All questions of Chapter 6- Women and Sports for Grade 12 Exam

Development of community sports:
- This method involves creating opportunities for women to actively participate in sports within their communities.
- Community sports programs can help in promoting inclusivity and providing a supportive environment for women to engage in physical activities.

Infrastructure development of changing infrastructure:
- Improving infrastructure such as building more sports facilities, changing rooms, and amenities tailored to women's needs can make sports more accessible and appealing to women.
- Having safe and comfortable facilities can encourage more women to participate in sports activities.

Reducing the participation fee for women in sports:
- Lowering the cost of participation can remove financial barriers that may prevent women from taking part in sports.
- Making sports more affordable for women can encourage greater participation and help in bridging the gender gap in sports.

All of the above:
- By combining all these methods, a comprehensive approach can be taken to increase the participation of women in sports.
- Developing community sports, improving infrastructure, and reducing participation fees collectively create a supportive and inclusive environment for women to engage in sports.

Historical Context:
- In ancient times, women were often considered inferior to men and their participation in sports and games was seen as inappropriate.
- Women were expected to focus on domestic duties and childcare, rather than engaging in physical activities.

Social Norms:
- Traditional gender roles dictated that men were the ones who engaged in physical activities and sports, while women were supposed to be more delicate and passive.
- Women who participated in sports were often viewed negatively and faced criticism for going against societal expectations.

Perceived Inferiority:
- Women were often seen as physically weaker and less capable than men, leading to the belief that they were not suited for sports and games.
- This perception of inferiority contributed to the idea that women's participation in sports was inappropriate.

Conclusion:
- In conclusion, the historical context, social norms, and perceived inferiority of women all contributed to the understanding that women's participation in sports and games was inappropriate in ancient times.

The correct answer is option 'A' - there are two arches present in the foot of a human being. These arches are commonly referred to as the longitudinal arches and they play a crucial role in providing stability and flexibility to the foot.

The foot is a complex structure that consists of bones, ligaments, tendons, and muscles. It is designed to support the weight of the body and absorb the impact of walking, running, and jumping. The arches of the foot help distribute the body's weight evenly across the foot and act as shock absorbers.

There are two main arches in the foot:

1. Medial Longitudinal Arch: This is the primary arch of the foot and runs along the inner edge of the foot. It is composed of the calcaneus (heel bone), talus (ankle bone), navicular bone, and the three cuneiform bones. This arch is higher than the lateral longitudinal arch and helps in maintaining balance and stability.

2. Lateral Longitudinal Arch: This arch runs along the outer edge of the foot. It is composed of the calcaneus, cuboid bone, and the fifth metatarsal bone. The lateral longitudinal arch is flatter and less prominent than the medial longitudinal arch.

These arches are supported and maintained by various ligaments, tendons, and muscles. The plantar fascia, a thick band of connective tissue, also plays a crucial role in supporting the arches and preventing them from collapsing.

The arches of the foot are dynamic structures that can adapt to different types of surfaces and movements. They help in shock absorption, weight distribution, and maintaining the normal alignment of the foot and ankle. When the arches are not properly supported or if there is an abnormality in their structure, it can lead to foot problems such as flat feet or high arches.

In conclusion, the foot of a human being has two arches - the medial longitudinal arch and the lateral longitudinal arch. These arches are important for maintaining balance, stability, and absorbing shock during various activities.

Bow legs

Bow legs, also known as genu varum, is a deformity in which the gap between the ankles increases. It is characterized by the legs curving outward, causing the knees to be apart even when the feet are together. This condition is more common in infants and toddlers, as their legs are naturally bowed. However, as they grow older, the legs usually straighten out. If the bowing persists or worsens, it can lead to difficulties in walking and running.

Causes of Bow Legs:

- Rickets: Bow legs can be caused by a deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate, leading to weakened bones. Rickets is more common in children who have poor nutrition or are not exposed to enough sunlight.

- Blount's Disease: This is a condition in which the growth plates at the top of the tibia (shinbone) fail to develop properly. It can cause the legs to bow outward and can be more severe than normal physiological bowing.

- Genetic Factors: Some individuals may have a genetic predisposition to developing bow legs. If there is a family history of the condition, the likelihood of developing it may be increased.

Effects on Walking and Running:

As the gap between the ankles increases in bow legs, individuals may experience difficulties in walking and running. The outward curve of the legs affects the alignment of the knees and hips, leading to an altered gait pattern. This can result in the following issues:

- Instability: The legs may feel unstable, and maintaining balance while walking or running can be challenging.

- Reduced Efficiency: The altered alignment can cause an inefficient transfer of forces during movement, leading to increased energy expenditure and fatigue.

- Joint Pain: The abnormal stress placed on the joints, particularly the knees and hips, can result in pain and discomfort.

- Tripping and Falling: The altered gait pattern and instability can increase the risk of tripping and falling.

Treatment:

The treatment for bow legs depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In many cases, physiological bowing of the legs in infants and toddlers resolves on its own as they grow. However, if the bowing persists or worsens, medical intervention may be necessary. Treatment options may include:

- Braces or orthotics: These devices can help support the legs and promote proper alignment.

- Physical therapy: Exercises and stretches can be prescribed to improve muscle strength and flexibility, which can help align the legs.

- Surgical intervention: In severe cases or when other treatments are ineffective, surgery may be recommended to correct the alignment of the legs.

It is important to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan for bow legs.

The third stage of motor development in a child is between the age of ______ , years and _________ years
a)12, 16
b)2, 6
c)1, 2
d)None of this
Correct answer is option 'D'.

Explanation:
- The third stage of motor development in a child refers to a specific period in a child's life when they undergo significant physical and motor skill development.
- This stage is characterized by the refinement and mastery of basic motor skills acquired in the previous stages.
- The age range for the third stage of motor development varies depending on the source and individual child's development, so it cannot be definitively stated as a specific range.
- However, it typically occurs between the ages of 2 and 6 years.
- During this stage, children continue to develop and improve their gross motor skills, which involve large muscle groups and whole body movements, as well as their fine motor skills, which involve smaller muscle groups and precise movements.
- Gross motor skills include activities such as running, jumping, hopping, throwing, and catching, while fine motor skills include activities such as drawing, writing, cutting, and manipulating small objects.
- Children in this stage also develop better coordination, balance, and spatial awareness, allowing them to engage in more complex physical activities and sports.
- They become more confident in their physical abilities and begin to explore and challenge themselves in different physical tasks and environments.
- It is important for parents, caregivers, and educators to provide opportunities for children to engage in physical activities and play that promote the development of their motor skills.
- By providing a variety of age-appropriate activities and experiences, children can continue to progress and refine their motor skills, setting a solid foundation for their future physical development and well-being.
- Therefore, the correct answer is option 'D' as it acknowledges that the age range for the third stage of motor development can vary and is not limited to a specific range.

Scoliosis Correction through Swimming with Breaststroke Technique

Swimming is a great form of exercise that can help improve overall physical fitness and posture. When it comes to correcting scoliosis, swimming with proper stroke techniques can be beneficial. Among various swimming strokes, the breaststroke technique is particularly effective in addressing the curvature of the spine associated with scoliosis.

Benefits of Breaststroke Technique for Scoliosis Correction

- The breaststroke technique involves a coordinated movement of the arms and legs, which helps in strengthening the muscles along the spine.
- This stroke also focuses on the chest and shoulder muscles, which can aid in improving posture and reducing the curvature of the spine.
- The rhythmic motion of the breaststroke can promote flexibility and mobility in the spine, thus helping in realigning the vertebrae.

How Breaststroke Technique Helps in Scoliosis Correction

- The kicking motion in breaststroke engages the core muscles, including the abdominal muscles, which play a crucial role in providing support to the spine.
- The glide phase in breaststroke allows the spine to elongate, promoting better alignment and reducing the curvature associated with scoliosis.
- The breathing technique in breaststroke encourages deep inhalation and exhalation, which can improve lung capacity and oxygen flow to the muscles, aiding in overall spinal health.

Precautions and Recommendations

- It is essential to consult with a healthcare professional or a certified swimming instructor before incorporating swimming as a form of exercise for scoliosis correction.
- Proper technique and form are crucial to maximize the benefits of swimming for scoliosis. Consider taking lessons or guidance from a qualified swimming coach.
- Consistency is key when using swimming as a corrective measure for scoliosis. Regular practice and adherence to a structured swimming routine can yield positive results over time.

Understanding Gross Motor Development
Gross motor development refers to the progression of larger movements that involve major muscles and body parts. This type of development primarily affects the skeletal system as it is responsible for supporting movement.
Key Aspects of Gross Motor Development:

• Large Muscle Groups: Gross motor skills involve the coordination of large muscles in the arms, legs, and torso. These skills are crucial for activities such as walking, running, jumping, and climbing.
• Skeletal Growth: The development of gross motor skills correlates with the growth of the skeletal system. As children grow, their bones and muscles strengthen, enabling them to perform more complex movements.
• Motor Milestones: Key milestones in gross motor development include rolling over, sitting up, crawling, and walking. These milestones indicate the maturation of the skeletal and muscular systems.
• Physical Activity: Engaging in physical activities promotes further growth and development of the skeletal system, enhancing strength and coordination.

Contrast with Fine Motor Development:

• Fine Motor Skills: Unlike gross motor development, fine motor skills involve smaller movements, primarily in the hands and fingers, such as writing, grasping, and manipulating objects.
• Different Focus: Fine motor development does not directly involve skeletal growth in the same way that gross motor development does; instead, it focuses on precision and control.

In summary, gross motor development is essential for utilizing the skeletal system to perform large, coordinated movements. This foundational aspect of physical development supports overall growth and functionality in various physical activities.

Deformity: Round Upper Back

The correct answer for this question is option 'B', which refers to the deformity known as a round upper back. In medical terms, this condition is also called kyphosis.

Understanding Kyphosis
Kyphosis is a postural deformity characterized by an excessive rounding of the upper back. It causes the thoracic spine to curve forward, leading to a hunched or rounded appearance. This condition can vary in severity, with some individuals having a mild rounding, while others may have a more pronounced hump.

Causes of Kyphosis
- Poor posture: Prolonged slouching or sitting in a rounded position can contribute to the development of kyphosis.
- Osteoporosis: Weakening of the bones due to age or other factors can cause compression fractures in the vertebrae, leading to kyphosis.
- Spinal conditions: Certain spinal conditions, such as Scheuermann's disease or ankylosing spondylitis, can result in kyphosis.
- Congenital factors: Some individuals may be born with kyphosis due to abnormal development of the spine.

Effects and Symptoms
- Rounded appearance of the upper back
- Back pain or discomfort
- Stiffness in the spine
- Limited range of motion
- Fatigue or muscle weakness

Treatment Options
The treatment for round upper back or kyphosis depends on the severity of the condition and the underlying cause. Some common treatment options include:
- Physical therapy: Exercises and stretches can help improve posture, strengthen the muscles supporting the spine, and increase flexibility.
- Bracing: In more severe cases, a brace may be recommended to provide support and help correct the curvature.
- Pain management: Over-the-counter pain medications or prescribed medications may be used to manage pain and inflammation.
- Surgery: In rare cases where the kyphosis is severe and causing significant health issues, surgery may be considered to correct the deformity and stabilize the spine.

Conclusion
In summary, the deformity known as round upper back or kyphosis is characterized by an excessive rounding of the upper spine. It can be caused by various factors, including poor posture, spinal conditions, or congenital factors. Treatment options range from physical therapy and braces to surgery, depending on the severity of the condition.

Kyphosis:
Kyphosis is a condition characterized by an excessive outward curvature of the upper back, resulting in a hunched or rounded appearance. It commonly affects the thoracic spine, causing a stooped posture. This condition can be caused by various factors such as poor posture, osteoporosis, degenerative diseases, or structural abnormalities.

Lordosis:
Lordosis is an excessive inward curvature of the lower back, causing the lower spine to curve inward more than normal. It can lead to an exaggerated arch in the lower back, commonly known as "swayback." Lordosis can be caused by factors such as poor posture, obesity, muscle imbalances, or certain conditions like spondylolisthesis.

Knock Knees:
Knock knees, also known as genu valgum, is a condition where the knees touch or turn inward while the feet are apart. It can be caused by various factors such as genetics, poor posture, obesity, or conditions like rickets or osteomalacia. Knock knees can affect the alignment of the legs and lead to problems with balance and stability.

Scoliosis:
Scoliosis is a condition characterized by an abnormal sideways curvature of the spine. The spine may curve to the left or right, forming an "S" or "C" shape. Scoliosis can occur in any part of the spine and can be caused by factors such as genetics, muscle imbalances, or conditions like cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy.

Exercises for Correcting Rotatory Curvature of the Spine:
The correct answer for exercises designed to correct the rotatory curvature of the spine is scoliosis (option B). Scoliosis involves a rotational component in addition to the sideways curvature of the spine. Rotatory curvature refers to the twisting or rotational aspect of the spine, which is often seen in scoliosis.

Exercises for scoliosis are specifically designed to address the rotational component of the condition and aim to improve spinal alignment, reduce the curvature, and improve overall posture. These exercises typically focus on strengthening the core muscles, improving flexibility, and promoting balanced muscle development.

Some common exercises for scoliosis may include:

1. Core Strengthening Exercises: These exercises target the muscles in the abdomen, lower back, and pelvis to improve overall stability and support for the spine. Examples include planks, bird dogs, and bridges.

2. Stretching Exercises: Stretching exercises help improve flexibility and mobility of the spine. Specific stretches may target the tight muscles on the concave side of the curve to help alleviate muscle imbalances.

3. Postural Correction Exercises: These exercises aim to correct posture and promote proper alignment of the spine. They may involve conscious awareness of posture, shoulder blade exercises, or specific movements to encourage proper spinal alignment.

4. Breathing Exercises: Deep breathing exercises can help improve lung capacity, promote relaxation, and enhance overall posture. Proper breathing techniques can also help engage the core muscles and support the spine.

It is important to note that exercises should be performed under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional or a physical therapist who specializes in scoliosis. They can assess the individual's specific condition and design a personalized exercise program to address the rotational curvature of the spine effectively.

2012 London Olympic games
Saina Nehwal and MC Mary Kom added a feather in the cap of India by securing bronze medals at the 2012 London Olympic games. Here is a breakdown of their achievements:

Saina Nehwal:
- Saina Nehwal, a talented badminton player, made history by becoming the first Indian to win an Olympic medal in badminton.
- She secured the bronze medal in the women's singles event at the 2012 London Olympic games.
- Saina's impressive performance and determination brought pride to the nation and inspired many aspiring badminton players in India.

MC Mary Kom:
- MC Mary Kom, a renowned Indian boxer, showcased her skill and determination at the 2012 London Olympic games.
- She secured the bronze medal in the women's flyweight boxing category.
- Mary Kom's achievement was significant as she had to overcome various challenges and obstacles to reach the podium at the prestigious event.
Overall, Saina Nehwal and MC Mary Kom's bronze medal wins at the 2012 London Olympic games were historic moments for Indian sports and brought a sense of pride and inspiration to the nation.

Understanding the Correctness of the Statements
The question assesses the methods that can enhance women's participation in sports. Let's analyze each statement to understand why option 'D' is correct.
Statement A: Good Technical Instruction
- Providing women with quality technical instruction is vital.
- It builds skills and confidence, enabling them to perform better and enjoy sports more.
Statement B: Motivation from Parents and Teachers
- Encouragement from parents and teachers plays a crucial role in fostering interest.
- Positive reinforcement helps girls overcome societal barriers and participate actively in physical activities.
Statement C: Coach Education Programs
- Educating coaches about ethical and interpersonal issues, especially regarding sexual harassment, is essential.
- Such programs create a safe and supportive environment, encouraging more women to engage in sports.
Conclusion: None of the Above is Incorrect
- All the statements listed contribute positively to increasing women's participation in sports.
- Therefore, the correct answer is option 'D' (None of the above), as each method proposed is valid and necessary for promoting female involvement in sports.
By understanding the importance of these statements, stakeholders can effectively implement strategies that will enhance women's participation in sports, creating a more inclusive environment overall.