All questions of Nanotechnology for BPSC (Bihar) Exam

The bottom-up approach in nanotechnology involves building materials and devices from molecular components that self-assemble chemically, as explained in the provided text.

Dip Pen Nanolithography (DPN):

Dip Pen Nanolithography (DPN) is a technique that uses an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip to create patterns on various substances with different inks. Here's how it works:

Principle:
- DPN works on the principle of transferring molecules from the tip of an AFM to a surface, creating nano-scale patterns.

Process:
- The AFM tip is coated with a specific ink or molecule.
- The tip is brought into contact with the surface to be patterned, transferring the ink onto the surface.
- By precisely controlling the movement of the AFM tip, intricate patterns can be created on the surface.

Applications:
- DPN is used in nanotechnology for creating nanostructures, biosensors, and electronic devices.
- It allows researchers to study the behavior of molecules at the nanoscale and fabricate custom patterns with high precision.

Advantages:
- DPN offers high resolution and precision in patterning surfaces at the nanoscale.
- It is a versatile technique that can be used on a variety of substrates and inks.

In conclusion, Dip Pen Nanolithography (DPN) is a powerful technique that leverages the capabilities of an AFM to create nano-scale patterns with different inks. Its applications in nanotechnology and materials science make it a valuable tool for researchers and engineers working in the field of nanofabrication.

Intermolecular self-assembly is the type of self-assembly where molecules adopt a defined arrangement without external guidance, as mentioned in the text.

The bottom-up approach in nanofabrication offers greater control over atomic-level structures, leading to nanostructures with fewer defects and better chemical composition, as mentioned in the text.

The UNNATI program by ISRO, known as Unispace Nanosatellite Assembly and Training, focuses on nano-satellite assembly and training, as stated in the text.

The term "Grey Goo" refers to a hypothetical scenario involving self-replicating nanorobots consuming all biomass on Earth, which is also known as ecophagy, as mentioned in the text.

The primary function of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is force measurement. AFM is a powerful tool used in nanotechnology and materials science to investigate the surface properties of a sample at the atomic scale. It provides high-resolution images and precise measurements of forces between the probe and the sample.

What is Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)?
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is a scanning probe microscopy technique that uses a sharp probe to scan the surface of a sample. The probe is mounted on a cantilever, which deflects as it interacts with the sample surface. The deflection is measured and used to generate an image of the sample surface.

Force Measurement
The primary function of AFM is force measurement. AFM measures the forces between the probe and the sample surface, providing valuable information about the sample's mechanical properties. The forces measured by AFM include:

1. Van der Waals forces: These are attractive forces between atoms and molecules that exist even when they are not in direct contact. AFM can measure the strength of these forces, which is important for understanding the adhesion and cohesion properties of materials.

2. Electrostatic forces: AFM can measure the electrostatic forces between charged particles. This is useful for studying the electrical properties of materials and characterizing the behavior of charged surfaces.

3. Magnetic forces: AFM can also measure the magnetic forces between a magnetic probe and a magnetic sample. This is important for studying magnetic materials and investigating magnetic interactions at the nanoscale.

4. Chemical forces: AFM can provide information about the chemical interactions between the probe and the sample surface. This is useful for studying surface chemistry and understanding the behavior of molecules on a nanoscale.

By measuring these forces, AFM can provide valuable insights into the physical and chemical properties of a sample at the atomic scale. This information can be used to characterize materials, study surface processes, investigate biological systems, and design new nanoscale devices.

In summary, the primary function of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is force measurement. AFM provides high-resolution images and precise measurements of forces between the probe and the sample, allowing researchers to investigate the surface properties of a sample at the atomic scale.

Size range of nanoscale materials in nanotechnology:

Nanoscale materials in nanotechnology typically fall within the range of 1 to 100 nanometers.

Explanation:
- Nanotechnology deals with materials and structures at the nanoscale level, which is extremely small.
- The size range of nanoscale materials is typically defined as being between 1 to 100 nanometers.
- This means that materials used in nanotechnology are within the size range of 1 to 100 nanometers in at least one dimension.
- Nanoparticles, nanotubes, and nanowires are examples of nanoscale materials that are commonly used in nanotechnology applications.

In conclusion, the size range of nanoscale materials in nanotechnology is 1 to 100 nanometers, highlighting the incredibly small scale at which these materials operate.

The Indian Nanoelectronics Users Programme (INUP) aims to facilitate access to state-of-the-art nanofabrication facilities for researchers across India. It provides opportunities for research and skill development in nanoelectronics.

Nanotechnology has contributed to reducing fuel consumption in vehicles through the use of nanoscale additives in polymer composite materials. This leads to lightweight and fuel-efficient automotive components, making Option C the correct answer. The reduction in vehicle weight due to nanotechnology can significantly improve fuel efficiency and environmental sustainability.

Nanotechnology is used to create flexible electronic paper, as mentioned in the text. This technology has applications in information technology, making Option A the correct answer.

A nanocomposite is composed of a bulk matrix and nano-dimensional phase(s) that differ in properties due to their dissimilar structure and chemistry, as stated in the text.

Nanotechnology in medicine, known as nanomedicine, offers precise solutions for disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. It has led to better imaging, diagnostic tools, and therapies, as mentioned in the text. Therefore, Option C is the correct answer.

Nanotechnology contributes to the development of lightweight, high-strength materials in transportation, such as advanced solid-state nanopore materials. These materials improve the performance and resiliency of transportation components, making Option B the correct answer.

Nanotechnology can lead to the development of enhanced structural materials for spacecraft, as mentioned in the text. These materials can improve the performance and safety of aerospace vehicles, making Option C the correct answer.

Nanotechnology can be incorporated into solar panels to create lightweight, flexible solar cells. This technology promises inexpensive and efficient solar power production, making Option A the correct answer.

The primary focus of the "Centre for Excellence in Nanoelectronics Phase II" at IIT Bombay and IISc Bangalore is to advance research and development activities in new areas of nanoelectronics, nano-materials, nano-structures, and integrated sensor systems, including the development of quantum structures for nanoelectronic devices.

Nanotechnology is used in automotive products, including polymer nanocomposites, high-power batteries, and thermoelectric materials. These advancements are aimed at improving the performance of vehicles, making Option D the correct answer.

The Centre for Excellence in Research and Development of Nanoelectronic Theranostic Devices at IIT Guwahati focuses on developing devices for theranostics, including surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices for disease detection and other applications.

The main goal of the Nano Fabrication Prototyping Facilities at IIT Bombay is to provide facilities for fabricating and manufacturing nano-scale devices for start-up companies, SMEs (Small and Medium-sized Enterprises), and researchers.

Nanotechnology is used to develop batteries that are more efficient, have higher power density, and can hold electrical charge longer. These advancements make Option D the correct answer.

Nanotechnology contributes to environmental remediation by enabling the rapid and low-cost detection and treatment of impurities in water, as mentioned in the text. This makes Option A the correct answer.

Nanotechnology contributes to health care by enabling the development of innovative solutions like the "Silicon Locket" mentioned in the text. This device is designed for cardiac diagnostics, showcasing the application of nanotechnology in the medical field.

Nanotechnology contributes to gas sensor development by using materials like poly (3-hexylthiophene) and Cu-tetraphenyl-porphyrin composite for organic field-effect transistors, which can detect vapors of explosives and other gases.

The "Portable Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Platform" developed under the NNetRA project is specifically designed for the detection of blood-related diseases, including Malaria and other conditions.

Nanotechnology has a significant impact on electronics by enabling the development of nanoelectronics with superior performance. It allows for the creation of nanoscale electronic devices and structures that can revolutionize various aspects of electronics.

In nanotechnology, the term "top-down" refers to the process of synthesizing nanostructures by etching out crystal planes from a substrate, as explained in the text.

Nanoparticles are used in catalysis to boost chemical reactions, particularly in industries like petroleum refining and automotive catalytic converters. This improvement helps reduce pollutants and save money, making Option D (Transportation) the correct answer.

The primary purpose of the Centre for Nanomechanical Systems (NEMS) and Nanophotonics at IIT Madras is to advance nanophotonics components and systems, with applications in health, food safety, communication, and material science.

Nanotechnology is primarily concerned with structures and devices in the size range of 1-100 nanometers, where 1 nanometer is equal to one billionth of a meter. This small scale allows for unique properties and applications.