into India.
  • The thousands of hands employed in the construction of railways were harbingers of the modern Indian working class. Further industrialization came with the development of ancillary industries along with the railways.
  • The coal industry developed fast and employed a large working force. Then came the cotton and the jute industries.

Consider the following statements. 
1. The Calcutta Madrasah and the William College were designed to provide a regular supply of qualified Indians to help the administration of law in the Company's court, 
2. The knowledge of classical languages and vernaculars was useful in correspondence with Indian states
Which of these statements are correct?
  • a)
    Both of them
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    1 Only
  • d)
    Neither of them
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Vijay Kumar answered
Both statements are correct.

Explanation:

1. The Calcutta Madrasah was established in 1781 by Warren Hastings, the Governor-General of India under the British East India Company. Its primary purpose was to train Indians in the knowledge of Islamic law and jurisprudence, so that they could assist the British administration in the Company's courts. Similarly, the William College was established in 1800 by Lord Wellesley to provide education in Indian languages, literature, and law to the British civil servants, so that they could better govern the Indian territories under the Company's rule. Both these institutions were designed to produce a steady stream of qualified Indians who could help in the administration of law in the Company's courts.

2. During the British rule in India, the knowledge of classical languages (like Sanskrit and Persian) and vernaculars (like Hindi, Bengali, and Marathi) was crucial for effective communication and correspondence with the local rulers and the Indian population. These languages were used in legal documents, official records, and treaties with Indian states. Learning these languages enabled the British officials to better understand the Indian culture, customs, and legal systems, and thereby helped them in administering the territories under their control. Hence, the knowledge of classical languages and vernaculars was indeed useful in correspondence with Indian states.

Which of the following statements are correct about The trade Union Act, 1926? 
1. Recognized trade unions as legal Associations 
2. Laid down conditions for registration and regulation of trade union activities 
3. Lifted restriction on the political activities of trade unions 
Choose from the following options.
  • a)
    1 and 2 Only
  • b)
    2 and 3 Only
  • c)
    1 and 3 Only
  • d)
    All of them
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Bhaskar Ghosh answered
The Trade Union Act, 1926 
• recognized trade unions as a legal association 
• laid down conditions for registration and regulation of trade union activities; 
• secured immunity, both civil and criminal, for trade unions from prosecution for legitimate activities, but put some restrictions on their political activities.

Consider the following statements. 
1. Industrial Revolution - began in the 18th century and resulted in the growth of industrial capitalism.
2. French Revolution - gave rise to new attitudes of mind, manners, and morals. 
3. Intellectual Revolution - gave the message of liberty, equality and fraternity, unleashed the forces of democracy and nationalism 
Which of the following is not correctly matched?
  • a)
    1 and 2 Only
  • b)
     2 and 3 Only
  • c)
    1 and 3 Only
  • d)
    Neither of them
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Vikram Kapoor answered
Explanation:

1. Industrial Revolution - began in the 18th century and resulted in the growth of industrial capitalism.

This statement is correctly matched. The Industrial Revolution started in the late 18th century in Britain and marked a significant shift in economic and social structures. It led to the growth of industrial capitalism, where industries took over the economic landscape, leading to increased production and technological advancements.

2. French Revolution - gave rise to new attitudes of mind, manners, and morals.

This statement is not correctly matched. The French Revolution, which took place from 1789 to 1799, did bring about significant social and political change, but it is better known for its impact on political ideologies and the rise of nationalism and democracy. It did influence mindsets and attitudes to an extent, but its primary contribution was in the political sphere.

3. Intellectual Revolution - gave the message of liberty, equality and fraternity, unleashed the forces of democracy and nationalism.

This statement is not correctly matched. The term "Intellectual Revolution" is not a widely recognized historical event or period. The statement seems to be referring to the Enlightenment, which was an intellectual and philosophical movement that took place during the 17th and 18th centuries. The Enlightenment emphasized reason, individualism, and the questioning of traditional authority. While it did contribute to the ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity, which in turn influenced the French Revolution, it is not accurate to label it as the "Intellectual Revolution."

Thus, statements 1 and 3 are the ones that are not correctly matched.

Consider the following statements. 
1. The Charter Act of 1813 incorporated the principle of encouraging learned Indians and promoting knowledge of modern sciences in the country 
2. The Act directed the Company to sanction five lakh rupees annually for this purpose 
3. However, half this amount was made available until 1823, mainly because of the controversy raged on the direction of this expenditure. 
Which of these statements are correct?
  • a)
    2 and 3 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    1 and 3 Only
  • d)
    1 only
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Neha Joshi answered
  • The Act directed the Company to sanction one lakh rupees annually for this purpose. However, even this petty amount was not made available until 1823, mainly because of the controversy raged on the direction of this expenditure. 
  • Meanwhile, enlightened Indians such as Raja Rammohan Roy bore fruit and a grant were sanctioned for Calcutta College set up in 1817 by educated Bengalis, imparting English education in Western humanities and Science. 
  • The Charter Act of 1813 incorporated the principle of encouraging learned Indians and promoting modern sciences knowledge in the country.

What were the issues of Peasants in Eka Movement?
1. High rents 
2. Oppression of thikadars in charge of revenue collection 
3. Practice of share rents 
Choose from the following options
  • a)
    1 and 2 Only
  • b)
    2 and 3 Only
  • c)
    1 and 3 Only
  • d)
    All of them
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Lakshmi Chavan answered
High Rents:
- Peasants faced the issue of high rents imposed on them by landlords, making it difficult for them to afford their living expenses.
- These high rents often left peasants with little to no savings, perpetuating a cycle of poverty and debt.

Oppression of Thikadars:
- Thikadars were in charge of revenue collection and often oppressed peasants by extracting excessive taxes and fines from them.
- Peasants were subjected to unfair treatment and exploitation by thikadars, leading to further financial burdens on them.

Practice of Share Rents:
- Peasants were required to pay a share of their produce as rent to landlords, which often left them with insufficient resources to meet their own needs.
- This unfair practice of share rents further exacerbated the economic challenges faced by peasants, trapping them in a cycle of poverty.
Overall, the issues of high rents, oppression by thikadars, and the practice of share rents collectively contributed to the hardships faced by peasants during the Eka Movement. Addressing these issues was crucial for improving the living conditions and livelihoods of the peasants involved in the movement.

Why was there no introduction of modern technology in agriculture? 
1. The cultivator had neither the means nor any incentive to invest in agriculture. 
2. The zamindar had no roots in the villages
3. The Government spent more on technical or mass education rather than agriculture. 
Choose from the following options.
  • a)
    1 and 2 Only
  • b)
    2 and 3 Only
  • c)
    1 and 3 Only
  • d)
    All of them
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Kavita Mehta answered
  • The cultivator had neither the means nor any incentive to invest in agriculture. The zamindar had no roots in the villages, while the Government spent little on agricultural, technical or mass education. 
  • With the fragmentation of land due to sub-infeudation, all this made it difficult to introduce modern technology which caused a perpetually low level of productivity.

18 girls can do piece of work in 12 days. 12 boys can do the same piece of work in 9 days. Find in how many days will 8 boys and 8 girls complete that work?
  • a)
    8 days
  • b)
    5 days
  • c)
    12 days
  • d)
    9 days
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Tarun Chauhan answered
GIVEN:
18 g ⇒ 12 days
12 b ⇒ 9 days
FORMULA USED:
Total work = Total number of persons × Number of days
CALCULATION:
18 g × 12 = 12 b × 9
2g = 1b
Now, according to the question
Let the total work done by 8 boys and 8 girls be x days
then
(8b + 8g) × x = 18g × 12
(16g + 8g) × x = 18g × 12 or x = 18 × 12/24 = 9 days

The early Nationalist:
1. Differentiated between the labour in the Indian owned factories and those in the British owned factories
2. Did not want a division in the movement based on classes 
3. Supported the factory acts of 1881 and 1891 
Choose from the following options.
  • a)
    1 and 2 Only
  • b)
    2 and 3 Only
  • c)
    1 and 3 Only
  • d)
    All of them
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

The early Nationalist:

The early Nationalist movement in India was characterized by various ideologies and goals. One of the key aspects of the early Nationalist movement was the differentiation between the labour in the Indian owned factories and those in the British owned factories. This differentiation was based on the understanding that the working conditions and treatment of Indian labourers in British owned factories were significantly worse compared to those in Indian owned factories.

Did not want a division in the movement based on classes:

Another important aspect of the early Nationalist movement was the desire to avoid divisions based on social classes within the movement. The early Nationalists believed in the unity of all Indians regardless of their social class or background. They recognized the need for a united front in order to effectively challenge British colonial rule and achieve independence.

Supported the factory acts of 1881 and 1891:

The early Nationalists also supported the factory acts of 1881 and 1891. These acts were legislation introduced by the British colonial government to regulate working conditions in factories. The acts aimed to improve the conditions of labourers, particularly in terms of working hours, health and safety measures, and child labour.

Explanation of the correct answer:

The correct answer is option 'A' which includes points 1 and 2 only. The early Nationalists did differentiate between the labour in Indian owned factories and British owned factories, recognizing the disparity in working conditions. They also did not want a division in the movement based on social classes, emphasizing the need for unity. However, there is no mention of their specific support for the factory acts of 1881 and 1891 in the given options. Therefore, the correct answer is option 'A' as it includes the two points mentioned in the question.

Consider the following statements. 
1. Having decided to side with the reactionary elements of Indian society, the British withdrew support to social reforms
2. By encouraging caste and communal consciousness, the British helped the reactionary forces 
Which of these statements are not correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both of them
  • d)
    Neither of them
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Mira Patel answered
The correct answer is option 'D' - Neither of them.

Explanation:
Both statements are correct and accurately describe the role of the British in India during the colonial period. Let's examine each statement in detail:

1. Having decided to side with the reactionary elements of Indian society, the British withdrew support to social reforms:
- During the early years of British colonial rule in India, there were some efforts made by the British to introduce social reforms. For example, there were attempts to ban practices like sati, child marriage, and female infanticide. However, as time passed, the British started to realize that implementing social reforms would require challenging the existing social and cultural norms of Indian society.
- The British administration eventually came to the conclusion that it would be more beneficial for their rule to side with the conservative elements of Indian society rather than pushing for social reforms. This decision was driven by the desire to maintain stability and control over the Indian population.
- As a result, the British gradually withdrew their support for social reforms and started aligning themselves with the conservative forces in Indian society. This can be seen in various instances where the British supported and even encouraged practices like caste discrimination and communalism.

2. By encouraging caste and communal consciousness, the British helped the reactionary forces:
- The British recognized the divisions within Indian society, such as caste and religious differences, and exploited them to their advantage. They encouraged and manipulated these divisions to create a sense of division and animosity among the Indian population.
- The British implemented policies that favored certain communities over others, which further deepened existing divisions and conflicts. They also used divide and rule tactics, pitting different communities against each other, to maintain control and prevent the emergence of a united anti-colonial movement.
- By encouraging caste and communal consciousness, the British helped strengthen the reactionary forces in Indian society. These reactionary forces sought to maintain the status quo and resisted any progressive or reformist movements.

In conclusion, both statements accurately reflect the actions and motivations of the British colonial rule in India. The British withdrew support for social reforms and instead aligned themselves with the reactionary elements of Indian society. They also encouraged caste and communal consciousness, which further strengthened the reactionary forces. Therefore, the correct answer is option 'D' - Neither of them.

Consider the following statements about Bardoli Satyagraha. 
1. An intelligence wing was set up to make sure all the tenants, followed the movement's resolutions 
2. Those who opposed the movement faced a social boycott 
3. There was less emphasis placed on the mobilization of women 
Choose from the following options.
  • a)
    1 and 2 Only
  • b)
    2 and 3 Only
  • c)
    1 and 3 Only
  • d)
    All of them
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Arun Khatri answered
  • Under Patel, the Bardoli peasants resolved to refuse the revised assessment payments until the Government appointed an independent tribunal or accepted the current amount as full payment. 
  • To organize the movement, Patel set up 13 chhavanis or workers' camps in the taluka. Bardoli Satyagraha Patrika was brought out to mobilize public opinion. An intelligence wing was set up to make sure all the tenants followed the movement's resolutions. 
  • Those who opposed the movement faced a social boycott. Special emphasis was placed on the mobilization of women. K.M. Munshi and Lalji Naranji resigned from the Bombay Legislative Council in support of the movement.

Consider the following statements. 
1. The first ever demand for regulation of conditions of workers in factories in India came from the Lancashire textile capitalist lobby 
2. They demanded the appointment of a commission for investigation into factory conditions. 
3. The first commission was appointed in 1875, and the first Factory Act was passed in the same year
Which of these statements is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 and 2 Only
  • b)
    2 and 3 Only
  • c)
    1 and 3 Only
  • d)
    All of them
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Sahil Khanna answered
The Demand for Regulation of Factory Conditions in India

Statement Analysis:
1. The first ever demand for regulation of conditions of workers in factories in India came from the Lancashire textile capitalist lobby.
2. They demanded the appointment of a commission for investigation into factory conditions.
3. The first commission was appointed in 1875, and the first Factory Act was passed in the same year.

Explanation:
The statement is related to the demand for regulation of conditions of workers in factories in India. The Lancashire textile capitalist lobby was the first to demand this regulation. Let's break down the statements and analyze them in detail.

1. The first ever demand for regulation of conditions of workers in factories in India came from the Lancashire textile capitalist lobby.
The Lancashire textile capitalist lobby was a group of British textile manufacturers who were concerned about the competition they faced from Indian textile mills. They demanded that Indian factories be regulated to ensure fair competition. They were also concerned about the working conditions of Indian factory workers, which they believed were inhumane and unsafe. Therefore, they demanded regulation of factory conditions in India.

2. They demanded the appointment of a commission for investigation into factory conditions.
The Lancashire textile capitalist lobby demanded that a commission be appointed to investigate the conditions of Indian factories. This was necessary to gather information about the working conditions of Indian factory workers. The commission would also be responsible for making recommendations on how to improve these conditions.

3. The first commission was appointed in 1875, and the first Factory Act was passed in the same year.
In response to the demand from the Lancashire textile capitalist lobby, the British government appointed a commission to investigate the conditions of Indian factories in 1875. This commission was known as the First Indian Factory Commission. Based on the recommendations of this commission, the first Factory Act was passed in the same year. This act aimed to regulate the working conditions of Indian factory workers and improve their safety.

Conclusion:
Therefore, we can conclude that the first ever demand for regulation of conditions of workers in factories in India came from the Lancashire textile capitalist lobby. They demanded the appointment of a commission for investigation into factory conditions, and the first commission was appointed in 1875. The first Factory Act was also passed in the same year.

Consider the following statements about Montague Chelmsford reforms. 
1. Under Montagu-Chelmsford reforms education was shifted to provincial ministries 
2. Government started taking a direct interest in education matters 
3. Philanthropic efforts, to grow the education, stopped 
Which of these statements are correct?
  • a)
    1 and 2 Only
  • b)
    2 and 3 Only
  • c)
    2 Only
  • d)
    1 only
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Snehal Kumar answered
Montague-Chelmsford reforms were introduced in 1919 to provide a greater degree of autonomy to Indians in the governance of their country. The reforms aimed to introduce responsible government in India and to increase the participation of Indians in the administration of their country. The reforms also sought to address the educational needs of the country.

The correct statement about the Montague-Chelmsford reforms is:

1. Under Montague-Chelmsford reforms education was shifted to provincial ministries.

The Montague-Chelmsford reforms transferred control of education from the Central Government to the provincial ministries. This move aimed to give greater autonomy to the provinces and to enable them to develop education policies that were more suited to their local needs.

The other statements are incorrect:

2. Government started taking a direct interest in education matters.
This statement is incorrect. The Montague-Chelmsford reforms did not result in the government taking a direct interest in education matters. In fact, the reforms shifted the responsibility of education to the provincial ministries, reducing the involvement of the central government in education matters.

3. Philanthropic efforts, to grow the education, stopped.
This statement is also incorrect. The Montague-Chelmsford reforms did not result in the cessation of philanthropic efforts to grow education. Philanthropic organizations continued to play a crucial role in the development of education in India.

In conclusion, the Montague-Chelmsford reforms transferred the responsibility of education from the central government to the provincial ministries. This move aimed to give greater autonomy to the provinces and to enable them to develop education policies that were more suited to their local needs.

Which among the following are not correct about Pitt's India Act of 1784? 
1. It abolished the court of directors and created a new body called Board of Control to manage the political affairs
2. Thus, it abolished the system of double government 
3. It empowered the Board of Control to supervise and direct all operations of the Civil and military government or revenues of the British possessions in India 
Choose from the following options:
  • a)
    1 and 2 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    3 Only
  • d)
    All of them
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Features of the Act: 
1. It distinguished between the commercial and political functions of the Company. 
2. It allowed the Court of Directors to manage the commercial affairs but created a new body called Board of Control to manage the political affairs. Thus, it established a system of double government. 
3. It empowered the Board of Control to supervise and direct all operations of the civil and military government or revenues of India's British possessions. 
Thus, the act was significant for two reasons: first, the Company's territories in India were for the first time called the 'British possessions in India'; and second, the British Government was given supreme control over Company's affairs and its administration in India.

Consider the following statements. 
1. In 1920, the Awadh Kisan Sabha came into existence because of differences in nationalist ranks
2. The Awadh Kisan Sabha asked the kisans to refuse to till bedakhali land, not to offer hari and begar and to boycott panchayats 
Which of these statements are correct?
  • a)
    Both of them
  • b)
    1 Only
  • c)
    2 Only
  • d)
    Neither of them
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Asha Banerjee answered
The correct answer is option 'A' - Both of them.

Explanation:

1. In 1920, the Awadh Kisan Sabha came into existence because of differences in nationalist ranks:
The statement is correct. The Awadh Kisan Sabha was formed in 1920 in the Awadh region of Uttar Pradesh, India. It was established due to differences within the nationalist ranks. The Sabha aimed to address the grievances of the peasants and mobilize them for various socio-economic and political demands.

During the 1920s, there were divisions within the Indian National Congress (INC) regarding the approach to be taken towards the peasant movement. Some leaders, including Mahatma Gandhi, advocated for a more cautious and gradualist approach, while others, such as Jawaharlal Nehru, supported more radical measures to address the issues of the peasants.

The formation of the Awadh Kisan Sabha was a response to these differences. It provided a platform for the peasants to voice their concerns and fight for their rights. The Sabha actively engaged in various movements and protests to address the grievances of the peasants.

2. The Awadh Kisan Sabha asked the kisans to refuse to till bedakhali land, not to offer hari and begar, and to boycott panchayats:
The statement is also correct. The Awadh Kisan Sabha advocated for various measures to protect the rights of the peasants. Some of the key demands put forward by the Sabha included:

- Refusing to till bedakhali land: Bedakhali was a practice where the landlords would confiscate a portion of the peasant's land as rent. The Sabha asked the peasants to refuse to till such land and resist the unjust practice.

- Not offering hari and begar: Hari was a form of forced labor where peasants were required to work on the landlord's fields without payment. Begar was another form of forced labor where peasants were compelled to provide free labor for public works. The Sabha asked the peasants to boycott these practices and demand fair payment for their labor.

- Boycotting panchayats: The Sabha also called for a boycott of panchayats, which were traditional village councils that often favored the interests of landlords and upper-caste elites. The peasants were encouraged to challenge the authority of these panchayats and demand more equitable representation.

By advocating for these measures, the Awadh Kisan Sabha aimed to empower the peasants and challenge the exploitative practices prevalent in the agrarian society of the time.

In conclusion, both statements are correct. The Awadh Kisan Sabha was formed due to differences in nationalist ranks, and it advocated for measures such as refusing to till bedakhali land, not offering hari and begar, and boycotting panchayats to protect the rights of the peasants.

Which of the following statements are correct about Wood's despatch? 
1. It recommended English as the medium of instruction at all the levels 
2. It recommended a system of grants in aid to increase Government colleges 
Which of these statements are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    2 Only
  • c)
    Both of them
  • d)
    Neither of them
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Sinjini Desai answered
Explanation:

Wood's Despatch:
- Wood's Despatch was a significant educational dispatch by Sir Charles Wood in 1854.
- It aimed to improve the system of education in India in response to the needs of the growing British Empire in the country.

Statement 1:
- Incorrect: Wood's Despatch did not recommend English as the medium of instruction at all levels. It emphasized the importance of vernacular languages in primary education to ensure a strong foundation for students.

Statement 2:
- Incorrect: Wood's Despatch did recommend a system of grants-in-aid to encourage the development of private institutions and increase the number of colleges in India. However, it did not specifically focus on increasing government colleges.
Therefore, both statements are incorrect as per the recommendations of Wood's Despatch.

The Indian working class had to face economic exploitation at the hands of:
  • a)
    Foreign capitalistic class
  • b)
    Native capitalistic class
  • c)
    Both of them
  • d)
    Neither of them
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Ojasvi Mehta answered
  • The Indian working class suffered from the same kind of exploitation witnessed during the industrialization of Europe and the rest of the West, such as low wages, long working hours, unhygienic and hazardous working conditions, employment of child labour and the absence of basic amenities. 
  • The presence of colonialism in India gave a distinctive touch to the Indian working-class movement. The Indian working class had to face two basic antagonistic forces-an imperialist political rule and economic exploitation at the hands of both foreign and native capitalist classes. 
  • Under the circumstances, the Indian working-class movement inevitably became intertwined with the political struggle for national emancipation.

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