All questions of Basics of Computer Design for Computer Science Engineering (CSE) Exam

Explanation: The data usually used by computers have to be stored and represented in a particular format for ease of use. Explanation: The data to be stored in the computers have to be encoded in a particular way so as to provide secure processing of the data.

Memory function complete or MFC is just a signal that tells the cpu that the current operation involving the memory is complete and by that definition it is obvious that MFC signal will be generated in case of write operation also as in the case of read operation.

Register and its types

A register is a device that stores data in a digital system. It is a collection of flip-flops that store binary information. There are several types of registers:

1. Shift Register: It is a type of register that is used to shift data in and out of the register one bit at a time.

2. Parallel Register: It is a type of register that is used to store data in parallel form.

3. Serial-in-Serial-out (SISO) Register: It is a type of register that is used to store data in serial form.

4. Serial-in-Parallel-out (SIPO) Register: It is a type of register that is used to store data in parallel form after receiving it in serial form.

5. Parallel-in-Serial-out (PISO) Register: It is a type of register that is used to store data in serial form after receiving it in parallel form.

D Flip-flop

A D flip-flop is a type of flip-flop that stores a single bit of data. It has two inputs, one is the data input (D) and the other is the clock input (CLK). When the clock input is high, the data input is transferred to the output. When the clock input is low, the output remains unchanged.

Uses of D Flip-flop

D flip-flops are widely used in digital systems for various purposes. Some of the common uses of D flip-flops are:

1. To store data in registers: D flip-flops are used to store data in registers.

2. To build counters: D flip-flops are used to build counters that count the number of clock pulses.

3. To build shift registers: D flip-flops are used to build shift registers that shift data in and out of the register.

4. To synchronize data: D flip-flops are used to synchronize data in digital systems.

Conclusion

In conclusion, D flip-flops are used to store data in registers. They are widely used in digital systems for various purposes like building counters, shift registers, and synchronizing data.

Explanation:
SPEC (Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation) rating is a benchmarking system used to measure the performance of computer systems. The reference system used to find the SPEC rating as of 2000 was built with the Ultra SPARC-IIi 300MHz processor.

Ultra SPARC-IIi 300MHz Processor:
The Ultra SPARC-IIi is a microprocessor designed by Sun Microsystems. It was released in 1999 and was used in Sun's workstations and servers. It is a 64-bit processor with a clock speed of 300 MHz. It has a superscalar architecture with out-of-order execution and multiple instruction pipelines.

Other options:
a) Intel Atom: Intel Atom is a line of low-power, low-cost microprocessors designed for netbooks, tablets, and other mobile devices. It was first introduced in 2008, which is after the reference system used to find the SPEC rating.

c) AMD Neutrino series: There is no such thing as the AMD Neutrino series. It is a made-up name.

d) ASUS A series: ASUS A series is a line of laptops produced by ASUS. It does not refer to a specific processor. Also, the reference system used to find the SPEC rating is not built with a laptop processor.

In conclusion, the correct answer is option 'B' Ultra SPARC-IIi 300MHz processor.

By using single BUS structure we can minimize the amount hardware (wire) required and thereby reducing the cost.

Explanation: PCI BUS is used to connect other peripheral devices which require a direct connection with the processor. Explanation: SCSI BUS is usually used to connect the video devices to the processor.

The performance of a system can be found out using the Basic performance formula. OPTION (A) IS CORRECT.

Super-scaling

Super-scaling is a technique used in computer architecture that allows multiple instructions to be executed simultaneously in a single clock cycle. This technique helps to reduce the average number of steps taken to execute a set of instructions.

How does Super-scaling work?

Super-scaling works by allowing the processor to fetch, decode, and execute multiple instructions at the same time. This is achieved by using multiple execution units within the processor. Each execution unit is capable of executing a different instruction simultaneously.

Advantages of Super-scaling

1. Faster execution of instructions - Super-scaling allows multiple instructions to be executed simultaneously, which results in faster execution of instructions.

2. Increased throughput - Super-scaling allows the processor to execute more instructions per clock cycle, which results in increased throughput.

3. Better utilization of resources - Super-scaling helps to better utilize the resources of the processor by allowing multiple instructions to be executed simultaneously.

4. Improved performance - Super-scaling helps to improve the performance of the processor by reducing the average number of steps taken to execute a set of instructions.

Conclusion

Super-scaling is a powerful technique used in computer architecture to improve the performance of processors. By allowing multiple instructions to be executed simultaneously, super-scaling helps to reduce the average number of steps taken to execute a set of instructions, which results in faster execution of instructions and improved performance.

Register File in Bus Organisation

Overview:
In computer architecture, the register file is a collection of processor registers that are used by the CPU to perform various operations. In multiple bus organisation, the registers are collectively placed and referred to as the Register File.

Function:
The register file serves as a temporary storage location for data that is being processed by the CPU. The registers in a register file are typically very fast and can be accessed much more quickly than main memory.

Placement:
In multiple bus organisation, the register file is collectively placed and referred to as the Register File. The term "file" refers to a collection of related data that is stored in a single location. In this case, the related data are the registers that are used by the CPU.

Benefits:
The use of a register file can significantly improve the performance of a CPU. By storing frequently accessed data in registers, the CPU can avoid the much slower process of accessing main memory. This can result in faster program execution and better overall system performance.

Conclusion:
In summary, the register file is a critical component of a CPU that is used to store and manipulate data during program execution. In multiple bus organization, the registers are collectively placed and referred to as the Register File. The use of a register file can significantly improve the performance of a CPU by reducing the need to access main memory.

Calculation of Clock Period

The clock period of a processor is the time taken by the processor to complete one cycle. It is calculated as the inverse of the clock frequency.

Given, the clock frequency of the processor = 1250 million cycles per second

To calculate the clock period, we need to convert the frequency from million cycles per second to cycles per second.

1 million = 106

Therefore, the clock frequency = 1250 * 106 cycles per second

The clock period is given by the formula:

Clock period = 1 / Clock frequency

Substituting the values, we get:

Clock period = 1 / (1250 * 106) seconds

Clock period = 8 * 10-10 seconds

Therefore, the correct option is D) 8 * 10-10 seconds.

Data is information that has been translated into a form that is efficient for movement or processing. Relative to today's computers and transmission media, data is information converted into binary digital form. It is acceptable for data to be used as a singular subject or a plural subject. Raw data is a term used to describe data in its most basic digital format.

The I/O devices are connected to the CPU via BUS and to interact with the BUS they’ve a interface.

Optimizing Compiler and its advantage

An optimizing compiler is a type of compiler that tries to improve the performance of the compiled code. It does this by analyzing the program code and making changes to it that make it run faster or use less memory. The main advantage of an optimizing compiler is that it can take advantage of the type of processor being used and reduce its processing time.

Some of the advantages of an optimizing compiler are:

1. Improved performance - An optimizing compiler can analyze the program code and make changes that make it run faster. This can lead to significant improvements in performance, especially for programs that are computationally intensive.

2. Efficient Memory Management - Optimizing compilers can also improve memory management in a program. By analyzing the program code, the compiler can determine the most efficient way to use memory, reducing the amount of memory needed and improving program performance.

3. Processor-specific optimizations - An optimizing compiler can take advantage of the specific features of a processor to improve performance. For example, it can use vector instructions to perform multiple calculations at once, or it can use specialized instructions to perform certain tasks more efficiently.

4. Reduced development time - Optimizing compilers can also help reduce development time by automatically optimizing the code. This can save developers time and effort, allowing them to focus on other aspects of the program.

In conclusion, an optimizing compiler is a powerful tool that can help improve the performance of a program. By taking advantage of the specific features of a processor and optimizing the code for efficient memory management, an optimizing compiler can significantly improve program performance.

The Z register is a special register which can interact with the processor BUS only.

The Ultimate Goal of a Compiler is to Reduce the Clock Cycles for a Programming Task.

Compiler is a software program that translates the source code written in a high-level programming language into machine language that can be understood by the computer's hardware. The ultimate goal of a compiler is to reduce the time required to execute a program by reducing the clock cycles for a programming task.

The following are the reasons why reducing the clock cycles for a programming task is the ultimate goal of a compiler:

1. Faster Execution: The faster the program runs, the better its performance. The compiler's primary goal is to translate the high-level language code into machine language code, which can be executed by the computer's hardware. The faster the compiled code executes, the better the program's performance.

2. Efficient Use of Resources: A compiler must use the available resources efficiently. The resources include CPU, memory, and other hardware resources. If the compiled code runs faster, it uses the resources more efficiently.

3. User Satisfaction: The faster the program runs, the more satisfied the user will be. If the program runs slowly, the user may lose interest in it and switch to a faster alternative. Therefore, it is essential to reduce the clock cycles for a programming task to improve user satisfaction.

4. Reduced Development Time: If the compiler can reduce the clock cycles required to execute a program, it will also reduce the development time. The developers can test their code and make changes faster if the compiled code runs faster.

In conclusion, the ultimate goal of a compiler is to reduce the clock cycles required to execute a program. This will result in faster execution, efficient use of resources, improved user satisfaction, and reduced development time.