All questions of The Cold War Era (Old Syllabus) for Humanities/Arts Exam

Because of the conflict between two superpowers the whole Europe divided into two alliance, and prozy wars used happened in Europe to retaliate the actual hot war.I hope you got the correct explaination.

Yes Cuba is the country which was an ally of Soviet union it was totally dependent on USSR for its Financial and military aid

Warsaw pact was created in 1955 to counter NATO in Europe.

The First Non-Aligned Summit Held in 1961

The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was founded in 1961, and the first summit was held in Belgrade, Yugoslavia (now Serbia) in the same year. The NAM was established as an alternative to the existing power blocs of the Cold War era, namely the United States-led Western bloc and the Soviet Union-led Eastern bloc.

Background

The idea of non-alignment had been proposed by leaders of newly independent nations who wanted to avoid taking sides in the Cold War. The Bandung Conference, held in Indonesia in 1955, was a precursor to the NAM and brought together leaders of 29 Asian and African countries who were committed to promoting economic and political cooperation among their nations.

Establishment of NAM

The NAM was officially established at the Belgrade Summit in 1961, attended by leaders of 25 countries. The founding members included India's Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, Egypt's President Gamal Abdel Nasser, Yugoslavia's President Josip Broz Tito, and Indonesia's President Sukarno.

Objectives

The NAM's primary objective was to promote peace, security, and cooperation among its member states, while maintaining their independence and sovereignty. The movement aimed to provide a platform for developing countries to voice their concerns and interests in the international arena.

Achievements

Over the years, the NAM has played an important role in promoting disarmament, decolonization, and the rights of developing countries. It has also supported the struggles of oppressed peoples, such as the people of Palestine and South Africa.

Conclusion

The first NAM summit held in 1961 marked the beginning of a new era in international relations, one that sought to promote cooperation among nations based on the principles of non-alignment. The movement has since grown to include 120 member states and remains an important voice for the developing world.

Fidel Castro was the president of the small island nation Cuba off the coast of the United States.

Background:

Cuba is an island nation located in the Caribbean Sea, just south of the United States. The country has a rich history, with a vibrant culture and a diverse population. However, Cuba is perhaps best known for its political history, which has been shaped by a number of different leaders over the years. One of the most famous of these leaders was Fidel Castro.

Fidel Castro:

Fidel Castro was born in 1926, and he became involved in politics at a young age. He was a communist, and he believed that the people of Cuba deserved a better life than they were currently living. In 1959, Castro led a revolution that overthrew the Cuban government, and he became the country's prime minister. A few years later, he declared himself president of Cuba.

Castro's presidency was marked by a number of significant events. One of the most famous of these was the Cuban Missile Crisis, which occurred in 1962. During this crisis, the United States and the Soviet Union were on the brink of war over the presence of Soviet missiles in Cuba. Ultimately, the crisis was resolved peacefully, but it was a tense moment in world history.

Castro remained in power in Cuba for many years, and he was known for his communist policies and his outspoken criticism of the United States. He eventually stepped down from power in 2008, and his brother Raul Castro took over as president.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, Fidel Castro was the president of the small island nation Cuba off the coast of the United States. He was a controversial figure who led a revolution and ruled the country for many years. Despite his many critics, he remains an important figure in the history of Cuba and the world.

Because of geography distribution of Europe.
The eastern countries of Europe was headed by ussr whereas the western countries was headed by usa . So Warsaw pact is also called Eastern alliance and NATO is also Western alliance

(A) China

The First Non-Aligned Summit was held in Belgrade, Yugoslavia from September 1-6, 1961. The summit was attended by representatives from 25 member states.

Reasoning:

- The Non-Aligned Movement was formed in 1961 by a group of countries who did not want to align themselves with either the United States or the Soviet Union during the Cold War.
- The First Non-Aligned Summit was held in Belgrade, Yugoslavia from September 1-6, 1961.
- According to historical records, 25 member states were present at the summit.

Therefore, the correct answer is option B, 25.

This is the incident of second world war. Japan was it's rivalry and us knew that the war to about to end and Japan was about to surrender yet he dropped atom bombs on Japan to show its power.

Soviet Union

During 1989 and 1990, the Berlin Wall came down, borders opened, and free elections ousted Communist regimes everywhere in eastern Europe. In late 1991 the Soviet Union itself dissolved into its component republics. With stunning speed, the Iron Curtain was lifted and the Cold War came to an end.

Number of Nuclear Weapons during Cold War

During the Cold War, the two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, possessed thousands of nuclear weapons. The exact number of nuclear weapons during the Cold War is difficult to determine due to the secrecy of both countries. However, estimates suggest that both nations had a total of approximately 70,000 nuclear weapons at the height of the Cold War.

1. United States Nuclear Weapons
The United States developed and maintained a vast nuclear arsenal during the Cold War. Some of the key points regarding the U.S. nuclear weapons are:

- The United States developed its first nuclear weapon in 1945.
- The country conducted over 1,000 nuclear tests between 1945 and 1992.
- At the height of the Cold War, the United States had an estimated 31,255 nuclear weapons.
- The U.S. nuclear arsenal included a variety of delivery systems, such as intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs), and strategic bombers.

2. Soviet Union Nuclear Weapons
The Soviet Union also developed and maintained a vast nuclear arsenal during the Cold War. Some of the key points regarding the Soviet Union's nuclear weapons are:

- The Soviet Union developed its first nuclear weapon in 1949.
- The country conducted over 700 nuclear tests between 1949 and 1990.
- At the height of the Cold War, the Soviet Union had an estimated 40,000 nuclear weapons.
- The Soviet nuclear arsenal included a variety of delivery systems, such as ICBMs, SLBMs, and strategic bombers.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the United States and the Soviet Union possessed thousands of nuclear weapons during the Cold War. The exact number of nuclear weapons is difficult to determine due to the secrecy of both countries, but estimates suggest that both nations had a total of approximately 70,000 nuclear weapons at the height of the Cold War.

Correctness of Statements:

1. Statement 1:
- The Axis Powers during World War II did indeed include Germany, Italy, and Japan. This statement is correct.

2. Statement 2:
- The Allied Powers during World War II included the USA, USSR, Britain, and France. This statement is also correct.

3. Statement 3:
- The term "Third World" did not specifically refer to countries aligned with the Soviet Union during the Cold War. The term actually originated during the Cold War to categorize countries that were not aligned with NATO (the First World) or the Communist Bloc (the Second World). Therefore, this statement is incorrect.
Therefore, only statements 1 and 2 are correct, making the correct answer to the question option 'B' - Only two.

Bay of Pigs
The Bay of Pigs refers to the unsuccessful attempt by the US-backed Cuban exiles to overthrow the government of the Cuban premier, Fidel Castro. Here is a detailed explanation:

Background:
- In 1959, Fidel Castro led a successful revolution in Cuba, overthrowing the US-supported dictator Fulgencio Batista.
- Castro's regime quickly established close ties with the Soviet Union, causing concern in the US during the Cold War.

The Plan:
- In 1961, the CIA devised a plan to train and equip Cuban exiles to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro.
- The invasion was to take place at the Bay of Pigs, located on the southern coast of Cuba.

The Invasion:
- On April 17, 1961, around 1,400 Cuban exiles landed at the Bay of Pigs in an attempt to overthrow Castro's government.
- However, the invasion was poorly executed, with air support failing to materialize and communication issues hampering the operation.

The Outcome:
- Castro's forces quickly defeated the invaders, leading to the capture or killing of many of the exiles.
- The Bay of Pigs invasion was a humiliating failure for the US, damaging its reputation and emboldening Castro's regime.

Aftermath:
- The failed invasion further strained US-Cuban relations and solidified Castro's grip on power.
- It also highlighted the dangers of covert operations and the need for better planning and coordination in such endeavors.
In conclusion, the Bay of Pigs invasion was a significant event in Cold War history, showcasing the complexities and challenges of US foreign policy in the face of communist regimes.

Answer:

Country of Josip Broz Tito:

Josip Broz Tito was a Yugoslav revolutionary and statesman who served as the Prime Minister and President of Yugoslavia. He was born on May 7, 1892, in Kumrovec, Croatia, which was then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Yugoslavia:

Yugoslavia was a country in Southeast Europe that existed from 1918 to 1992. It was created after World War I by the union of several South Slavic territories, including Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Macedonia.

Tito and Yugoslavia:

Tito played a major role in the creation and development of Yugoslavia. He led the Partisan resistance against the Axis powers during World War II and became the country's first Prime Minister in 1945. He later served as the President of Yugoslavia from 1953 until his death in 1980.

Conclusion:

Josip Broz Tito came from Yugoslavia. He was born in Croatia, which was part of Yugoslavia at the time of his birth. Tito played a significant role in the creation and development of Yugoslavia, and he served as the country's Prime Minister and President for many years.

The president of the United States during the Cuban Missile Crisis was John F. Kennedy.

The Cuban Missile Crisis was a major confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union that occurred in October 1962. It was a tense period of about two weeks when the world stood on the brink of nuclear war.

President John F. Kennedy played a crucial role in navigating this crisis and is often credited with averting a potential catastrophe.

Here is a detailed explanation of why the correct answer is John F. Kennedy:

I. Background of the Cuban Missile Crisis:
- In 1959, Fidel Castro led a revolution in Cuba and established a communist government.
- This alarmed the United States, as it was concerned about the spread of communism in its sphere of influence.
- The United States attempted to undermine Castro's regime through various means, including economic sanctions and support for anti-Castro forces.

II. Soviet Union's Response:
- In response to the United States' actions, the Soviet Union, under the leadership of Nikita Khrushchev, sought to strengthen its influence in the Western Hemisphere.
- Khrushchev decided to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba, which would have given the Soviet Union the capability to strike the United States directly.

III. Discovery of Soviet Missiles:
- In October 1962, U.S. intelligence discovered evidence of Soviet missile installations in Cuba.
- This discovery set off alarm bells in Washington, as it meant that the United States was now within range of Soviet nuclear weapons.

IV. President Kennedy's Response:
- Facing this grave threat, President Kennedy assembled a group of advisors known as the Executive Committee of the National Security Council (ExComm).
- Kennedy's ExComm debated various options, including a military strike on the missile sites or a naval blockade of Cuba.
- Ultimately, Kennedy decided to impose a naval quarantine, or blockade, around Cuba to prevent further shipments of Soviet missiles.

V. Diplomatic Negotiations:
- Kennedy also pursued diplomatic negotiations with the Soviet Union to resolve the crisis peacefully.
- Through backchannel communications with Khrushchev, Kennedy proposed a deal in which the United States would remove its missiles from Turkey in exchange for the Soviet Union removing its missiles from Cuba.

VI. Resolution of the Crisis:
- After tense negotiations, Khrushchev agreed to Kennedy's proposal, and the crisis was resolved without further escalation.
- The United States and the Soviet Union reached a secret agreement, known as the Kennedy-Khrushchev understanding, to end the crisis.

In conclusion, John F. Kennedy was the president of the United States during the Cuban Missile Crisis. His leadership and decision-making during this crisis were instrumental in preventing a nuclear war between the United States and the Soviet Union.

Explanation:

Statement 1: The Cold War period extended from 1945 to 1991
The statement is correct. The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union and the United States and their respective allies. It began in the aftermath of World War II in 1945 and lasted until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.

Statement 2: The Cuban Missile Crisis occurred in 1962
The statement is correct. The Cuban Missile Crisis took place in October 1962 when the United States discovered Soviet missiles in Cuba, leading to a tense standoff between the two superpowers.

Statement 3: The Warsaw Pact was formed in 1949
The statement is incorrect. The Warsaw Pact was formed in 1955 as a response to the creation of NATO in 1949. It was a military alliance between the Soviet Union and its satellite states in Eastern Europe.
Therefore, only statements 1 and 2 are correct, making the correct answer option “B) Only two.”

Nikita Khrushchev converted Cuba into a Russian base.

Background:
- In 1959, Fidel Castro overthrew the Cuban government and established a communist regime in Cuba.
- The U.S. government was concerned about the spread of communism in the Western Hemisphere and attempted to overthrow Castro's government through the Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961.
- This led to increased tensions between the U.S. and Cuba.

Khrushchev's decision to place missiles in Cuba:
- Khrushchev saw an opportunity to gain a strategic advantage over the U.S. by placing missiles in Cuba.
- In 1962, Khrushchev secretly began to send Soviet missiles and military personnel to Cuba.
- The U.S. discovered the missile sites through aerial reconnaissance and demanded that the Soviet Union remove them.

The Cuban Missile Crisis:
- The discovery of the missile sites led to a tense standoff between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.
- The U.S. blockaded Cuba to prevent any further shipments of missiles and demanded that the Soviet Union remove the existing missiles.
- Khrushchev initially refused to remove the missiles, but eventually agreed to remove them in exchange for a U.S. promise not to invade Cuba and to remove missiles from Turkey.

Aftermath:
- The Cuban Missile Crisis was a turning point in the Cold War and demonstrated the dangers of nuclear war.
- Khrushchev's decision to place missiles in Cuba strained relations between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.
- Cuba remained a communist country and a close ally of the Soviet Union until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.

The answer to the question is John F. Kennedy. Here are some details about it:

Background:
- In 1962, the Soviet Union began to install nuclear missiles in Cuba, which was just 90 miles away from the United States.
- The United States saw this as a threat to its national security and demanded that the Soviet Union remove the missiles.
- The situation became tense and both sides were preparing for a potential nuclear war.

Kennedy's order:
- On October 22, 1962, President John F. Kennedy announced a naval blockade of Cuba to prevent Soviet ships from delivering more missiles.
- He ordered American warships to intercept any Soviet ships heading to Cuba and search them for weapons.
- This was a risky move, as it could have led to a direct confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union.

Impact:
- The naval blockade lasted for 13 days and was the closest the world ever came to a nuclear war.
- Eventually, the Soviet Union agreed to remove the missiles from Cuba in exchange for a US promise not to invade Cuba and to remove US missiles from Turkey.
- The crisis ended peacefully, but it was a sobering reminder of the dangers of nuclear weapons and the importance of diplomacy in resolving conflicts.

Division between Superpowers in Europe

The division between the two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, occurred first in Europe, after the end of World War II.

Background and Causes

The division was caused by a number of factors, including ideological differences, political tensions, and the aftermath of the war. During the war, the Soviet Union and the United States were allies, but after the war, tensions began to rise between the two nations.

The Soviet Union was a communist state, while the United States was a capitalist democracy. The two nations had different ideologies and political systems, and this led to tensions between them.

Additionally, the aftermath of the war created a power vacuum in Europe, and the Soviet Union sought to expand its influence in the region. The United States, on the other hand, sought to contain Soviet expansionism and prevent the spread of communism.

The Division

The division between the two superpowers in Europe was marked by a number of events, including the Berlin Blockade, the formation of NATO, and the Warsaw Pact.

The Berlin Blockade occurred in 1948, when the Soviet Union blocked all road, rail, and water access to the city of Berlin, which was located in the Soviet-controlled East Germany. The United States responded by airlifting supplies to the city, and the blockade was eventually lifted.

In 1949, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed as a military alliance between the United States, Canada, and several European countries. The purpose of NATO was to provide collective defense against the Soviet Union and its allies.

In response to NATO, the Soviet Union formed the Warsaw Pact in 1955, which was a military alliance between the Soviet Union and its satellite states in Eastern Europe.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the division between the two superpowers occurred first in Europe, as the Soviet Union sought to expand its influence in the region and the United States sought to contain Soviet expansionism. The division was marked by a number of events, including the Berlin Blockade, the formation of NATO, and the Warsaw Pact.

Explanation:

Statement Analysis:
1. The Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT) was signed in 1963 - Correct
2. The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) was signed in 1972 - Incorrect
3. The SALT II treaty was signed in 1979 - Incorrect

Correct Statements:
- The Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT) was indeed signed in 1963.

Incorrect Statements:
- The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) was actually signed in 1968, not 1972.
- The SALT II treaty was signed in 1979, not 1972.
Therefore, only the first statement is correct, making the correct answer option Only one (b) .

Nikita Khrushchev placed nuclear missiles in Cuba in 1962.

Background
- During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union were engaged in a nuclear arms race.
- In 1961, the United States attempted to overthrow the Cuban government in the Bay of Pigs invasion, which failed.
- The Soviet Union saw an opportunity to gain a strategic advantage over the United States by placing nuclear missiles in Cuba.

Timeline
- In July 1962, Soviet ships began secretly transporting missiles and other military equipment to Cuba.
- On October 14, 1962, a U.S. spy plane discovered the missile sites in Cuba.
- On October 22, 1962, President John F. Kennedy addressed the nation and announced that the Soviet Union was building missile bases in Cuba.
- Over the next 13 days, the United States and the Soviet Union engaged in a tense standoff known as the Cuban Missile Crisis.
- On October 28, 1962, Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles in exchange for a U.S. promise not to invade Cuba and to remove U.S. missiles from Turkey.

Impact
- The Cuban Missile Crisis was the closest the world ever came to nuclear war.
- It highlighted the danger of nuclear weapons and the importance of diplomacy in resolving international conflicts.
- It also led to improved communication channels between the United States and the Soviet Union, including the creation of a direct hotline between the leaders of the two countries.

Old name of Myanmar

Myanmar is a Southeast Asian country that was formerly known as Burma.

Historical Background

Burma, also known as the Union of Burma, was a British colony from 1824 to 1948. In 1948, Burma gained independence from Britain and was officially named the Union of Burma. The country was renamed as Myanmar in 1989 by the then-ruling military junta.

Controversy over the Name Change

The name change from Burma to Myanmar was a controversial move as it was done by the military regime without the consent of the people. Some political groups and human rights organizations still refer to the country as Burma as they believe that the name change was an attempt by the military to legitimize their rule over the country.

Current Status

Despite the controversy, the name Myanmar is widely recognized and used by the international community. It is also the official name of the country recognized by the United Nations.

In conclusion, the old name of Myanmar was Burma, which was changed to Myanmar by the military regime in 1989. The name change was and still is a matter of controversy, but Myanmar is the official name of the country recognized by the international community.

Jawaharlal Nehru played a crucial role in mediating between the two Koreas during the Korean War in 1950-1953.

Nehru's role in the Korean War:

• Nehru was the Prime Minister of India at that time and he played a significant role in mediating between the two Koreas.
• He was invited by the United Nations (UN) to mediate the conflict between North Korea and South Korea.
• Nehru was a prominent leader of the Non-Aligned Movement, which aimed to maintain neutrality in the Cold War between the two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union.
• Nehru's neutral stance and his respect for the sovereignty of nations made him an ideal mediator in the Korean War.

Nehru's efforts to mediate the conflict:

• Nehru visited both North Korea and South Korea to understand their positions on the conflict.
• He tried to initiate talks between the two Koreas, but his efforts were hampered by the unwillingness of both sides to compromise.
• Nehru also tried to involve the UN in the talks, but the UN was unable to play a significant role due to the involvement of the two superpowers in the conflict.

Impact of Nehru's mediation:

• Although Nehru's efforts did not directly lead to a resolution of the conflict, his mediation helped to reduce tensions between the two Koreas.
• Nehru's role in the Korean War was an important example of India's commitment to peace and non-alignment.
• Nehru's mediation efforts also helped to raise India's profile on the international stage and cemented its position as a leader of the Non-Aligned Movement.

In conclusion, Nehru's role in mediating between the two Koreas during the Korean War was significant and helped to reduce tensions between the two sides. His efforts also demonstrated India's commitment to peace and non-alignment.