All questions of Contemporary India - II for Class 10 Exam

Gold is 24 karat and yellow-colored. ... To get a silver-like color, pure yellow gold is mixed with cool-toned metals such as nickel, palladium, zinc, or rhodium. Rose gold is an alloy of gold and copper; it has a pinkish hue. it is different from others.

Explanation:
To determine which one of the following is not a fibre crop, we need to understand the characteristics and uses of each crop mentioned.
Cotton:
- Cotton is a major fibre crop and is used to produce cotton fibres, which are then used in textile industries.
- It is grown in large quantities worldwide and is an important cash crop.
Rubber:
- Rubber is not a fibre crop. It is harvested from the rubber tree, which is grown for its latex rather than its fibres.
- The latex is processed to produce natural rubber, which is used in various industries, including the production of tires, rubber gloves, and rubber bands.
Jute:
- Jute is a fibre crop that is primarily grown in India and Bangladesh.
- The fibres obtained from the jute plant are used to make burlap, sacks, and other coarse textiles.
- Jute fibres are also used in the production of carpets, mats, and ropes.
Hemp:
- Hemp is a fibre crop that is gaining popularity for its versatile uses.
- The fibres obtained from the hemp plant are used in the production of textiles, paper, biodegradable plastics, and construction materials.
- Hemp fibres are known for their strength and durability.
Therefore, the crop that is not a fibre crop is Rubber.

Over irrigation is responsible for land degradation due to water logging which leads to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil . waterlogging is a major issue in Punjab, Haryana and UP

The ideal soil for growing maize is well-drained, preferably a sandy loam. Organic matter such as compost, leaves and grass clippings can be added to soil to improve its overall quality and improve drainage, particularly for heavy clay soil.

Black soil is also Known as 'Regur'. They (Black soil) are derived from the Basalt rock. So they are dark grey to black in colour with high clay content. They are highly retentive of moisture and extremely compact.

Jute is extracted from the bark of the white jute plant (Corchorus capsularis) and to a lesser extent from tossa jute (C. olitorius). It is a natural fibre with golden and silky shine and hence called the Golden Fibre. Jute is an annual crop taking about 120 days (April/May-July/August) to grow.

Answer:

Introduction:
Land degradation refers to the deterioration of land quality, often caused by human activities such as overgrazing, deforestation, and improper land use. Overgrazing is a significant factor contributing to land degradation in several states of India. In this context, the question asks about the states in which overgrazing is responsible for land degradation.

States where overgrazing is responsible for land degradation:
The correct answer to the question is option B, which includes Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. Let's understand why overgrazing is responsible for land degradation in these states:

1. Madhya Pradesh:
- Overgrazing is a major problem in Madhya Pradesh, which leads to land degradation.
- The state has a significant livestock population, and the demand for grazing land is high.
- Due to the large number of livestock, the vegetation cover gets depleted, and the soil becomes exposed, making it susceptible to erosion.
- Overgrazing also hampers the natural regeneration of vegetation, reducing biodiversity and affecting the ecological balance.
- The loss of vegetation cover and erosion of topsoil leads to the degradation of fertile land, making it unsuitable for agriculture.

2. Rajasthan:
- Rajasthan is a predominantly arid and semi-arid region with limited rainfall and scarce vegetation.
- Overgrazing is a severe problem in the state as livestock is a major source of livelihood for the rural population.
- The continuous grazing by livestock in arid and semi-arid areas leads to the removal of vegetation and exposes the bare soil.
- Without adequate vegetation cover, the soil becomes vulnerable to wind and water erosion.
- Over time, the fertile topsoil gets eroded, leading to land degradation, desertification, and loss of agricultural productivity.

Conclusion:
Overgrazing is responsible for land degradation in several states of India. In the context of the given question, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan are the states where overgrazing contributes significantly to land degradation. It is crucial to implement sustainable grazing practices and promote proper land management to mitigate the negative impacts of overgrazing and prevent further land degradation in these states.

Black soil is the best for the cultivation of cotton. cotton grows best in black soil..

It ranks second in fruits and vegetables production in the world, after China. As per National Horticulture Database published by National Horticulture Board, during 2014-15 India produced 86.602 million metric tonnes of fruits and 169.478 million metric tonnes of vegetables.

As per google updates..........In a data released by the Bangkok based Thai Rice Exporters Association, India has beaten Thailand to become the largest exporter of rice in the world. According to the reports, India has exported 10.23 million tons of rice in the year 2015 as compared to Thailand's 9.8 million tons. if u like then plz upvote.......... nd enjoy ur study with edurev nd with me

Not considered a sacred tree in India

Neem is not considered a sacred tree in India

Neem (Azadirachta indica) is a widely used plant in traditional Indian medicine and has many practical uses. However, it is not considered a sacred tree in India.

Sacred Trees in India

India has a rich tradition of considering certain trees as sacred or holy. These trees are revered for their spiritual significance and cultural importance. Some of the most commonly considered sacred trees in India are:

- Peepal: The peepal tree (Ficus religiosa) is considered sacred in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. It is believed to be the tree under which the Buddha attained enlightenment.
- Banyan: The banyan tree (Ficus benghalensis) is also considered sacred in Hinduism and is often associated with Lord Shiva. It is believed to have healing properties and is also used in traditional medicine.
- Mango: The mango tree (Mangifera indica) is considered sacred in Hinduism and is often associated with Lord Ganesha. It is believed to symbolize love and fertility.
- Tulsi: The tulsi plant (Ocimum tenuiflorum) is considered sacred in Hinduism and is often worshipped in households as a symbol of prosperity and well-being. It is also used in Ayurvedic medicine.

Uses of Neem in India

Although neem is not considered a sacred tree in India, it is still widely used for its practical benefits. Some of the common uses of neem in India include:

- Medicinal purposes: Neem is used in traditional Indian medicine to treat a range of ailments, including skin conditions, fevers, and digestive issues.
- Pest control: Neem contains compounds that repel insects and pests, making it a popular natural pesticide in agriculture and household use.
- Personal care: Neem is used in various personal care products, such as soaps, shampoos, and toothpaste, for its antibacterial and antifungal properties.

In conclusion, neem is not considered a sacred tree in India, but it still holds a significant place in traditional medicine and practical uses.

India

D is correct because Kolkata is the inland riverine port not Chennai..

Explanation:

Slash and burn agriculture is also known as shifting agriculture, which involves the clearing of land by cutting down and burning the vegetation. The ash generated from burning the vegetation is used as fertilizer to grow crops for a few years, and then the land is left to regenerate. It is a traditional method of farming used by indigenous communities in tropical regions.

Features of Slash and Burn Agriculture:

• It is a traditional method of farming.


• The land is cleared by cutting down and burning the vegetation.


• The ash generated from burning the vegetation is used as fertilizer.


• Crops are grown for a few years, and then the land is left to regenerate.


• It is mainly practiced in tropical regions by indigenous communities.

Advantages of Slash and Burn Agriculture:

• It is a cost-effective method of farming as it does not require the use of modern technology or machinery.


• The ash generated from burning the vegetation provides natural fertilizer, which reduces the need for artificial fertilizers.


• It helps to control pests and diseases as the land is left fallow for a few years, which reduces the buildup of pests and diseases.


• It promotes biodiversity as the land is left fallow, which allows the regeneration of natural vegetation.

Disadvantages of Slash and Burn Agriculture:

• The method of clearing land by burning the vegetation releases large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which contributes to global warming.


• It leads to soil erosion as the land is left bare after the crops are harvested, which exposes the soil to erosion by wind and water.


• It is not a sustainable method of farming as it leads to the depletion of soil nutrients, which reduces crop yield over time.


• It can lead to deforestation as the land is cleared by cutting down trees, which can lead to the loss of biodiversity and the destruction of habitats.

Therefore, slash and burn agriculture is a type of shifting agriculture that involves the clearing of land by cutting down and burning the vegetation. While it has some advantages, it is not a sustainable method of farming and can have negative environmental impacts.

In the arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan, rainwater is considered as the purest form of natural water, this rain water is commonly known as Palar Pani.

These are resources which have been surveyed and their quality and quantity have been determined for utilisation. The development of resources depends on technology and level of their feasibility. For example, India has a cumulative total of 2,47,847 million tones of coal resources.

Tidal energy is a form of renewable energy that can be harnessed from the ocean's tides. It is a type of energy that is generated by the motion of the ocean's tides, which are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun. Tidal energy can be put under the category of human-made resources.

Human-made resources
Human-made resources are resources that are created by humans through their knowledge and skills. These resources are also known as artificial resources. Tidal energy is a human-made resource because it is generated by the use of technology that has been developed by humans. Tidal energy is generated by using tidal turbines, which are similar to wind turbines but are designed to work in water. These turbines are placed in areas of the ocean where there is a high tidal range, such as estuaries or bays.

Advantages of tidal energy
1. Renewable: Tidal energy is a renewable resource, which means that it can be used over and over again without depleting the resource.

2. Non-polluting: Tidal energy is a non-polluting resource, which means that it does not produce any harmful emissions that can harm the environment.

3. Reliable: Tidal energy is a reliable resource, which means that it is predictable and can be used to generate electricity when it is needed.

4. Cost-effective: Tidal energy is cost-effective in the long run as it requires low maintenance cost and has a lifespan of 75 to 100 years.

Disadvantages of tidal energy
1. Limited availability: Tidal energy can only be harnessed in areas where there is a high tidal range, which limits its availability.

2. High initial cost: The initial cost of building tidal power plants is high, which makes it difficult to fund such projects.

3. Environmental impact: The construction of tidal power plants can have a negative impact on the environment, as it can affect marine wildlife and disrupt tidal patterns.

Conclusion
In conclusion, tidal energy is a human-made resource that has the potential to provide a reliable and sustainable source of energy. While it has some disadvantages, its advantages make it a promising resource for the future.

Today, China is a major producer of greentea with annual production of 2,550 million kilograms. India is a major producer of black tea with annual production of 1,278 million kilograms, he said. India is the thirdlargest tea exporter to China, he said. ... Our teas are new but our varieties are more.

so, India is leading producer of tea :)

30%

Option c is correct B'cuz rubber is a crop which is grown for sale but not for local consumption........nd' therefore it's a plantation crop.......... hence... it's an example of plantation farming.... that's it

First cement plant set up in chennai in around 1940-50...first jute industry was established in Kolkata

(D) In Sariska Tiger Reserve Rajasthani villagers have fought against mining by citing the Wildlife Protection Act. In many areas villagers themselves are protecting habitats and explicitly rejecting government involvement.

The cold desert of Ladakh is relativly isolated from the rest of the country because it is the intermountain located between the Karakoram range on North and Himalayas on the south, both worlds loftiest or impressive mountain ranges.

Plantation agriculture describes a system of agriculture where a single crop is grown on a large area.

Sources of fresh water are ice sheets, ice caps, glaciers, icebergs, bogs, ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, and even underground water called groundwater.

Most of the sugar industries are ideally suited to the cooperative sector.
Reasons:
- The sugar industry requires a large amount of capital investment and cooperative sector allows for pooling of resources from multiple individuals or groups.
- The cooperative sector allows for the participation and involvement of farmers and cane growers who have a direct interest in the sugar industry.
- Cooperatives can provide a platform for small-scale farmers to have a collective voice and negotiate better prices for their sugarcane.
- The cooperative sector promotes the principle of democratic decision-making, allowing all members to have a say in the management and operations of the sugar industry.
- Cooperative sugar industries often prioritize the welfare of farmers and cane growers, ensuring fair and equitable distribution of profits.
- Cooperative sector encourages the sharing of knowledge and best practices among members, leading to improved productivity and efficiency in the sugar industry.
- The cooperative sector also promotes the concept of social responsibility, as it focuses on the overall development of the community and the welfare of its members.
It is important to note that while most sugar industries are ideally suited to the cooperative sector, there may be exceptions depending on the specific circumstances and dynamics of each industry.

Balaghat Copper Mines are situated in Madhya Pradesh.

Explanation:
Madhya Pradesh is the correct answer because Balaghat Copper Mines are located in Balaghat district of Madhya Pradesh. Here is a detailed explanation of why Madhya Pradesh is the correct answer:

1. Balaghat Copper Mines:
- Balaghat Copper Mines are one of the largest copper mines in India.
- The mines are located in the Balaghat district of Madhya Pradesh.

2. Madhya Pradesh:
- Madhya Pradesh is a state in central India.
- It is the second-largest state in India by area and the sixth-largest state by population.
- The state is known for its rich mineral resources and is a major producer of minerals like coal, limestone, bauxite, manganese, copper, etc.
- Balaghat district is situated in the eastern part of Madhya Pradesh and is known for its mineral wealth, particularly copper.

3. Balaghat District:
- Balaghat district is located in the eastern part of Madhya Pradesh.
- It is surrounded by districts like Mandla, Seoni, Chhindwara, and Jabalpur.
- The district is known for its mineral resources, including copper, manganese, dolomite, and limestone.
- The Balaghat Copper Mines are situated in the Malanjkhand belt of the Balaghat district.

4. Importance of Balaghat Copper Mines:
- Balaghat Copper Mines are of great economic importance to the state and the country.
- The mines produce a significant amount of copper, which is an important metal used in various industries like electrical, transportation, construction, etc.
- The copper mines in Balaghat contribute to the overall mineral production of Madhya Pradesh and play a crucial role in the state's economy.

In conclusion, the Balaghat Copper Mines are situated in the Balaghat district of Madhya Pradesh, making option 'C' the correct answer.

India's Percentage of Total Number of Species in the World
India is known for its rich biodiversity and is home to a wide variety of plant and animal species. To determine the percentage of total number of species in the world that India possesses, we need to consider the following points:
1. Total Number of Species in the World:
- The total number of species in the world is estimated to be around 8.7 million.

2. Total Number of Species in India:
- India is one of the 17 mega-diverse countries in the world.
- It is estimated that India is home to around 8-10% of the global species.
- Considering the lower estimate of 8%, we can calculate the total number of species in India as follows:
Total number of species in India = 8% of 8.7 million = 0.08 * 8.7 million = 696,000 species.

3. Calculating the Percentage:
- To calculate the percentage of total number of species in the world that India possesses, we can use the following formula:
Percentage = (Total number of species in India / Total number of species in the world) * 100
- Plugging in the values, we get:
Percentage = (696,000 / 8,700,000) * 100
Percentage ≈ 7.99%

4. Answer:
- India has approximately 8% of the total number of species in the world.
- Rounding off, the answer is approximately 8%.
- Therefore, the correct answer is option C: 8.

The current generated by kinetic energy of water changing into electrical energy is called hydroelectricity.the 22% current generated in India by hydroelectricity power plant.

Madhya Pradesh is the largest producer of copper in India. Here is a detailed explanation of why Madhya Pradesh holds this position:

Geographical Advantage:
- Madhya Pradesh is centrally located in India, which gives it a strategic advantage for transportation and logistics.
- The state has a well-developed network of roads, railways, and ports, making it easier to transport copper and other minerals to different parts of the country.

Rich Copper Deposits:
- Madhya Pradesh is blessed with abundant reserves of copper ore.
- The state has several major copper mines, including Malanjkhand Copper Project in Balaghat district, which is the largest copper deposit in India.
- Other significant copper mines in Madhya Pradesh include Khetri Copper Complex and Rakha Copper Complex.

Mining Infrastructure:
- Madhya Pradesh has well-established mining infrastructure to extract and process copper ore.
- The state has numerous mining companies and facilities that specialize in copper mining and processing.
- These companies have the necessary equipment, technology, and expertise to extract copper from the earth and refine it into usable forms.

Government Support:
- The government of Madhya Pradesh has been proactive in promoting mining activities in the state.
- It has implemented favorable policies and provided incentives to attract investment in the mining sector.
- The state government also ensures the proper regulation and monitoring of mining activities to protect the environment and ensure sustainable mining practices.

Employment Generation:
- Copper mining in Madhya Pradesh provides significant employment opportunities for the local population.
- The mining industry creates jobs directly in the mines as well as indirectly in related sectors such as transportation, logistics, and manufacturing.
- This contributes to the economic development of the state and improves the standard of living for the people.

Conclusion:
Madhya Pradesh's geographical advantage, rich copper deposits, well-developed mining infrastructure, government support, and employment generation make it the largest producer of copper in India. The state's commitment to sustainable mining practices and its focus on attracting investment further contribute to its leadership in the copper mining industry.

The Salal Dam is a hydroelectric dam located on the Chenab River in the Reasi district of Jammu and Kashmir, India. Here are some key points about the Salal Dam:
- The dam is built across the Chenab River, which is one of the major rivers in northern India.
- It is situated in the state of Jammu and Kashmir, specifically in the Reasi district.
- The construction of the dam started in 1978 and was completed in 1995.
- The primary purpose of the dam is to generate hydroelectric power.
- The installed capacity of the Salal Dam power station is 690 MW, making it one of the significant hydroelectric power projects in the region.
- The dam is operated by the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC).
- Apart from power generation, the dam also helps in irrigation and flood control in the Chenab River basin.
Therefore, the correct answer is option A: Chenab.

Endemic species:
Endemic species are those that are native or restricted to a specific geographic region and are not found anywhere else in the world. They evolve in isolation and have unique adaptations to their local environment.
Examples of endemic species:
Among the given options, the example of an endemic species is:
- Mithun: Mithun, also known as the Gayal, is a semi-domesticated bovine species found in the northeastern region of India, particularly in the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, and Mizoram. It is considered an endemic species because it is not found in any other part of the world.
Other options mentioned are not endemic species:
- Asiatic elephant: Asiatic elephants are found in various countries across Asia, including India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Myanmar. They are not restricted to a specific geographic region and are not endemic to a particular area.
- Gangetic dolphin: Gangetic dolphins, also known as the Ganges river dolphins, are found in the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna river systems in India, Nepal, and Bangladesh. While they have a limited distribution range, they are not restricted to a single region and can be found in other parts of the world.
- Asiatic cheetah: Asiatic cheetahs are critically endangered and are currently found only in Iran. While their population is limited and restricted to a specific country, they are not considered endemic as they were historically found in other parts of Asia as well.
Therefore, the correct answer is C: Mithun as it is the example of an endemic species.

When the running water cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep channels known as Gullies, it is gully erosion.

Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) is an Indiansocial movement consisting of native tribals (adivasis), farmers, environmentalists andhuman rights activists against the number of large dams being built across the river Narmada, which flows through the states ofGujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.Sardar Sarovar Dam in Gujarat is one of the biggest dams on the river and was one of the first focal points of the movement. It is one of the many dams under the Narmada Dam Project whose main aim is to provide irrigation and electricity to people in these states.

In Meghalaya, the bamboo-drip irrigation system is prevalent. This unique method of irrigation has been practiced by the farmers of Meghalaya for centuries and is well-suited to the hilly terrain and abundant rainfall of the state.

Below are the reasons why Meghalaya has a prevalent bamboo-drip irrigation system:

1. Geographic Factors: Meghalaya is a hilly state located in northeastern India, receiving heavy rainfall throughout the year. The terrain is unsuitable for traditional irrigation methods due to its steep slopes and rocky terrain. The bamboo-drip irrigation system is ideal for such conditions as it allows water to flow slowly and evenly to the crops, preventing erosion and water runoff.

2. Bamboo Availability: Meghalaya is known for its dense bamboo forests. Bamboo is a versatile and sustainable material that is abundantly available in the region. It is used to create the drip irrigation system, consisting of bamboo pipes with small holes drilled in them to allow water to drip onto the crops below. The use of bamboo ensures a low cost and environmentally friendly irrigation system.

3. Water Conservation: The bamboo-drip irrigation system is designed to conserve water. By allowing water to drip directly onto the plants, it minimizes water wastage compared to traditional flood irrigation methods. This is crucial in areas with limited water resources, such as Meghalaya.

4. Customary Practice: The bamboo-drip irrigation system has been a customary practice among the farmers of Meghalaya for generations. The knowledge and skills required for setting up and maintaining the system have been passed down through the ages. This traditional method has proven to be effective in sustaining agriculture in the region.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the bamboo-drip irrigation system is prevalent in Meghalaya due to the state's geographic factors, the abundance of bamboo, the need for water conservation, and the traditional knowledge and practices of the local farmers. This unique irrigation system has enabled sustainable agriculture in the hilly terrain of Meghalaya, making it a suitable choice for the state.

Reasons for depletion of forests:

a) Mining
Mining activities involve the excavation of minerals and ores from the ground which often leads to deforestation. The destruction of forests for mining activities can cause severe damage to the ecosystem and adversely affect the biodiversity of the region.

b) Multi-purpose river valley projects
Multi-purpose river valley projects such as dams and reservoirs require vast tracts of forestland for construction purposes. This often leads to the displacement of local communities and the destruction of the natural habitat of various species.

c) Grazing
Grazing is a common practice in many parts of the world, and it involves the feeding of livestock on natural vegetation in forests. Overgrazing can cause soil erosion, soil compaction, and the destruction of vegetation cover, leading to the depletion of forests.

d) Creation of shelter belts
The creation of shelter belts is not a reason for the depletion of forests. Shelter belts are created by planting trees in rows along the edges of farmland to protect crops from the wind and other elements.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the depletion of forests is primarily caused by mining activities, multi-purpose river valley projects, and grazing. The creation of shelter belts, on the other hand, is not a cause of deforestation. It is important to implement sustainable forest management practices to ensure that forests are conserved for future generations.

China

Pawanhans Helicopters LTD provides services to Oil and Natural Gas Commission in its offshore operations.

Pawanhans Helicopters LTD is the correct answer for the question. This organization is an Indian government-owned helicopter services company that provides helicopter support for various purposes including offshore operations.

Here is a detailed explanation:

1. Pawanhans Helicopters LTD:
- Pawanhans Helicopters LTD is an Indian government-owned helicopter services company.
- It is one of the major helicopter service providers in India.
- The company offers a wide range of services including offshore operations.
- The offshore operations involve providing helicopter support to various offshore facilities such as oil rigs and gas platforms.
- The helicopters are used to transport personnel, equipment, and supplies to and from these offshore facilities.

2. Oil and Natural Gas Commission:
- The Oil and Natural Gas Commission (ONGC) is an Indian multinational oil and gas company.
- It is a public sector undertaking under the Government of India.
- ONGC is involved in the exploration, production, and refining of oil and natural gas.
- The company operates offshore oil and gas fields located in the Indian waters of the Arabian Sea.

3. Helicopter Services for Offshore Operations:
- Offshore operations in the oil and gas industry require reliable and efficient transportation services.
- Helicopters are widely used for offshore operations due to their ability to access remote locations and provide quick transportation.
- The helicopters used for offshore operations are specially designed and equipped to meet the unique requirements of the oil and gas industry.
- These helicopters are capable of carrying heavy loads, have a long range, and are equipped with advanced navigation and communication systems.

4. Pawanhans Helicopters LTD and ONGC:
- Pawanhans Helicopters LTD has a long-standing association with ONGC.
- The company has been providing helicopter support to ONGC for its offshore operations for many years.
- Pawanhans Helicopters LTD operates a fleet of helicopters that are dedicated to serving ONGC's requirements.
- These helicopters are used to transport ONGC personnel to and from offshore facilities, carry out emergency medical evacuations, and transport equipment and supplies.

In conclusion, Pawanhans Helicopters LTD provides services to Oil and Natural Gas Commission in its offshore operations. The company plays a crucial role in supporting ONGC's activities in the offshore oil and gas fields.