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All questions of India’s External Relations for Humanities/Arts Exam

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In the Nehru cabinet who was apprehensive of the future attack from china?
  • a)
    Vallabhbhai Patel
  • b)
    C. Rajagopalachari
  • c)
    Jawaharlal Nehru
  • d)
    Jagjivan Ram
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Nilesh Chakraborty answered
Vallabhbhai Patel was worried about a possible Chinese aggression in future. But Nehru thought it was ‘exceedingly unlikely’ that India will face an attack from China.

Directions: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion: While India was trying to convince the other developing countries about the policy of non-alignment, Pakistan joined the US-led military alliances.
Reason: Unlike its relationship with Pakistan, free India began its relationship with China on a very friendly note.
  • a)
    Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
  • b)
    Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
  • c)
    (A) is true, but (R) is false.
  • d)
    (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Kiran Mehta answered
India never forcefully approached any country to join NAM. On the one hand, Pakistan joined US-led military alliances, India kept developing and maintaining good relations with others.

For the early freedom of which country India made earnest effort by convening international conference?
  • a)
    Malaysia
  • b)
    Indonesia
  • c)
    Vietnam
  • d)
    Singapore
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Anisha Chopra answered
India made earnest efforts for the early realisation of freedom of Indonesia from the Dutch colonial regime by convening an international conference in 1949 to support its freedom struggle.

Directions: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion: Communist China conducted nuclear tests in October 1964.
Reason: The five nuclear weapon powers, the US, USSR, UK, France, and China – also the five Permanent Members of the UN Security Council – tried to impose the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT) of 1968 on the rest of the world.
  • a)
    Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
  • b)
    Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
  • c)
    (A) is true, but (R) is false.
  • d)
    (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Naina Sharma answered
Explanation: It has always been a tendency of the powerful nations not to let any other nation be in their competence. Hence, soon after China tested her nuclear weapons, they have come up with NPT.

Directions: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion: There are no differences among political parties about how to conduct external relations.
Reason: Indian politics is generally marked by a broad agreement among the parties on national integration, protection of international boundaries, and on questions of national interest.
  • a)
    Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
  • b)
    Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
  • c)
    (A) is true, but (R) is false.
  • d)
    (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Rajesh Gupta answered
There has always been differences among the political parties of India about their external relations. But, this has never affected the foreign affairs of India. India always stood neutral as far as any international conflicts are concerned.

Directions: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion: Indian air crafts attacked parts of Pakistan and the army moved into POK and Swat Valley.
Reason: After months of diplomatic tension and military build-up, a full-scale war between India and Pakistan broke out in December 1971.
  • a)
    Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
  • b)
    Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
  • c)
    (A) is true, but (R) is false.
  • d)
    (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Naina Sharma answered
India indeed had given the answer to Pakistan’s mischievous acts on the border. But, the attack was never initiated by Indian side, nor did Indian army entered Swat Valley.

After Nehru, the first Prime Minister to visit China was
  • a)
    Lal Bahadur Shastri.
  • b)
    Indira Gandhi.
  • c)
    Rajiv Gandhi.
  • d)
    V.P.Singh.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Jyoti Yadav answered
India's relationship with China were restored in 1976. After J.L.Nehru, Rajiv Gandhi became the first Prime Minister to visit China.

Directions: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion: The Sino- Indian conflict affected the opposition as well.
Reason: This and the growing rift between China and the Soviet Union created irreconcilable differences within the Communist Party of India (CPI).
  • a)
    Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
  • b)
    Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
  • c)
    (A) is true, but (R) is false.
  • d)
    (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Naina Sharma answered
The Sino-Indian conflict created irreconcilable differences within the Communist Party of India which was in opposition. It was split into Communist Party of India (Marxist) which was Pro-China and CPI which was Pro-Russia.

Answer the following questions by reading the given paragraph:
The first Prime Minister, Jawahar Lal Nehru played a crucial role in setting the national agenda. He was his own Foreign Minister. Thus, both as the Prime Minister and the Foreign Minister, he exercised profound influence in the formulation and implementation of India’s foreign policy from 1946 to 1964. The three major objectives of Nehru’s foreign policy were to preserve the hardearned sovereignty, protect territorial integrity, and promote rapid economic development. Nehru wished to achieve these objectives through the strategy of non-alignment. There were, of course, parties and groups in the country that believed that India should be friendlier with the bloc led by the US because that bloc claimed to be pro-democracy. Among those who thought on these lines were leaders like Dr. Ambedkar. Some political parties, which were opposed to communism, also wanted India to follow a pro-US foreign policy. These included the Bharatiya Jan Sangh and later the Swatantra Party. But Nehru possessed considerable leeway in formulating foreign policy.
Q. Who was the foreign minister during the time of Pt. Nehru?
  • a)
    Atal Bihari Vajpayee
  • b)
    Sardar Patel
  • c)
    Nehru himself
  • d)
    Jay Prakash Narayan
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Rajesh Gupta answered
India's first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, also held the Foreign Minister post throughout his 17-year premiership of the country; he remains the country's longest-serving Foreign Minister.

Who accompanied the Tibetan spiritual leader Dalai Lama during the official Chinese visit to India in 1956?
  • a)
    Hua Guofeng
  • b)
    Zhao Ziyang
  • c)
    Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai
  • d)
    Li Peng
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Meera Choudhary answered
The Tibetan spiritual leader Dalai Lama accompanied the Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai during the official Chinese visit to India in 1956. He informed Nehru about the worsening situation in Tibet.

Directions: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion: A boundary dispute had surfaced between India and China. India claimed that the boundary was a matter settled in colonial time, but China said that any colonial decision did not apply.
Reason: The China war dented India’s image at home and abroad. India had to approach the Americans and the British for military assistance to tide over the crisis.
  • a)
    Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
  • b)
    Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
  • c)
    (A) is true, but (R) is false.
  • d)
    (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Ojasvi Mehta answered
The Chinese denied any agreement between India and China regarding the borders. India continued to claim the territories which belonged to her. This dispute led to the war of 1962 for which India was never ready.

Directions: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion: The first Prime Minister, Jawahar Lal Nehru played a crucial role in setting the national agenda. He was his own foreign minister.
Reason: Thus both as the Prime Minister and the Foreign Minister, he exercised profound influence in the formulation and implementation of India’s foreign policy.
  • a)
    Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
  • b)
    Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
  • c)
    (A) is true, but (R) is false.
  • d)
    (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Rajesh Gupta answered
Being a foreign minister of India, Nehru exercised great influence over designing India’s foreign policies and relations with the other countries. He was the one who came up with an idea of NAM during the cold war era.

Directions: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion: Support for Pakistan came from the US and China. The US-China rapprochement that began in the late 1960s resulted in a realignment of forces in Asia.
Reason: In order to counter the US-Pakistan-China axis, India signed a 20-year Treaty of Peace and Friendship with the Soviet Union in August 1971.
  • a)
    Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
  • b)
    Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
  • c)
    (A) is true, but (R) is false.
  • d)
    (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Rajesh Gupta answered
Pakistan, with the aid from US and China emerged as a threat to India. The treaty signed by India with USSR assured that if there was any attack on India, USSR will provide backup to India.

Directions: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion: The foreign policy of independent India vigorously pursued the dream of a peaceful world by advocating the policy of non-alignment, by reducing Cold War tensions and by contributing human resources to the UN peacekeeping operations.
Reason: India continued to oppose Pakistan on joining the Western Camp.
  • a)
    Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
  • b)
    Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
  • c)
    (A) is true, but (R) is false.
  • d)
    (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Ojasvi Mehta answered
India indeed advocated the policy of NAM. Taking India’s example, many other nations adopted NAM, but India never criticized nations who have joined any of blocs.

Who exercised profound influence in the formulation and implementation of India’s foreign policy from 1946 to 1964?
  • a)
    Motilal Nehru
  • b)
    Sardar Patel
  • c)
    Indira Gandhi
  • d)
    Jawaharlal Nehru
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Malavika Patel answered
Jawaharlal Nehru played a crucial role in setting the national agenda. He was his own foreign minister. Thus both as the Prime Minister and the Foreign Minister, he exercised profound influence in the formulation and implementation of India’s foreign policy from 1946 to 1964.

India convened the Asian Relations Conference in March 1947 under the leadership of
  • a)
    Dr B.R. Ambedkar
  • b)
    Dr. Radha Krishnan.
  • c)
    Jawaharlal Nehru.
  • d)
    Rajendra Prasad.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Harshitha Basu answered
Throughout the 1940s and 1950s, Nehru had been an ardent advocate of Asian unity. Under his leadership, India convened the Asian Relations Conference in March 1947, five months ahead of attaining its independence. India made earnest efforts for the early realisation of freedom of Indonesia from the Dutch colonial regime by convening an international conference in 1949 to support its freedom struggle.

Directions: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion: The Indian national movement was not an isolated process. It was a part of the worldwide struggle against colonialism and imperialism.
Reason: It influenced the liberation movements of many Asian and African countries.
  • a)
    Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
  • b)
    Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
  • c)
    (A) is true, but (R) is false.
  • d)
    (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Naina Sharma answered
Indian national movement encouraged many colonies to stand against their oppressors. Taking India’s example, many African and Asian countries stood against imperialism.

Read the given paragraph and answer the questions that follow:
On April 8th, 2008 The Hindu published an article titled “Potential consequences of a regional nuclear conflict” in which the author convincingly illustrates the dangers a nuclear- armed South Asia presents. The fact that both India and Pakistan, but of course also China, possess nuclear weapons has been an alarming reality since 1998. The relative progress that has been achieved in India- Pakistan relations should not lead one to forget that two conflicts in 1999 and 2001 could easily have escalated into a nuclear confrontation.
India had embarked upon a civilian nuclear program right after her independence but the “weapon option” has always been present. India’s nuclear policy has been an evolutionary, sometimes painful process equally shaped by domestic and international factors. This paper attempts to analyse some of these factors and argues that the development of nuclear weapons was a logical, albeit not planned, consequence of them. It is interesting that even those in India fiercely opposed to nuclear weapons subconsciously seemed to have realised that India’s nuclear program could not be limited to civilian application forever. On May 27th, 1998, the government of the then- prime minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee issued a statement to the 12th Lok Sabha titled the “Evolution of India’s Nuclear Policy”.
Q. Since 1998, other than India and China, possession of nuclear weapons has been an alarming reality of which country?
  • a)
    USA
  • b)
    Pakistan
  • c)
    Israel
  • d)
    Brazil
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Sai Dey answered
Explanation:

Pakistan
- The paragraph mentions that both India and Pakistan, along with China, possess nuclear weapons, posing a significant threat in the region.
- While India's nuclear program has been a subject of discussion since its independence, Pakistan's possession of nuclear weapons has been a concern since 1998.
- The article highlights the potential consequences of a regional nuclear conflict involving India, Pakistan, and China, emphasizing the dangers associated with their nuclear capabilities.
Therefore, based on the information provided in the paragraph, the correct answer is option B) Pakistan.

Answer the following questions by reading the given paragraph:
The first Prime Minister, Jawahar Lal Nehru played a crucial role in setting the national agenda. He was his own Foreign Minister. Thus, both as the Prime Minister and the Foreign Minister, he exercised profound influence in the formulation and implementation of India’s foreign policy from 1946 to 1964. The three major objectives of Nehru’s foreign policy were to preserve the hardearned sovereignty, protect territorial integrity, and promote rapid economic development. Nehru wished to achieve these objectives through the strategy of non-alignment. There were, of course, parties and groups in the country that believed that India should be friendlier with the bloc led by the US because that bloc claimed to be pro-democracy. Among those who thought on these lines were leaders like Dr. Ambedkar. Some political parties, which were opposed to communism, also wanted India to follow a pro-US foreign policy. These included the Bharatiya Jan Sangh and later the Swatantra Party. But Nehru possessed considerable leeway in formulating foreign policy.
Q. What was the nature of the policy of US bloc?
  • a)
    Pro- communist
  • b)
    Pro- capitalist
  • c)
    Pro- liberalist
  • d)
    Pro-democratic
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Athul Chawla answered

Pro-democratic nature of the US bloc policy:

The nature of the policy of the US bloc was pro-democratic. This means that the US bloc claimed to support and promote democracy as a political system.

Key points to consider:
- The US bloc believed in the principles of democracy, individual rights, and freedom of choice for the people.
- They positioned themselves as allies of democratic countries and promoted democratic values globally.
- The US bloc opposed authoritarian regimes and ideologies that suppressed democracy and human rights.

In the context of India's foreign policy during Nehru's time, there were parties and groups within the country that advocated for closer ties with the US bloc because of its pro-democratic stance. Leaders like Dr. Ambedkar and political parties like the Bharatiya Jan Sangh and later the Swatantra Party believed that aligning with the US bloc would be beneficial for India's interests.

However, Nehru, as the Prime Minister and Foreign Minister, chose a different path by pursuing a strategy of non-alignment. While he acknowledged the pro-democratic positioning of the US bloc, Nehru believed that India's foreign policy should prioritize sovereignty, territorial integrity, and economic development. This decision gave Nehru considerable leeway in formulating India's foreign policy and maintaining an independent stance on the global stage.

Read the given paragraph and answer the questions that follow:
On April 8th, 2008 The Hindu published an article titled “Potential consequences of a regional nuclear conflict” in which the author convincingly illustrates the dangers a nuclear- armed South Asia presents. The fact that both India and Pakistan, but of course also China, possess nuclear weapons has been an alarming reality since 1998. The relative progress that has been achieved in India- Pakistan relations should not lead one to forget that two conflicts in 1999 and 2001 could easily have escalated into a nuclear confrontation.
India had embarked upon a civilian nuclear program right after her independence but the “weapon option” has always been present. India’s nuclear policy has been an evolutionary, sometimes painful process equally shaped by domestic and international factors. This paper attempts to analyse some of these factors and argues that the development of nuclear weapons was a logical, albeit not planned, consequence of them. It is interesting that even those in India fiercely opposed to nuclear weapons subconsciously seemed to have realised that India’s nuclear program could not be limited to civilian application forever. On May 27th, 1998, the government of the then- prime minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee issued a statement to the 12th Lok Sabha titled the “Evolution of India’s Nuclear Policy”.
Q. Which newspaper published the article titled “Potential consequences of a regional nuclear conflict”?
  • a)
    Indian Express
  • b)
    Times of India
  • c)
    The Hindu
  • d)
    Times Now
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Aditya Banerjee answered
Answer:
Publication
- The article titled “Potential consequences of a regional nuclear conflict” was published by The Hindu on April 8th, 2008.
Explanation
- The Hindu is one of the most renowned and respected newspapers in India, known for its in-depth analysis and coverage of various topics including politics, international relations, and current affairs.
- The article highlighted the dangers posed by a nuclear-armed South Asia, particularly focusing on the nuclear capabilities of India, Pakistan, and China.
Significance
- The article shed light on the potential risks associated with a nuclear conflict in the region, emphasizing the need for diplomatic efforts to prevent such a scenario.
- It also discussed the historical background of India's nuclear program and the evolution of its nuclear policy over the years.
Conclusion
- The publication of this article in The Hindu brought attention to the critical issue of regional nuclear conflict and contributed to the ongoing discourse on nuclear proliferation and disarmament in South Asia.

Answer the following questions by reading the given paragraph:
The first Prime Minister, Jawahar Lal Nehru played a crucial role in setting the national agenda. He was his own Foreign Minister. Thus, both as the Prime Minister and the Foreign Minister, he exercised profound influence in the formulation and implementation of India’s foreign policy from 1946 to 1964. The three major objectives of Nehru’s foreign policy were to preserve the hardearned sovereignty, protect territorial integrity, and promote rapid economic development. Nehru wished to achieve these objectives through the strategy of non-alignment. There were, of course, parties and groups in the country that believed that India should be friendlier with the bloc led by the US because that bloc claimed to be pro-democracy. Among those who thought on these lines were leaders like Dr. Ambedkar. Some political parties, which were opposed to communism, also wanted India to follow a pro-US foreign policy. These included the Bharatiya Jan Sangh and later the Swatantra Party. But Nehru possessed considerable leeway in formulating foreign policy.
Q. Which of the following leaders were in favour of supporting the US bloc?
  • a)
    Sardar Patel
  • b)
    Ambedkar
  • c)
    Atal Bihari Vajpayee
  • d)
    All the above
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Sumedha Shukla answered
B.R.Ambedkar because believed that India should be friendlier with the bloc led by the US because that bloc claimed to be pro-democracy also wanted India to follow a pro-US foreign policy.

Read the following paragraph and answer the questions that follow:
India has opposed the international treaties aimed at non-proliferation since they were selectively applicable to the non-nuclear powers and legitimised the monopoly of the five nuclear weapons powers. Thus, India opposed the indefinite extension of the NPT in 1995 and also refused to sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT). India conducted a series of nuclear tests in May 1998, demonstrating its capacity to use nuclear energy for military purposes. Pakistan soon followed, thereby increasing the vulnerability of the region to a nuclear exchange. The international community was extremely critical of the nuclear tests in the subcontinent and sanctions were imposed on both India and Pakistan, which were subsequently waived. India’s nuclear doctrine of credible minimum nuclear deterrence professes “no first use” and reiterates India’s commitment to global, verifiable and non-discriminatory nuclear disarmament leading to a nuclear weapons free world. Foreign policy is always dictated by ideas of national interest. In the period after 1990, Russia, though it continues to be an important friend of India, has lost its global pre-eminence. Therefore, India’s foreign policy has shifted to a more pro-US strategy.
Q. Which one of the following is India’s stand for the use of nuclear weapon?
  • a)
    No use of nuclear weapon at all.
  • b)
    No first use of nuclear weapon.
  • c)
    Use nuclear weapon in case of war.
  • d)
    None of the above.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Read the following paragraph and answer the questions that follow:
India has opposed the international treaties aimed at non-proliferation since they were selectively applicable to the non-nuclear powers and legitimised the monopoly of the five nuclear weapons powers. Thus, India opposed the indefinite extension of the NPT in 1995 and also refused to sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT). India conducted a series of nuclear tests in May 1998, demonstrating its capacity to use nuclear energy for military purposes. Pakistan soon followed, thereby increasing the vulnerability of the region to a nuclear exchange. The international community was extremely critical of the nuclear tests in the subcontinent and sanctions were imposed on both India and Pakistan, which were subsequently waived. India’s nuclear doctrine of credible minimum nuclear deterrence professes “no first use” and reiterates India’s commitment to global, verifiable and non-discriminatory nuclear disarmament leading to a nuclear weapons free world. Foreign policy is always dictated by ideas of national interest. In the period after 1990, Russia, though it continues to be an important friend of India, has lost its global pre-eminence. Therefore, India’s foreign policy has shifted to a more pro-US strategy.
Q. Which of the following nuclear treaties were rejected by India?
  • a)
    NPT, CTBT
  • b)
    Kyoto Protocol
  • c)
    Panchsheel Agreement
  • d)
    None of the above
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Read the given paragraph and answer the questions that follow:
On April 8th, 2008 The Hindu published an article titled “Potential consequences of a regional nuclear conflict” in which the author convincingly illustrates the dangers a nuclear- armed South Asia presents. The fact that both India and Pakistan, but of course also China, possess nuclear weapons has been an alarming reality since 1998. The relative progress that has been achieved in India- Pakistan relations should not lead one to forget that two conflicts in 1999 and 2001 could easily have escalated into a nuclear confrontation.
India had embarked upon a civilian nuclear program right after her independence but the “weapon option” has always been present. India’s nuclear policy has been an evolutionary, sometimes painful process equally shaped by domestic and international factors. This paper attempts to analyse some of these factors and argues that the development of nuclear weapons was a logical, albeit not planned, consequence of them. It is interesting that even those in India fiercely opposed to nuclear weapons subconsciously seemed to have realised that India’s nuclear program could not be limited to civilian application forever. On May 27th, 1998, the government of the then- prime minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee issued a statement to the 12th Lok Sabha titled the “Evolution of India’s Nuclear Policy”.
Q. Who issued the statement in 12th Lok Sabha for “Evolution of India’s nuclear policy”?
  • a)
    Lal Krishna Advani
  • b)
    Atal Bihari Vajpayee
  • c)
    Shri Narendra Modi
  • d)
    Dr. Manmohan Singh
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Read the following paragraph and answer the questions that follow:
India has opposed the international treaties aimed at non-proliferation since they were selectively applicable to the non-nuclear powers and legitimised the monopoly of the five nuclear weapons powers. Thus, India opposed the indefinite extension of the NPT in 1995 and also refused to sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT). India conducted a series of nuclear tests in May 1998, demonstrating its capacity to use nuclear energy for military purposes. Pakistan soon followed, thereby increasing the vulnerability of the region to a nuclear exchange. The international community was extremely critical of the nuclear tests in the subcontinent and sanctions were imposed on both India and Pakistan, which were subsequently waived. India’s nuclear doctrine of credible minimum nuclear deterrence professes “no first use” and reiterates India’s commitment to global, verifiable and non-discriminatory nuclear disarmament leading to a nuclear weapons free world. Foreign policy is always dictated by ideas of national interest. In the period after 1990, Russia, though it continues to be an important friend of India, has lost its global pre-eminence. Therefore, India’s foreign policy has shifted to a more pro-US strategy.
Q. Why India’s foreign policy shifted to become more pro-US?
  • a)
    Because Russia betrayed India.
  • b)
    Because Russia attacked India.
  • c)
    Because US derived more profit to India.
  • d)
    Because Russia lost its global pre-eminence.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Read the following paragraph and answer the questions that follow:
India has opposed the international treaties aimed at non-proliferation since they were selectively applicable to the non-nuclear powers and legitimised the monopoly of the five nuclear weapons powers. Thus, India opposed the indefinite extension of the NPT in 1995 and also refused to sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT). India conducted a series of nuclear tests in May 1998, demonstrating its capacity to use nuclear energy for military purposes. Pakistan soon followed, thereby increasing the vulnerability of the region to a nuclear exchange. The international community was extremely critical of the nuclear tests in the subcontinent and sanctions were imposed on both India and Pakistan, which were subsequently waived. India’s nuclear doctrine of credible minimum nuclear deterrence professes “no first use” and reiterates India’s commitment to global, verifiable and non-discriminatory nuclear disarmament leading to a nuclear weapons free world. Foreign policy is always dictated by ideas of national interest. In the period after 1990, Russia, though it continues to be an important friend of India, has lost its global pre-eminence. Therefore, India’s foreign policy has shifted to a more pro-US strategy.
Q. When did India conduct series of nuclear tests?
  • a)
    June 1998
  • b)
    May 1998
  • c)
    April 1998
  • d)
    March 1998
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Read the given paragraph and answer the questions that follow:
On April 8th, 2008 The Hindu published an article titled “Potential consequences of a regional nuclear conflict” in which the author convincingly illustrates the dangers a nuclear- armed South Asia presents. The fact that both India and Pakistan, but of course also China, possess nuclear weapons has been an alarming reality since 1998. The relative progress that has been achieved in India- Pakistan relations should not lead one to forget that two conflicts in 1999 and 2001 could easily have escalated into a nuclear confrontation.
India had embarked upon a civilian nuclear program right after her independence but the “weapon option” has always been present. India’s nuclear policy has been an evolutionary, sometimes painful process equally shaped by domestic and international factors. This paper attempts to analyse some of these factors and argues that the development of nuclear weapons was a logical, albeit not planned, consequence of them. It is interesting that even those in India fiercely opposed to nuclear weapons subconsciously seemed to have realised that India’s nuclear program could not be limited to civilian application forever. On May 27th, 1998, the government of the then- prime minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee issued a statement to the 12th Lok Sabha titled the “Evolution of India’s Nuclear Policy”.
Q. Which of the two conflicts between India and Pakistan could have led to a nuclear war?
  • a)
    1999 and 2001
  • b)
    2000 and 2008
  • c)
    1999 and 2003
  • d)
    None of the above
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Answer the following questions by reading the given paragraph:
The first Prime Minister, Jawahar Lal Nehru played a crucial role in setting the national agenda. He was his own Foreign Minister. Thus, both as the Prime Minister and the Foreign Minister, he exercised profound influence in the formulation and implementation of India’s foreign policy from 1946 to 1964. The three major objectives of Nehru’s foreign policy were to preserve the hardearned sovereignty, protect territorial integrity, and promote rapid economic development. Nehru wished to achieve these objectives through the strategy of non-alignment. There were, of course, parties and groups in the country that believed that India should be friendlier with the bloc led by the US because that bloc claimed to be pro-democracy. Among those who thought on these lines were leaders like Dr. Ambedkar. Some political parties, which were opposed to communism, also wanted India to follow a pro-US foreign policy. These included the Bharatiya Jan Sangh and later the Swatantra Party. But Nehru possessed considerable leeway in formulating foreign policy.
Q. What were the three major objectives of Nehru’s foreign policy?
  • a)
    To preserve the hard-earned sovereignty, protect territorial integrity, and promote rapid economic development.
  • b)
    Non alignment policy, cordial relations with the countries of South Asia only, and military expansion to other nations.
  • c)
    To increase imports, motivating foreign investment and encouraging MNCs to set up in India.
  • d)
    None of the above.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

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