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In 1986, the decision of NASA officials to go forward with the launch of the space shuttle Challenger despite warnings from engineers to delay the launch is an example of the dangerous consequences of which social psychological process?- a)Brainstorming
- b)Group polarization
- c)Deindividuation
- d)Groupthink
- e)Conversion
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
In 1986, the decision of NASA officials to go forward with the launch of the space shuttle Challenger despite warnings from engineers to delay the launch is an example of the dangerous consequences of which social psychological process?
a)
Brainstorming
b)
Group polarization
c)
Deindividuation
d)
Groupthink
e)
Conversion
|
Arun Yadav answered |
The Challenger disaster is an example of groupthink, which refers to a mode of thinking in highly cohesive groups in which the desire to reach unanimous agreement overrides the motivation to adopt appropriate, rational decision-making procedures. Brainstorming refers to a technique where ideas are generated within a group in an uninhibited fashion to enhance group creativity.
Group polarization is the tendency for group discussion to produce more extreme group decisions than would be indicated by individual members’ opinions. Deindividuation is a psychological state in which rational control and adherence to norms is weakened, leading to greater readiness to respond in an extreme manner. Conversion refers to a change in one’s private opinion after exposure to others’ opinions.
Group polarization is the tendency for group discussion to produce more extreme group decisions than would be indicated by individual members’ opinions. Deindividuation is a psychological state in which rational control and adherence to norms is weakened, leading to greater readiness to respond in an extreme manner. Conversion refers to a change in one’s private opinion after exposure to others’ opinions.
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According to Zajonc’s social facilitation model, what factor facilitates the expression or inhibition of dominant responses? - a)The task performed
- b)Prior experience
- c)Presence of others
- d)Group identity
- e)All of the above
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
According to Zajonc’s social facilitation model, what factor facilitates the expression or inhibition of dominant responses?
a)
The task performed
b)
Prior experience
c)
Presence of others
d)
Group identity
e)
All of the above
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
The mere presence of others increases arousal, which facilitates dominant responses and inhibits non-dominant responses. The task performed, prior experience and group identity are not the primary motivating factors for the dominant response.
Which of the following is true of Milgram’s (1963) study of obedience? The study found that:- a)Quite ordinary people taking part in a laboratory experiment were not prepared to administer electric shocks just because an experimenter told them to do so.
- b)Participants believed that the shocks they administered would not harm anyone.
- c)Apparently pathological behaviour may not be due to individual pathology but to particular social circumstances.
- d)None of the above.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following is true of Milgram’s (1963) study of obedience? The study found that:
a)
Quite ordinary people taking part in a laboratory experiment were not prepared to administer electric shocks just because an experimenter told them to do so.
b)
Participants believed that the shocks they administered would not harm anyone.
c)
Apparently pathological behaviour may not be due to individual pathology but to particular social circumstances.
d)
None of the above.
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Milgram (1963) discovered that quite ordinary people taking part in a laboratory experiment were prepared to administer electric shocks (450 volts), which they believed would harm another participant, simply because an experimenter told them to do so. This study showed that apparently ‘pathological’ behaviour may not be due to individual pathology (the participants were ‘normal’) but to particular social circumstances. The situation encouraged extreme obedience.
Viewing people from different groups as individuals and viewing people from different subgroups (such as Scots and English) as members of a single superordinate group represent which two types of prejudice reduction strategies?- a)Intergroup contact
- b)Decategorization
- c)Recategorization
- d)(a) and (b)
- e)(b) and (c)
Correct answer is option 'E'. Can you explain this answer?
Viewing people from different groups as individuals and viewing people from different subgroups (such as Scots and English) as members of a single superordinate group represent which two types of prejudice reduction strategies?
a)
Intergroup contact
b)
Decategorization
c)
Recategorization
d)
(a) and (b)
e)
(b) and (c)
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Viewing people from different groups as individuals is referred to as decategorization and viewing people from different subgroups (such as Scots and English) as members of a single superordinate group is referred to as recategorization, with both being used to reduce ingroup-outgroup categorizations and thus reducing prejudice toward outgroups. Intergroup contact is another type of prejudice reduction strategy aimed at improving intergroup relations by increasing the amount of contact they have with each other.
Research suggests that we seek out the company of others because of which motives? - a)To obtain information
- b)To reduce anxiety
- c)To compare ourselves with similar others
- d)All of the above
- e)None of the above
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Research suggests that we seek out the company of others because of which motives?
a)
To obtain information
b)
To reduce anxiety
c)
To compare ourselves with similar others
d)
All of the above
e)
None of the above
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
All of the above have been identified as motives related to our need for affiliation and to seek out the company of others.
Which one of the following statements about social support is true?- a)Social support in a broad social network impacts positively on health and stress.
- b)Social support in small groups helps one resist pressures to comply with an outside majority or to obey an immoral authority.
- c)Both (a) and (b).
- d)Neither (a) nor (b).
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Which one of the following statements about social support is true?
a)
Social support in a broad social network impacts positively on health and stress.
b)
Social support in small groups helps one resist pressures to comply with an outside majority or to obey an immoral authority.
c)
Both (a) and (b).
d)
Neither (a) nor (b).
|
EduRev Humanities answered |
Social support refers to feeling supported by others, whether in one’s broader social network (which impacts positively on health and stress) or within a small group (which helps one to resist pressures to comply with an outside majority or obey an immoral authority).
According to research by Latane and Darley, why did witnesses fail to intervene and help Kitty Genovese before she was murdered?- a)Ignorance about how others interpreted the situation
- b)Diffusion of responsibility made individuals feel less responsible
- c)There were no authority figures present
- d)Fear of feeling embarrassed by acting inappropriately in front of others
- e)(a), (b) and (d)
Correct answer is option 'E'. Can you explain this answer?
According to research by Latane and Darley, why did witnesses fail to intervene and help Kitty Genovese before she was murdered?
a)
Ignorance about how others interpreted the situation
b)
Diffusion of responsibility made individuals feel less responsible
c)
There were no authority figures present
d)
Fear of feeling embarrassed by acting inappropriately in front of others
e)
(a), (b) and (d)
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
Three types of social process associated with helping behaviour include diffusion of responsibility, ignorance about how others interpret the event and feelings of unease about how our own behaviour will be evaluated by others present. The presence of authority figures is not a primary factor to explain bystander apathy.
According to social identity theory, from what do we derive a large part of our identity and feelings about ourselves? - a)Where we were born
- b)The amount of prejudice experienced
- c)The groups we belong to
- d)Competition between groups
- e)None of the above
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
According to social identity theory, from what do we derive a large part of our identity and feelings about ourselves?
a)
Where we were born
b)
The amount of prejudice experienced
c)
The groups we belong to
d)
Competition between groups
e)
None of the above
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
According to social identity theory, the groups we belong to comprise a large part of our identity and how we feel about these groups affects how we feel about ourselves and how we distinguish ourselves from others. Competition between groups is not considered part of our identity as stated by SIT, but is part of realistic conflict theory more directly. Where we were born and the amount of prejudice we have experienced may affect our identity, but these are not important components of SIT.
Stroebe and Diehl (1994) conducted a clever piece of research into why brainstorming does not appear to enhance individual creativity. They hypothesized that, during a brainstorming session, because only one group member may speak at a time, other group members have to keep silent, and may be distracted by the content of the group discussion or forget their own ideas. Stroebe and Diehl termed this phenomenon ‘production blocking’, because the waiting time before speaking and the distracting influence of others’ ideas could potentially block individuals from coming up with their own ideas. The results of their subsequent study were clear-cut: participants generated approximately twice as many ideas when they were allowed to express their ideas as they occurred than when they had to wait their turn. But which TWO of the following can we infer from these results? - That ‘production blocking’ does not occur in interactive brainstorming groups.
- That ‘production blocking’ is an important factor explaining the inferiority of interactive brainstorming groups.
- That it may be more effective to ask group members to develop their ideas in one group, and then express them to another group.
- That it may be more effective to ask group members to develop their ideas separately, and then express them in a subsequent joint meeting.
- a)1 & 2
- b)2 & 3
- c)1 & 3
- d)2 & 4
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Stroebe and Diehl (1994) conducted a clever piece of research into why brainstorming does not appear to enhance individual creativity. They hypothesized that, during a brainstorming session, because only one group member may speak at a time, other group members have to keep silent, and may be distracted by the content of the group discussion or forget their own ideas. Stroebe and Diehl termed this phenomenon ‘production blocking’, because the waiting time before speaking and the distracting influence of others’ ideas could potentially block individuals from coming up with their own ideas. The results of their subsequent study were clear-cut: participants generated approximately twice as many ideas when they were allowed to express their ideas as they occurred than when they had to wait their turn. But which TWO of the following can we infer from these results?
- That ‘production blocking’ does not occur in interactive brainstorming groups.
- That ‘production blocking’ is an important factor explaining the inferiority of interactive brainstorming groups.
- That it may be more effective to ask group members to develop their ideas in one group, and then express them to another group.
- That it may be more effective to ask group members to develop their ideas separately, and then express them in a subsequent joint meeting.
a)
1 & 2
b)
2 & 3
c)
1 & 3
d)
2 & 4
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
These results suggest that ‘production blocking’ is indeed an important factor explaining the inferiority of interactive brainstorming groups. This suggests that it may be more effective to ask group members to develop their ideas separately, and only then have these ideas expressed, discussed and evaluated in a subsequent joint meeting (see Delbecq, van de Ven & Gustafson, 1975).
Social facilitation refers to an increase in dominant responses in the presence of others of the same species, leading to: - a)Improved performance on both well-learned/easy tasks and poorly learned/difficult tasks.
- b)Improved performance on well-learned/easy tasks and deterioration in performance on poorly learned/difficult tasks.
- c)Deterioration in performance on well-learned/easy tasks and improved performance on poorly learned/difficult tasks.
- d)Deterioration in performance on both well-learned/easy tasks and poorly learned/difficult tasks.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Social facilitation refers to an increase in dominant responses in the presence of others of the same species, leading to:
a)
Improved performance on both well-learned/easy tasks and poorly learned/difficult tasks.
b)
Improved performance on well-learned/easy tasks and deterioration in performance on poorly learned/difficult tasks.
c)
Deterioration in performance on well-learned/easy tasks and improved performance on poorly learned/difficult tasks.
d)
Deterioration in performance on both well-learned/easy tasks and poorly learned/difficult tasks.
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Social facilitation refers to an increase in dominant responses in the presence of others of the same species, leading to improved performance on well-learned/easy tasks and deterioration in performance on poorly learned/difficult tasks
Sherif’s autokinetic experiments and Asch’s line studies demonstrated the power of which social psychological factor on the degree to which people conform? - a)Group identity
- b)Individual norms
- c)Individual identity
- d)Group norms
- e)Social loafing
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Sherif’s autokinetic experiments and Asch’s line studies demonstrated the power of which social psychological factor on the degree to which people conform?
a)
Group identity
b)
Individual norms
c)
Individual identity
d)
Group norms
e)
Social loafing
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Group norms have been identified as a powerful determinant of the degree to which people will conform to the attitudes, beliefs or behaviours of others. Group identity, individual norms and individual identity were not the primary factors tested in these famous studies. Social loafing refers to a reduction in a person’s work effort when working on a collective task.
In the 1957 Sidney Lumet film Twelve Angry Men, 12 jurors have to decide over the guilt or innocence of a young man charged with the murder of his father. At the outset, all but one of the jurors are convinced of the youth’s guilt. The lone juror (played by Henry Fonda) actively attempts to change their minds, standing firm, committed, self-confident and unwavering. One by one the other jurors change sides, until in the end they all agree that the accused is not guilty. Which form of social influence is this an example of?- a)Conformity.
- b)Minority influence.
- c)Normative influence.
- d)Informational influence.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
In the 1957 Sidney Lumet film Twelve Angry Men, 12 jurors have to decide over the guilt or innocence of a young man charged with the murder of his father. At the outset, all but one of the jurors are convinced of the youth’s guilt. The lone juror (played by Henry Fonda) actively attempts to change their minds, standing firm, committed, self-confident and unwavering. One by one the other jurors change sides, until in the end they all agree that the accused is not guilty. Which form of social influence is this an example of?
a)
Conformity.
b)
Minority influence.
c)
Normative influence.
d)
Informational influence.
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
The main difference here is between minority influence and conformity. While the former refers to being persuaded by a minority group, conformity can be defined as coming into line with majority attitudes and behaviours.
In principle, conformity can be based on normative influence or informational influence: the former is social influence based on the need to be accepted and approved of by other group members, and the latter social influence is based on acquiring new information from other group members, which is accepted as evidence about reality.
In principle, conformity can be based on normative influence or informational influence: the former is social influence based on the need to be accepted and approved of by other group members, and the latter social influence is based on acquiring new information from other group members, which is accepted as evidence about reality.
Which of the following are characteristics of an unhappy couple? - Retaliation
- High equity.
- Reciprocation.
- Open about differences.
- a)1 & 2
- b)3 & 4
- c)1 & 3
- d)2 & 4
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following are characteristics of an unhappy couple?
- Retaliation
- High equity.
- Reciprocation.
- Open about differences.
a)
1 & 2
b)
3 & 4
c)
1 & 3
d)
2 & 4
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Unhappy or ‘distressed’ relationships are characterized by higher rates of negative behaviour, reciprocating with such negative behaviour when the partner behaves negatively towards us. Reciprocation, or retaliation, is the most reliable sign of relationship distress (Fincham, 2003).
Those in unhappy relationships also tend to ignore or cover up differences (Noller & Fitzpatrick, 1990), compare themselves negatively with other couples (Buunk et al., 1990) and perceive their relationship as less equitable than others (van Yperen & Buunk, 1991).
Those in unhappy relationships also tend to ignore or cover up differences (Noller & Fitzpatrick, 1990), compare themselves negatively with other couples (Buunk et al., 1990) and perceive their relationship as less equitable than others (van Yperen & Buunk, 1991).
Why did Zimbardo and his collaborators (1982) have to terminate their Stanford Prison Study?- a)The participants were not conforming to their roles.
- b)The guards were not prepared to harass, humiliate and intimidate the prisoners.
- c)The prisoners increasingly showed signs of individual and group disintegration.
- d)The experiment was set in a real prison with real prisoners, which raised a fierce human rights debate.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Why did Zimbardo and his collaborators (1982) have to terminate their Stanford Prison Study?
a)
The participants were not conforming to their roles.
b)
The guards were not prepared to harass, humiliate and intimidate the prisoners.
c)
The prisoners increasingly showed signs of individual and group disintegration.
d)
The experiment was set in a real prison with real prisoners, which raised a fierce human rights debate.
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
In the famous Stanford Prison Study (Zimbardo et al., 1982), researchers randomly assigned students to play the roles of prisoners or guards in a simulated prison. The ‘prison’ was located in the basement of the psychology department at Stanford University. Before the study began, all participants were carefully screened to ensure they were psychologically stable. Zimbardo and his team planned to run the study for two weeks, while observing the participants. In fact, they had to terminate it after 6 days because the participants were conforming so extremely to their roles. The guards harassed, humiliated and intimidated the prisoners, often quite brutally, and the prisoners increasingly showed signs of individual and group disintegration, including severe emotional disturbance and some psychosomatic problems.
What were the conclusions drawn about ordinary people based on Milgram’s famous study of obedience?- a)People will engage in high levels of destructive obedience when faced with strong situational pressures
- b)People will engage in low levels of destructive obedience when faced with strong situational pressures
- c)People’s personality is the strongest determinant of obedient behaviour
- d)People will challenge authority figures when they become distressed by their commands
- e)(c) and (d)
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
What were the conclusions drawn about ordinary people based on Milgram’s famous study of obedience?
a)
People will engage in high levels of destructive obedience when faced with strong situational pressures
b)
People will engage in low levels of destructive obedience when faced with strong situational pressures
c)
People’s personality is the strongest determinant of obedient behaviour
d)
People will challenge authority figures when they become distressed by their commands
e)
(c) and (d)
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Based on Milgram’s research, people will engage in high levels, not low levels, of destructive obedience when faced with strong situational pressures. People’s personality was not the primary indicator of obedience, and people did not demonstrate the willingness to challenge authority figures even when they expressed distress about giving the shocks to the learner.
In centralized networks: - a)Complex tasks are dealt with reliably.
- b)Peripheral members can feel a loss of autonomy on simple tasks.
- c)Delays and miscommunications can occur on complex tasks.
- d)Free communication is allowed among all roles.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
In centralized networks:
a)
Complex tasks are dealt with reliably.
b)
Peripheral members can feel a loss of autonomy on simple tasks.
c)
Delays and miscommunications can occur on complex tasks.
d)
Free communication is allowed among all roles.
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Research on communication networks (Bavelas, 1968; Leavitt, 1951) focuses on centralization as the critical factor. More centralized networks have a hub person or group that regulates communication flow, whereas less centralized networks allow free communication among all roles. Centralized networks work well for simple tasks (they liberate peripheral members to perform their role) but not for more complex tasks – the hub becomes overwhelmed, delays and miscommunications occur, frustration and stress increase, and peripheral members feel loss of autonomy.
Which of the following are NOT necessarily characteristics of an authoritarian personality? People with authoritarian personalities tend to: - Have experienced harsh family rearing strategies.
- Hate their parents.
- Idolize power figures.
- Strive for a changing world order.
- a)1 & 2
- b)2 & 3
- c)2 & 4
- d)1 & 3
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following are NOT necessarily characteristics of an authoritarian personality? People with authoritarian personalities tend to:
- Have experienced harsh family rearing strategies.
- Hate their parents.
- Idolize power figures.
- Strive for a changing world order.
a)
1 & 2
b)
2 & 3
c)
2 & 4
d)
1 & 3
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Although the ‘personality’ approach to prejudice has now been largely discredited, one theory that still holds some truth is that of the authoritarian personality (Adorno, Frenkel-Brunswik, Levinson & Sanford, 1950). According to this view, harsh family rearing strategies produce a love–hate conflict in children’s feelings towards their parents. The conflict is resolved by idolizing all power figures, despising weaker others and striving for a rigidly unchanging and hierarchical world order. People with this personality syndrome are predisposed to be prejudiced.
According to Tuckman’s five stage model of group development, which stage refers to the period of development when people struggle with each other over leadership and group definition? - a)Performing
- b)Storming
- c)Forming
- d)Adjourning
- e)Norming
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
According to Tuckman’s five stage model of group development, which stage refers to the period of development when people struggle with each other over leadership and group definition?
a)
Performing
b)
Storming
c)
Forming
d)
Adjourning
e)
Norming
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Storming is the stage when people struggle with each other over leadership and group definition. Forming is when people initially orient themselves to one another. Norming is when the norms and roles of the group are defined. Performing is when the group is functioning smoothly and things are cohesive internally. Adjourning is when issues of independence arise in the group and the group may possibly dissolve.
According to Rusbult’s investment model for relationships, which factor is most significant for maintaining successful intimate relationships? - a)Mutual support
- b)Commitment to relationship
- c)Being in love
- d)Mutual understanding
- e)All of the above
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
According to Rusbult’s investment model for relationships, which factor is most significant for maintaining successful intimate relationships?
a)
Mutual support
b)
Commitment to relationship
c)
Being in love
d)
Mutual understanding
e)
All of the above
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Rusbult’s investment model identifies commitment to a relationship as the most important factor holding relationships together. Mutual support, being in love, and mutual understanding are important for general happiness versus distress experienced in a relationship, but they are not the key components to the investment model.
The widely reported murder of Kitty Genovese in New York in 1964, in which 38 people admitted witnessing the murder but not a single person went to her aid, was an example of which social-psychological phenomenon? - a)Bystander intervention.
- b)Social facilitation.
- c)Bystander apathy.
- d)Equity theory.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
The widely reported murder of Kitty Genovese in New York in 1964, in which 38 people admitted witnessing the murder but not a single person went to her aid, was an example of which social-psychological phenomenon?
a)
Bystander intervention.
b)
Social facilitation.
c)
Bystander apathy.
d)
Equity theory.
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
A critical feature of the immediate situation that determines whether bystanders help someone who is in need of help (bystander intervention) is the number of potential helpers who are present. Research on bystander intervention was stimulated by the widely reported murder of Kitty Genovese in New York in 1964. The opposite of bystander intervention (i.e. when bystanders do not come to that person’s help, as in the case of Kitty Genovese) is called bystander apathy.
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