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Read the case below and answer the questions that follow:A trait is considered as a relatively enduring attribute or quality on which one individual differs from another. They are relatively stable over time and are generally consistent across situations. Their strengths and combinations vary across individuals leading to individual differences in personality.Allport mentioned two types of traits; common traits and personal traits. Common Traits – are the traits found in the majority of persons living in a society or culture. Thus, people of a society or culture can be compared on that trait.For example, If X shows a trait of cooperativeness in his behaviours in various situations, and if similar behaviours are obtained in a large number of persons from that community or culture, this trait will be considered as a common Trait.Common traits thus are those which are reflected in the behaviour of most of the persons in a society or a community or culture.Personal Traits–This refers to the unique characteristics of a person and not shared by other members of the society or community or culture. Such a personal trait is not comparable with those of others in that culture. These traits are inculcated by a person more in the process of socialisation and thus many of the do’s and don’ts of the parents or caregivers become part of the personality and these traits are unique to this individual.Another important aspect is that these traits are highly consistent and can be seen in almost all behaviours of this individual irrespective of the situation concerned. To give an example, the trait of parsimony is something which an individual will show in almost every aspect of his behaviour whether he is at home or office or school or anywhere. He will for example put off the lights to economise on electricity consumption whether at office or at home.Allport further divided personal traits into three subcategories: (A) Cardinal dispositions, (B) Central dispositions, and (C) Secondary dispositionsQ. How many types of traits have been propounded by Allport?- a)2
- b)3
- c)5
- d)9
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the case below and answer the questions that follow:
A trait is considered as a relatively enduring attribute or quality on which one individual differs from another. They are relatively stable over time and are generally consistent across situations. Their strengths and combinations vary across individuals leading to individual differences in personality.
Allport mentioned two types of traits; common traits and personal traits. Common Traits – are the traits found in the majority of persons living in a society or culture. Thus, people of a society or culture can be compared on that trait.
For example, If X shows a trait of cooperativeness in his behaviours in various situations, and if similar behaviours are obtained in a large number of persons from that community or culture, this trait will be considered as a common Trait.
Common traits thus are those which are reflected in the behaviour of most of the persons in a society or a community or culture.
Personal Traits–This refers to the unique characteristics of a person and not shared by other members of the society or community or culture. Such a personal trait is not comparable with those of others in that culture. These traits are inculcated by a person more in the process of socialisation and thus many of the do’s and don’ts of the parents or caregivers become part of the personality and these traits are unique to this individual.
Another important aspect is that these traits are highly consistent and can be seen in almost all behaviours of this individual irrespective of the situation concerned. To give an example, the trait of parsimony is something which an individual will show in almost every aspect of his behaviour whether he is at home or office or school or anywhere. He will for example put off the lights to economise on electricity consumption whether at office or at home.
Allport further divided personal traits into three subcategories: (A) Cardinal dispositions, (B) Central dispositions, and (C) Secondary dispositions
Q. How many types of traits have been propounded by Allport?
a)
2
b)
3
c)
5
d)
9
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
Allport has divided traits into broadly two categories – Common traits and Personal traits.
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Karim watches TV when he is stressed due to pending assignments in school. According to Endler and Parker, he is using _________ mechanism of coping.- a)avoidance
- b)task
- c)relaxation
- d)meditation
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Karim watches TV when he is stressed due to pending assignments in school. According to Endler and Parker, he is using _________ mechanism of coping.
a)
avoidance
b)
task
c)
relaxation
d)
meditation
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
The avoidance hyper oriented strategy aims at avoiding stressful events by indulging in different activities. Individual does not want to accept that he is facing such a stressful situation.
Read the case below and answer the questions that follow:The evidence for hereditary influences on intelligence comes mainly from studies on twins and adopted children. The intelligence of identical twins reared together correlates almost 0.90. Twins separated early in childhood also show considerable similarity in their intellectual, personality and behavioural characteristics. The intelligence of identical twins reared in different environments correlated 0.72, those of fraternal twins reared together correlated almost 0.60, and those of brothers and sisters reared together correlated about 0.50, while siblings reared apart correlated about 0.25. Another line of evidence comes from the studies of adopted children, which shows that children’s intelligence is more similar to their biological rather than adoptive parents. With respect to the role of the environment, studies have reported that as children grow in age, their intelligence level tends to move closer to that of their adoptive parents. Children from disadvantaged homes adopted into families with higher socioeconomic status exhibit a large increase in their intelligence scores. There is evidence that environmental deprivation lowers intelligence while rich nutrition, good family background, and quality schooling increases intelligence. There is a general consensus among psychologists that intelligence is a product of complex interaction of heredity (nature) and environment (nurture). Heredity can best be viewed as something that sets a range within which an individual’s development is actually shaped by the support and opportunities of the environment.Choose the correct option:Q. Children’s intelligence is more closely related to their _____________ parents.- a)biological
- b)adoptive
- c)single
- d)divorced
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the case below and answer the questions that follow:
The evidence for hereditary influences on intelligence comes mainly from studies on twins and adopted children. The intelligence of identical twins reared together correlates almost 0.90. Twins separated early in childhood also show considerable similarity in their intellectual, personality and behavioural characteristics. The intelligence of identical twins reared in different environments correlated 0.72, those of fraternal twins reared together correlated almost 0.60, and those of brothers and sisters reared together correlated about 0.50, while siblings reared apart correlated about 0.25. Another line of evidence comes from the studies of adopted children, which shows that children’s intelligence is more similar to their biological rather than adoptive parents. With respect to the role of the environment, studies have reported that as children grow in age, their intelligence level tends to move closer to that of their adoptive parents. Children from disadvantaged homes adopted into families with higher socioeconomic status exhibit a large increase in their intelligence scores. There is evidence that environmental deprivation lowers intelligence while rich nutrition, good family background, and quality schooling increases intelligence. There is a general consensus among psychologists that intelligence is a product of complex interaction of heredity (nature) and environment (nurture). Heredity can best be viewed as something that sets a range within which an individual’s development is actually shaped by the support and opportunities of the environment.
Choose the correct option:
Q. Children’s intelligence is more closely related to their _____________ parents.
a)
biological
b)
adoptive
c)
single
d)
divorced
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Biological parents are the natural parents of a child. The father and mother whose DNA a child carries are usually called the child's biological parents. Legal parents have a family relationship to the child by law, but do not need to be related by blood, for example in the case of an adopted child.
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:Assertion (A): Behavioural ratings are frequently used for personality assessment of individuals in an educational or industrial setting.Reason: Behavioural ratings are generally taken from the people who know the assessee intimately and have interacted over a period of time.- a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- c)Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
- d)Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): Behavioural ratings are frequently used for personality assessment of individuals in an educational or industrial setting.
Reason: Behavioural ratings are generally taken from the people who know the assessee intimately and have interacted over a period of time.
a)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
b)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
c)
Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d)
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Behavioural ratings are frequently used for assessment of personality in educational and industrial settings. Behavioural ratings are generally taken from people who know the assessee over a period of time. They attempt to put individuals into certain categories in terms of their behavioural qualities.
Read the case below and answer the questions that follow:A trait is considered as a relatively enduring attribute or quality on which one individual differs from another. They are relatively stable over time and are generally consistent across situations. Their strengths and combinations vary across individuals leading to individual differences in personality.Allport mentioned two types of traits; common traits and personal traits. Common Traits – are the traits found in the majority of persons living in a society or culture. Thus, people of a society or culture can be compared on that trait.For example, If X shows a trait of cooperativeness in his behaviours in various situations, and if similar behaviours are obtained in a large number of persons from that community or culture, this trait will be considered as a common Trait.Common traits thus are those which are reflected in the behaviour of most of the persons in a society or a community or culture.Personal Traits–This refers to the unique characteristics of a person and not shared by other members of the society or community or culture. Such a personal trait is not comparable with those of others in that culture. These traits are inculcated by a person more in the process of socialisation and thus many of the do’s and don’ts of the parents or caregivers become part of the personality and these traits are unique to this individual.Another important aspect is that these traits are highly consistent and can be seen in almost all behaviours of this individual irrespective of the situation concerned. To give an example, the trait of parsimony is something which an individual will show in almost every aspect of his behaviour whether he is at home or office or school or anywhere. He will for example put off the lights to economise on electricity consumption whether at office or at home.Allport further divided personal traits into three subcategories: (A) Cardinal dispositions, (B) Central dispositions, and (C) Secondary dispositionsQ. What is a trait?- a)Trait is a relatively enduring attribute or quality on which one individual differs from another.
- b)Trait refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving.
- c)Both of them
- d)None of them
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the case below and answer the questions that follow:
A trait is considered as a relatively enduring attribute or quality on which one individual differs from another. They are relatively stable over time and are generally consistent across situations. Their strengths and combinations vary across individuals leading to individual differences in personality.
Allport mentioned two types of traits; common traits and personal traits. Common Traits – are the traits found in the majority of persons living in a society or culture. Thus, people of a society or culture can be compared on that trait.
For example, If X shows a trait of cooperativeness in his behaviours in various situations, and if similar behaviours are obtained in a large number of persons from that community or culture, this trait will be considered as a common Trait.
Common traits thus are those which are reflected in the behaviour of most of the persons in a society or a community or culture.
Personal Traits–This refers to the unique characteristics of a person and not shared by other members of the society or community or culture. Such a personal trait is not comparable with those of others in that culture. These traits are inculcated by a person more in the process of socialisation and thus many of the do’s and don’ts of the parents or caregivers become part of the personality and these traits are unique to this individual.
Another important aspect is that these traits are highly consistent and can be seen in almost all behaviours of this individual irrespective of the situation concerned. To give an example, the trait of parsimony is something which an individual will show in almost every aspect of his behaviour whether he is at home or office or school or anywhere. He will for example put off the lights to economise on electricity consumption whether at office or at home.
Allport further divided personal traits into three subcategories: (A) Cardinal dispositions, (B) Central dispositions, and (C) Secondary dispositions
Q. What is a trait?
a)
Trait is a relatively enduring attribute or quality on which one individual differs from another.
b)
Trait refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving.
c)
Both of them
d)
None of them
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
Trait is a relatively enduring attribute or quality on which one individual differs from another.
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:Assertion (A): Psychological stresses are caused when we overexert ourselves physically, lack a nutritional diet, suffer an injury or fail to get enough sleep.Reason (R): Environmental stresses are caused by air pollution, crowding, noise, heat of the summer, winter cold or disasters such as fire, or natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, drought, land-slides, volcanic eruptions, etc.- a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- c)Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
- d)Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): Psychological stresses are caused when we overexert ourselves physically, lack a nutritional diet, suffer an injury or fail to get enough sleep.
Reason (R): Environmental stresses are caused by air pollution, crowding, noise, heat of the summer, winter cold or disasters such as fire, or natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, drought, land-slides, volcanic eruptions, etc.
a)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
b)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
c)
Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d)
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
- The causes mentioned in (A) are of physical stresses and not psychological stresses.
- In a medical or biological context stress is a physical, mental, or emotional factor that causes bodily or mental tension.
- Stresses can be external (from the environment, psychological, or social situations) or internal (illness, or from a medical procedure).
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:Assertion (A): Strong sense of self-efficacy allows people to select, influence, and even construct the circumstances of their own life.Reason (R): Society, parents and their own positive experiences can help in the development of a strong sense of self-efficacy by presenting positive models during the formative years of children.- a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- c)Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
- d)Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): Strong sense of self-efficacy allows people to select, influence, and even construct the circumstances of their own life.
Reason (R): Society, parents and their own positive experiences can help in the development of a strong sense of self-efficacy by presenting positive models during the formative years of children.
a)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
b)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
c)
Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d)
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
These are characteristics of self efficacy but are not cause and effect.
Assertion (A) : All creative children are children with exceptional intelligence.
Reason (R) : Creativity generally involves an incubation period.- a)Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
- b)Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
- c)A is false but R is true
- d)A is true but R is false
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Assertion (A) : All creative children are children with exceptional intelligence.
Reason (R) : Creativity generally involves an incubation period.
Reason (R) : Creativity generally involves an incubation period.
a)
Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
b)
Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
c)
A is false but R is true
d)
A is true but R is false
|
Kiran Mehta answered |
All intelligent individuals are creative. This statement is not true as not all intelligent individuals are creative. Studies have shown that highly creative people are highly intelligent but highly intelligent people are not always creative. All creative individuals have divergent thinking abilities.
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:Assertion (A): To manage stress, we often need to reassess the way we think and learn coping strategies.Reason (R): People who cope poorly with stress have an impaired immune response and diminished activity of natural killer cells.- a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- c)Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
- d)Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): To manage stress, we often need to reassess the way we think and learn coping strategies.
Reason (R): People who cope poorly with stress have an impaired immune response and diminished activity of natural killer cells.
a)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
b)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
c)
Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d)
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
Both the statements pertain to coping and stress management but are not cause and effect.
Read the below case and answer the questions that follow:Trait ApproachesThese theories are mainly concerned with the description or characterisation of basic components of personality. They try to discover the ‘building blocks’ of personality. Human beings display a wide range of variations in psychological attributes, yet it is possible to club them into smaller numbers of personality traits. Trait approach is very similar to our common experience in everyday life. For example, when we come to know that a person is sociable, we assume that s/he will not only be cooperative, friendly and helping, but also engage in behaviours that involve other social components. Thus, trait approach attempts to identify primary characteristics of people. A trait is considered as a relatively enduring attribute or quality on which one individual differs from another. They include a range of possible behaviours that are activated according to the demands of the situation.To summarise,(A) Traits are relatively stable over time,(B) they are generally consistent across situations, and(C) their strengths and combinations vary across individuals leading to individual differences in personality.Q. Which type of characteristics of a person is identified by trait theories?- a)Primary
- b)Secondary
- c)Dynamic
- d)None of these
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the below case and answer the questions that follow:
Trait Approaches
These theories are mainly concerned with the description or characterisation of basic components of personality. They try to discover the ‘building blocks’ of personality. Human beings display a wide range of variations in psychological attributes, yet it is possible to club them into smaller numbers of personality traits. Trait approach is very similar to our common experience in everyday life. For example, when we come to know that a person is sociable, we assume that s/he will not only be cooperative, friendly and helping, but also engage in behaviours that involve other social components. Thus, trait approach attempts to identify primary characteristics of people. A trait is considered as a relatively enduring attribute or quality on which one individual differs from another. They include a range of possible behaviours that are activated according to the demands of the situation.
To summarise,
(A) Traits are relatively stable over time,
(B) they are generally consistent across situations, and
(C) their strengths and combinations vary across individuals leading to individual differences in personality.
Q. Which type of characteristics of a person is identified by trait theories?
a)
Primary
b)
Secondary
c)
Dynamic
d)
None of these
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
The trait approach attempts to identify primary characteristics of people.
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:Assertion (A): Problem-focused response includes taking direct action to solve the problem.Reason (R): It pertains to seeking information that will be relevant to the solution.- a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- c)Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
- d)Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): Problem-focused response includes taking direct action to solve the problem.
Reason (R): It pertains to seeking information that will be relevant to the solution.
a)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
b)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
c)
Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d)
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Problem-focused coping targets the causes of stress in practical ways which tackles the problem or stressful situation that is causing stress, consequently directly reducing the stress. Problem focused strategies aim to remove or reduce the cause of the stressor, including: Problem-solving. Time-management.
Read the passage and answer the questions that follow by choosing the correct option: Stress factors broadly fall into three types or categories: physical stress, psychological stress and psychosocial stress.Physical stress: trauma (injury, infection, surgery), intense physical labour/over-exertion, environmental pollution (pesticides, herbicides, toxins, heavy metals, inadequate light, radiation, noise, electromagnetic fields), illness (viral, bacterial, or fungal agents), fatigue, inadequate oxygen supply, hypoglycaemia I (low blood sugar), hormonal and/or biochemical imbalances, dietary stress (nutritional deficiencies, food allergies and sensitivities, unhealthy eating habits), dehydration, substance abuse, dental challenges, and musculoskeletal misalignments/imbalances.Psychological stress: emotional stress (resentments, fears, frustration, sadness, anger, grief/bereavement), cognitive stress (information overload, accelerated sense of time, worry, guilt, shame, jealousy, resistance, attachments, self criticism, self-loathing, unworkable perfectionism, anxiety, panic attacks, not feeling like yourself, not feeling like things are real, and a sense of being out of control/not being in control), and perceptual stress (beliefs, roles, stories, attitudes, world view).Psychosocial stress: relationship/marriage difficulties (partner, siblings, children, family, employer, co-workers, employer), lack of social support, lack of resources for adequate survival, loss of employment/investments/savings, loss of loved ones, bankruptcy, home foreclosure, and isolation. Overall, improperly or ineffectively managed stress usually takes a toll on the body. When stress related feelings, moods, emotions are pushed into the body, the soma, this is usually termed psychosomatic or psychogenic illness, including headaches, heart palpitations, physical/ cognitive/emotional pain and suffering, constrictedthroat and shallow, constricted breathing, clammy palms, fatigue, nausea, anxiety, allergies, asthma, autoimmune syndromes related to an ineffective functioning of the immune system, hypertension (high blood pressure), and gastrointestinal disturbances such as diarrhoea, upset stomach, duodenal ulcers and esophageal reflux syndrome.Q. Loss of investment or employment fall under the category of- a)Social Stress
- b)Psychological
- c)Physical
- d)None of the above
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the passage and answer the questions that follow by choosing the correct option: Stress factors broadly fall into three types or categories: physical stress, psychological stress and psychosocial stress.
Physical stress: trauma (injury, infection, surgery), intense physical labour/over-exertion, environmental pollution (pesticides, herbicides, toxins, heavy metals, inadequate light, radiation, noise, electromagnetic fields), illness (viral, bacterial, or fungal agents), fatigue, inadequate oxygen supply, hypoglycaemia I (low blood sugar), hormonal and/or biochemical imbalances, dietary stress (nutritional deficiencies, food allergies and sensitivities, unhealthy eating habits), dehydration, substance abuse, dental challenges, and musculoskeletal misalignments/imbalances.
Psychological stress: emotional stress (resentments, fears, frustration, sadness, anger, grief/bereavement), cognitive stress (information overload, accelerated sense of time, worry, guilt, shame, jealousy, resistance, attachments, self criticism, self-loathing, unworkable perfectionism, anxiety, panic attacks, not feeling like yourself, not feeling like things are real, and a sense of being out of control/not being in control), and perceptual stress (beliefs, roles, stories, attitudes, world view).
Psychosocial stress: relationship/marriage difficulties (partner, siblings, children, family, employer, co-workers, employer), lack of social support, lack of resources for adequate survival, loss of employment/investments/savings, loss of loved ones, bankruptcy, home foreclosure, and isolation. Overall, improperly or ineffectively managed stress usually takes a toll on the body. When stress related feelings, moods, emotions are pushed into the body, the soma, this is usually termed psychosomatic or psychogenic illness, including headaches, heart palpitations, physical/ cognitive/emotional pain and suffering, constricted
throat and shallow, constricted breathing, clammy palms, fatigue, nausea, anxiety, allergies, asthma, autoimmune syndromes related to an ineffective functioning of the immune system, hypertension (high blood pressure), and gastrointestinal disturbances such as diarrhoea, upset stomach, duodenal ulcers and esophageal reflux syndrome.
Q. Loss of investment or employment fall under the category of
a)
Social Stress
b)
Psychological
c)
Physical
d)
None of the above
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
According to the passage, loss of investment or employment fall under the category of psychosocial stress.
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:Assertion (A): An individual’s response to a stressful situation largely depends upon the perceived events and how they are interpreted or appraised.Reason (R): Lazarus has distinguished between two types of appraisals, i.e., primary and secondary.- a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- c)Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
- d)Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): An individual’s response to a stressful situation largely depends upon the perceived events and how they are interpreted or appraised.
Reason (R): Lazarus has distinguished between two types of appraisals, i.e., primary and secondary.
a)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
b)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
c)
Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d)
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
Both the statements are correct about Cognitive Theory of Stress as propounded by Lazarus and his colleagues but are not cause and effect.
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:Assertion (A): There is one guna present in every person.Reason(R): The dominance of one guna leads to a particular type of behaviour.- a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- c)Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
- d)Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): There is one guna present in every person.
Reason(R): The dominance of one guna leads to a particular type of behaviour.
a)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
b)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
c)
Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d)
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
All the three gunas are present in every person to different degrees. The dominance of a particular guna leads to a particular type of behaviour.
Read the below case and answer the questions that follow:Trait ApproachesThese theories are mainly concerned with the description or characterisation of basic components of personality. They try to discover the ‘building blocks’ of personality. Human beings display a wide range of variations in psychological attributes, yet it is possible to club them into smaller numbers of personality traits. Trait approach is very similar to our common experience in everyday life. For example, when we come to know that a person is sociable, we assume that s/he will not only be cooperative, friendly and helping, but also engage in behaviours that involve other social components. Thus, trait approach attempts to identify primary characteristics of people. A trait is considered as a relatively enduring attribute or quality on which one individual differs from another. They include a range of possible behaviours that are activated according to the demands of the situation.To summarise,(A) Traits are relatively stable over time,(B) they are generally consistent across situations, and(C) their strengths and combinations vary across individuals leading to individual differences in personality.Q. What do the traits approach theories aim at discovering while doing psychological analysis?- a)Building Blocks
- b)Mental Blocks
- c)Hereditary Blocks
- d)All of these
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the below case and answer the questions that follow:
Trait Approaches
These theories are mainly concerned with the description or characterisation of basic components of personality. They try to discover the ‘building blocks’ of personality. Human beings display a wide range of variations in psychological attributes, yet it is possible to club them into smaller numbers of personality traits. Trait approach is very similar to our common experience in everyday life. For example, when we come to know that a person is sociable, we assume that s/he will not only be cooperative, friendly and helping, but also engage in behaviours that involve other social components. Thus, trait approach attempts to identify primary characteristics of people. A trait is considered as a relatively enduring attribute or quality on which one individual differs from another. They include a range of possible behaviours that are activated according to the demands of the situation.
To summarise,
(A) Traits are relatively stable over time,
(B) they are generally consistent across situations, and
(C) their strengths and combinations vary across individuals leading to individual differences in personality.
Q. What do the traits approach theories aim at discovering while doing psychological analysis?
a)
Building Blocks
b)
Mental Blocks
c)
Hereditary Blocks
d)
All of these
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
Trait theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving. They have identified important dimensions of personality. The Five Factor Model is the most widely accepted trait theory today.
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:Assertion (A): After visualising one must set oneself a realistic goal, as it helps build confidence. Reason (R): It is easier to visualise if one’s mind is quiet, body is relaxed and eyes are closed.- a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- c)Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
- d)Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): After visualising one must set oneself a realistic goal, as it helps build confidence. Reason (R): It is easier to visualise if one’s mind is quiet, body is relaxed and eyes are closed.
a)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
b)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
c)
Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d)
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
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Rajesh Gupta answered |
- Realistic goals are set and defined before visualising and not after visualising.
- A realistic goal is one that you can reach given your current mindset, motivation level, timeframe, skills and abilities.
- Realistic goals help you identify not only what you want but also what you can achieve.
Read the below case and answer the questions that follow:Triarchic Theory of IntelligenceIn 1985, Robert Sternberg proposed a three category theory of intelligence, integrating components that were lacking in Gardner’s theory. This theory is based on the definition of intelligence as the ability to achieve success based on your personal standards and your sociocultural context.According to the triarchic theory, intelligence has three aspects: analytical, creative, and practical aspects (Sternberg, 1985).Analytical intelligence, also referred to as componential intelligence, refers to intelligence that is applied to analyze or evaluate problems and arrive at solutions.Creative intelligence: The ability to go beyond what is given to create novel and interesting ideas. This type of intelligence involves imagination, innovation and problem-solving.Practical intelligence: The ability that individuals use to solve problems faced in daily life and it is when a person finds the best fit between themselves and the demands of the environment.Choose the correct option:Q. According to Sternberg, intelligence involves:- a)the ability to adapt to the environment
- b)mechanical abilities
- c)musical abilities
- d)being obedient and respectful to others
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the below case and answer the questions that follow:
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
In 1985, Robert Sternberg proposed a three category theory of intelligence, integrating components that were lacking in Gardner’s theory. This theory is based on the definition of intelligence as the ability to achieve success based on your personal standards and your sociocultural context.
According to the triarchic theory, intelligence has three aspects: analytical, creative, and practical aspects (Sternberg, 1985).
Analytical intelligence, also referred to as componential intelligence, refers to intelligence that is applied to analyze or evaluate problems and arrive at solutions.
Creative intelligence: The ability to go beyond what is given to create novel and interesting ideas. This type of intelligence involves imagination, innovation and problem-solving.
Practical intelligence: The ability that individuals use to solve problems faced in daily life and it is when a person finds the best fit between themselves and the demands of the environment.
Choose the correct option:
Q. According to Sternberg, intelligence involves:
a)
the ability to adapt to the environment
b)
mechanical abilities
c)
musical abilities
d)
being obedient and respectful to others
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Rajesh Gupta answered |
The adaptability to the physical environment is the first and the foremost aspect of intelligence.
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:Assertion (A): If pressures due to stress continue, one may suffer from mental overload.Reason (R): This suffering from high levels of stress can rapidly cause individuals to lose their ability to make sound decisions, it leads to poor concentration, and reduces short-term memory capacity.- a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- c)Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
- d)Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): If pressures due to stress continue, one may suffer from mental overload.
Reason (R): This suffering from high levels of stress can rapidly cause individuals to lose their ability to make sound decisions, it leads to poor concentration, and reduces short-term memory capacity.
a)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
b)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
c)
Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d)
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
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Arun Yadav answered |
If pressures due to stress continue, one may suffer from mental overload. Chronic stress disrupts nearly every system in your body. It can suppress your immune system, upset your digestive and reproductive systems, increase the risk of heart attack and stroke, and speed up the aging process.
Read the below case and answer the questions that follow:Triarchic Theory of IntelligenceIn 1985, Robert Sternberg proposed a three category theory of intelligence, integrating components that were lacking in Gardner’s theory. This theory is based on the definition of intelligence as the ability to achieve success based on your personal standards and your sociocultural context.According to the triarchic theory, intelligence has three aspects: analytical, creative, and practical aspects (Sternberg, 1985).Analytical intelligence, also referred to as componential intelligence, refers to intelligence that is applied to analyze or evaluate problems and arrive at solutions.Creative intelligence: The ability to go beyond what is given to create novel and interesting ideas. This type of intelligence involves imagination, innovation and problem-solving.Practical intelligence: The ability that individuals use to solve problems faced in daily life and it is when a person finds the best fit between themselves and the demands of the environment.Choose the correct option:Q. Which of the following is the theory proposed by Robert Sternberg?- a)He proposed that there is no single intelligence, but rather distinct, independent multiple intelligences that exist.
- b)His theory is based on the definition of intelligence as the ability to achieve success based on your personal standards and your sociocultural context.
- c)He proposed that humans progress through four developmental stages
- d)He proposed the theory to study complex human behaviour by studying the voluntary responses shown by an organism when placed in a certain environment.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the below case and answer the questions that follow:
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
In 1985, Robert Sternberg proposed a three category theory of intelligence, integrating components that were lacking in Gardner’s theory. This theory is based on the definition of intelligence as the ability to achieve success based on your personal standards and your sociocultural context.
According to the triarchic theory, intelligence has three aspects: analytical, creative, and practical aspects (Sternberg, 1985).
Analytical intelligence, also referred to as componential intelligence, refers to intelligence that is applied to analyze or evaluate problems and arrive at solutions.
Creative intelligence: The ability to go beyond what is given to create novel and interesting ideas. This type of intelligence involves imagination, innovation and problem-solving.
Practical intelligence: The ability that individuals use to solve problems faced in daily life and it is when a person finds the best fit between themselves and the demands of the environment.
Choose the correct option:
Q. Which of the following is the theory proposed by Robert Sternberg?
a)
He proposed that there is no single intelligence, but rather distinct, independent multiple intelligences that exist.
b)
His theory is based on the definition of intelligence as the ability to achieve success based on your personal standards and your sociocultural context.
c)
He proposed that humans progress through four developmental stages
d)
He proposed the theory to study complex human behaviour by studying the voluntary responses shown by an organism when placed in a certain environment.
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Rajesh Gupta answered |
The name of this theory of Robert Sternberg is the Triarchic Theory.
According to Sternberg (1985a), the triarchic theory seeks to understand human intelligence in terms of three subtheories: a contextual subtheory that related intelligence to the external world of the individual; a componential subtheory that related intelligence to the internal world of the individual; and an experiential subtheory that applies to both the internal and external environments.
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:Assertion (A): Each one of us has the capacity to choose and create.Reason (R): Every individual suffers from the feeling of adequacy and ego, i.e., superiority complex, which arise from childhood.- a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- c)Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
- d)Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): Each one of us has the capacity to choose and create.
Reason (R): Every individual suffers from the feeling of adequacy and ego, i.e., superiority complex, which arise from childhood.
a)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
b)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
c)
Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d)
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
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Rajesh Gupta answered |
Every individual suffers from the feeling of inadequacy and guilt, i.e., inferiority complex, which arises from childhood.
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:Assertion (A): Sentence Completion Test makes use of a number of incomplete sentences. Reason(R): It is held that the type of endings used by the subjects reflect their attitudes, motivation and conflicts.- a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- c)Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
- d)Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): Sentence Completion Test makes use of a number of incomplete sentences. Reason(R): It is held that the type of endings used by the subjects reflect their attitudes, motivation and conflicts.
a)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
b)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
c)
Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d)
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
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Arun Yadav answered |
Sentence completion tests are a class of semi-structured projective techniques. Sentence completion tests typically provide respondents with beginnings of sentences, referred to as "stems", and respondents then complete the sentences in ways that are meaningful to them. The responses are believed to provide indications of attitudes, beliefs, motivations, or other mental states. Therefore, sentence completion technique, with such advantage, promotes the respondents to disclose their concealed feelings.
Read the below case and answer the questions that follow:Trait ApproachesThese theories are mainly concerned with the description or characterisation of basic components of personality. They try to discover the ‘building blocks’ of personality. Human beings display a wide range of variations in psychological attributes, yet it is possible to club them into smaller numbers of personality traits. Trait approach is very similar to our common experience in everyday life. For example, when we come to know that a person is sociable, we assume that s/he will not only be cooperative, friendly and helping, but also engage in behaviours that involve other social components. Thus, trait approach attempts to identify primary characteristics of people. A trait is considered as a relatively enduring attribute or quality on which one individual differs from another. They include a range of possible behaviours that are activated according to the demands of the situation.To summarise,(A) Traits are relatively stable over time,(B) they are generally consistent across situations, and(C) their strengths and combinations vary across individuals leading to individual differences in personality.Q. Who amongst these psychologists have not given a theory on Trait Approach?- a)Gordon Allport
- b)H. J. Eysenck
- c)Carl Jung
- d)Raymond Cattell
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the below case and answer the questions that follow:
Trait Approaches
These theories are mainly concerned with the description or characterisation of basic components of personality. They try to discover the ‘building blocks’ of personality. Human beings display a wide range of variations in psychological attributes, yet it is possible to club them into smaller numbers of personality traits. Trait approach is very similar to our common experience in everyday life. For example, when we come to know that a person is sociable, we assume that s/he will not only be cooperative, friendly and helping, but also engage in behaviours that involve other social components. Thus, trait approach attempts to identify primary characteristics of people. A trait is considered as a relatively enduring attribute or quality on which one individual differs from another. They include a range of possible behaviours that are activated according to the demands of the situation.
To summarise,
(A) Traits are relatively stable over time,
(B) they are generally consistent across situations, and
(C) their strengths and combinations vary across individuals leading to individual differences in personality.
Q. Who amongst these psychologists have not given a theory on Trait Approach?
a)
Gordon Allport
b)
H. J. Eysenck
c)
Carl Jung
d)
Raymond Cattell
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|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
Carl Jung has classified personalities on the basis of Type Approach.
Read the case below and answer the questions that follow:The evidence for hereditary influences on intelligence comes mainly from studies on twins and adopted children. The intelligence of identical twins reared together correlates almost 0.90. Twins separated early in childhood also show considerable similarity in their intellectual, personality and behavioural characteristics. The intelligence of identical twins reared in different environments correlated 0.72, those of fraternal twins reared together correlated almost 0.60, and those of brothers and sisters reared together correlated about 0.50, while siblings reared apart correlated about 0.25. Another line of evidence comes from the studies of adopted children, which shows that children’s intelligence is more similar to their biological rather than adoptive parents. With respect to the role of the environment, studies have reported that as children grow in age, their intelligence level tends to move closer to that of their adoptive parents. Children from disadvantaged homes adopted into families with higher socioeconomic status exhibit a large increase in their intelligence scores. There is evidence that environmental deprivation lowers intelligence while rich nutrition, good family background, and quality schooling increases intelligence. There is a general consensus among psychologists that intelligence is a product of complex interaction of heredity (nature) and environment (nurture). Heredity can best be viewed as something that sets a range within which an individual’s development is actually shaped by the support and opportunities of the environment.Choose the correct option:Q. Which of these indicates correlation between the siblings who are reared apart?- a)0.90
- b)0.72
- c)0.50
- d)0.25
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the case below and answer the questions that follow:
The evidence for hereditary influences on intelligence comes mainly from studies on twins and adopted children. The intelligence of identical twins reared together correlates almost 0.90. Twins separated early in childhood also show considerable similarity in their intellectual, personality and behavioural characteristics. The intelligence of identical twins reared in different environments correlated 0.72, those of fraternal twins reared together correlated almost 0.60, and those of brothers and sisters reared together correlated about 0.50, while siblings reared apart correlated about 0.25. Another line of evidence comes from the studies of adopted children, which shows that children’s intelligence is more similar to their biological rather than adoptive parents. With respect to the role of the environment, studies have reported that as children grow in age, their intelligence level tends to move closer to that of their adoptive parents. Children from disadvantaged homes adopted into families with higher socioeconomic status exhibit a large increase in their intelligence scores. There is evidence that environmental deprivation lowers intelligence while rich nutrition, good family background, and quality schooling increases intelligence. There is a general consensus among psychologists that intelligence is a product of complex interaction of heredity (nature) and environment (nurture). Heredity can best be viewed as something that sets a range within which an individual’s development is actually shaped by the support and opportunities of the environment.
Choose the correct option:
Q. Which of these indicates correlation between the siblings who are reared apart?
a)
0.90
b)
0.72
c)
0.50
d)
0.25
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Arun Yadav answered |
0.25 indicates correlation between the siblings who are reared apart
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:Assertion (A): The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) was developed by Harmann Rorschach. Reason (R): It is a little more structured than the Inkblot test.- a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- c)Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
- d)Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) was developed by Harmann Rorschach. Reason (R): It is a little more structured than the Inkblot test.
a)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
b)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
c)
Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d)
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) was developed by Morgan and Murray.
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:Assertion (A): Primary appraisal refers to the assessment of one’s coping abilities, resources and whether they will be sufficient to meet the harm, threat or challenge of the event.Reason (R): The resources may be mental, physical, personal or social.- a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- c)Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
- d)Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): Primary appraisal refers to the assessment of one’s coping abilities, resources and whether they will be sufficient to meet the harm, threat or challenge of the event.
Reason (R): The resources may be mental, physical, personal or social.
a)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
b)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
c)
Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d)
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
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Rajesh Gupta answered |
Secondary appraisal refers to that assessment of one’s coping abilities resources and whether they will be sufficient to meet the harm, threat or challenge of the event.
Read the passage and answer the questions that follow by choosing the correct option: Stress factors broadly fall into three types or categories: physical stress, psychological stress and psychosocial stress.Physical stress: trauma (injury, infection, surgery), intense physical labour/over-exertion, environmental pollution (pesticides, herbicides, toxins, heavy metals, inadequate light, radiation, noise, electromagnetic fields), illness (viral, bacterial, or fungal agents), fatigue, inadequate oxygen supply, hypoglycaemia I (low blood sugar), hormonal and/or biochemical imbalances, dietary stress (nutritional deficiencies, food allergies and sensitivities, unhealthy eating habits), dehydration, substance abuse, dental challenges, and musculoskeletal misalignments/imbalances.Psychological stress: emotional stress (resentments, fears, frustration, sadness, anger, grief/bereavement), cognitive stress (information overload, accelerated sense of time, worry, guilt, shame, jealousy, resistance, attachments, self criticism, self-loathing, unworkable perfectionism, anxiety, panic attacks, not feeling like yourself, not feeling like things are real, and a sense of being out of control/not being in control), and perceptual stress (beliefs, roles, stories, attitudes, world view).Psychosocial stress: relationship/marriage difficulties (partner, siblings, children, family, employer, co-workers, employer), lack of social support, lack of resources for adequate survival, loss of employment/investments/savings, loss of loved ones, bankruptcy, home foreclosure, and isolation. Overall, improperly or ineffectively managed stress usually takes a toll on the body. When stress related feelings, moods, emotions are pushed into the body, the soma, this is usually termed psychosomatic or psychogenic illness, including headaches, heart palpitations, physical/ cognitive/emotional pain and suffering, constrictedthroat and shallow, constricted breathing, clammy palms, fatigue, nausea, anxiety, allergies, asthma, autoimmune syndromes related to an ineffective functioning of the immune system, hypertension (high blood pressure), and gastrointestinal disturbances such as diarrhoea, upset stomach, duodenal ulcers and esophageal reflux syndrome.Q. Stress management is about learning- a)How to avoid the pressures of life
- b)How to develop skills that would enhance our body’s adjustment when we are subjected to the pressures of life
- c)Both (A) and (B)
- d)None of these
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the passage and answer the questions that follow by choosing the correct option: Stress factors broadly fall into three types or categories: physical stress, psychological stress and psychosocial stress.
Physical stress: trauma (injury, infection, surgery), intense physical labour/over-exertion, environmental pollution (pesticides, herbicides, toxins, heavy metals, inadequate light, radiation, noise, electromagnetic fields), illness (viral, bacterial, or fungal agents), fatigue, inadequate oxygen supply, hypoglycaemia I (low blood sugar), hormonal and/or biochemical imbalances, dietary stress (nutritional deficiencies, food allergies and sensitivities, unhealthy eating habits), dehydration, substance abuse, dental challenges, and musculoskeletal misalignments/imbalances.
Psychological stress: emotional stress (resentments, fears, frustration, sadness, anger, grief/bereavement), cognitive stress (information overload, accelerated sense of time, worry, guilt, shame, jealousy, resistance, attachments, self criticism, self-loathing, unworkable perfectionism, anxiety, panic attacks, not feeling like yourself, not feeling like things are real, and a sense of being out of control/not being in control), and perceptual stress (beliefs, roles, stories, attitudes, world view).
Psychosocial stress: relationship/marriage difficulties (partner, siblings, children, family, employer, co-workers, employer), lack of social support, lack of resources for adequate survival, loss of employment/investments/savings, loss of loved ones, bankruptcy, home foreclosure, and isolation. Overall, improperly or ineffectively managed stress usually takes a toll on the body. When stress related feelings, moods, emotions are pushed into the body, the soma, this is usually termed psychosomatic or psychogenic illness, including headaches, heart palpitations, physical/ cognitive/emotional pain and suffering, constricted
throat and shallow, constricted breathing, clammy palms, fatigue, nausea, anxiety, allergies, asthma, autoimmune syndromes related to an ineffective functioning of the immune system, hypertension (high blood pressure), and gastrointestinal disturbances such as diarrhoea, upset stomach, duodenal ulcers and esophageal reflux syndrome.
Q. Stress management is about learning
a)
How to avoid the pressures of life
b)
How to develop skills that would enhance our body’s adjustment when we are subjected to the pressures of life
c)
Both (A) and (B)
d)
None of these
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|
Arun Yadav answered |
The model proposes that people can be taught to manage their stress and cope with their stressors. They may learn to change their perspective of the stressors and provide them with the ability and confidence to improve their lives and handle all of the types of stressors.
Read the case below and answer the questions that follow:Following the work of Thurstone, American psychologist Howard Gardner built off the idea that there are multiple forms of intelligence.He proposed that there is no single intelligence, but rather distinct, independent multiple intelligences exist, each representing unique skills and talents relevant to a certain category.Gardner (1983) initially proposed seven multiple intelligences: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal, and he has since added naturalist intelligence.Gardner holds that most activities (such as dancing) will involve a combination of these multiple intelligences (such as spatial and bodily kinesthetic intelligences). He also suggests that these multiple intelligences can help us understand concepts beyond intelligence, such as creativity and leadership.Q. How many types of intelligence did Gardner ’s theory of multiple intelligence identify?- a)2
- b)7
- c)6
- d)5
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the case below and answer the questions that follow:
Following the work of Thurstone, American psychologist Howard Gardner built off the idea that there are multiple forms of intelligence.
He proposed that there is no single intelligence, but rather distinct, independent multiple intelligences exist, each representing unique skills and talents relevant to a certain category.
Gardner (1983) initially proposed seven multiple intelligences: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal, and he has since added naturalist intelligence.
Gardner holds that most activities (such as dancing) will involve a combination of these multiple intelligences (such as spatial and bodily kinesthetic intelligences). He also suggests that these multiple intelligences can help us understand concepts beyond intelligence, such as creativity and leadership.
Q. How many types of intelligence did Gardner ’s theory of multiple intelligence identify?
a)
2
b)
7
c)
6
d)
5
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
Gardner ’s theory of multiple intelligence identifies 7 types of intelligence.
In order to capture the full range of abilities and talents that people possess, Gardner theorizes that people do not have just an intellectual capacity, but have many kinds of intelligence, including musical, interpersonal, spatial-visual, and linguistic intelligences
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): Interview is a commonly used method for assessing personality.
Reason (R): Diagnostic interviewing generally involves basic interviewing which seeks to go beyond the replies given by the person.
- a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- c)Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
- d)Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): Interview is a commonly used method for assessing personality.
Reason (R): Diagnostic interviewing generally involves basic interviewing which seeks to go beyond the replies given by the person.
a)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
b)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
c)
Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d)
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
The two most common methods for assessing a personality are the Myers-Brigs Type Indicator and the Big Five Personality Model. Of the two, the MBTI is the most widely used.
To make the most out of every job interview opportunity, and jump way ahead of the competition, consider delivering the three “P” statements: Purpose, Preparation and Polish
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:Assertion (A): There is one guna present in every person.Reason (R): The dominance of one guna leads to a particular type of behaviour.- a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- c)Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
- d)Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): There is one guna present in every person.
Reason (R): The dominance of one guna leads to a particular type of behaviour.
a)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
b)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
c)
Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d)
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
All the three gunas are present in every person to different degrees. The dominance of a particular guna leads to a particular type of behaviour.
Read the case below and answer the questions that follow:Following the work of Thurstone, American psychologist Howard Gardner built off the idea that there are multiple forms of intelligence.He proposed that there is no single intelligence, but rather distinct, independent multiple intelligences exist, each representing unique skills and talents relevant to a certain category.Gardner (1983) initially proposed seven multiple intelligences: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal, and he has since added naturalist intelligence.Gardner holds that most activities (such as dancing) will involve a combination of these multiple intelligences (such as spatial and bodily kinesthetic intelligences). He also suggests that these multiple intelligences can help us understand concepts beyond intelligence, such as creativity and leadership.Q. Sheetal would be much happier in a job where they could move around, such as a recreational leader, a forest ranger, or physical therapist. What is her type of intelligence?- a)Linguistic
- b)Spatial
- c)Bodily Kinesthetic
- d)Logical- Mathematical
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the case below and answer the questions that follow:
Following the work of Thurstone, American psychologist Howard Gardner built off the idea that there are multiple forms of intelligence.
He proposed that there is no single intelligence, but rather distinct, independent multiple intelligences exist, each representing unique skills and talents relevant to a certain category.
Gardner (1983) initially proposed seven multiple intelligences: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal, and he has since added naturalist intelligence.
Gardner holds that most activities (such as dancing) will involve a combination of these multiple intelligences (such as spatial and bodily kinesthetic intelligences). He also suggests that these multiple intelligences can help us understand concepts beyond intelligence, such as creativity and leadership.
Q. Sheetal would be much happier in a job where they could move around, such as a recreational leader, a forest ranger, or physical therapist. What is her type of intelligence?
a)
Linguistic
b)
Spatial
c)
Bodily Kinesthetic
d)
Logical- Mathematical
|
|
Kavya Khanna answered |
Explanation:
Types of Intelligence:
- According to Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, there are various types of intelligence.
- One of these types is bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, which involves the ability to control body movements and handle objects skillfully.
Characteristics of Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence:
- People with bodily-kinesthetic intelligence excel in physical activities and are often good at using their bodies in various ways.
- They have a keen sense of body awareness, coordination, and balance.
- Individuals with this type of intelligence typically enjoy activities that involve movement and physical engagement.
Sheetsal's Type of Intelligence:
- In the given scenario, Sheetsal would be much happier in a job where they could move around, such as a recreational leader, forest ranger, or physical therapist.
- This preference for physical movement and hands-on activities suggests that Sheetsal likely possesses bodily-kinesthetic intelligence.
Conclusion:
- Therefore, based on Sheetsal's inclination towards jobs that involve physical movement and engagement, it can be inferred that her type of intelligence is bodily-kinesthetic. This aligns with the concept of multiple intelligences proposed by Gardner, where individuals exhibit strengths in different areas of intelligence.
Read the case below and answer the questions that follow:Following the work of Thurstone, American psychologist Howard Gardner built off the idea that there are multiple forms of intelligence.He proposed that there is no single intelligence, but rather distinct, independent multiple intelligences exist, each representing unique skills and talents relevant to a certain category.Gardner (1983) initially proposed seven multiple intelligences: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal, and he has since added naturalist intelligence.Gardner holds that most activities (such as dancing) will involve a combination of these multiple intelligences (such as spatial and bodily kinesthetic intelligences). He also suggests that these multiple intelligences can help us understand concepts beyond intelligence, such as creativity and leadership.Q. Whom did American psychologist Howard Gardner follow?- a)Sigmund Freud
- b)Jean Piaget
- c)Thurstone
- d)BF Skinner
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the case below and answer the questions that follow:
Following the work of Thurstone, American psychologist Howard Gardner built off the idea that there are multiple forms of intelligence.
He proposed that there is no single intelligence, but rather distinct, independent multiple intelligences exist, each representing unique skills and talents relevant to a certain category.
Gardner (1983) initially proposed seven multiple intelligences: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal, and he has since added naturalist intelligence.
Gardner holds that most activities (such as dancing) will involve a combination of these multiple intelligences (such as spatial and bodily kinesthetic intelligences). He also suggests that these multiple intelligences can help us understand concepts beyond intelligence, such as creativity and leadership.
Q. Whom did American psychologist Howard Gardner follow?
a)
Sigmund Freud
b)
Jean Piaget
c)
Thurstone
d)
BF Skinner
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Gardner was a staunch follower of the theories propounded by Thurstone.
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:Assertion (A): Use of Observation for a personality assessment is a sophisticated procedure that cannot be carried out by trained people.Reason(R): Observation requires careful training of the observer and fairly detailed guidelines to carry out analysis to use observations to assess personality.- a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- c)Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
- d)Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): Use of Observation for a personality assessment is a sophisticated procedure that cannot be carried out by trained people.
Reason(R): Observation requires careful training of the observer and fairly detailed guidelines to carry out analysis to use observations to assess personality.
a)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
b)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
c)
Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d)
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
The Observation is a sophisticated procedure and must be carried out only by trained people.
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:Assertion (A): People with high levels of stress but low levels of illness share three characteristics.Reason: The three characteristics are Quality, Buffer and Resistance.- a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- c)Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
- d)Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): People with high levels of stress but low levels of illness share three characteristics.
Reason: The three characteristics are Quality, Buffer and Resistance.
a)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
b)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
c)
Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d)
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
The three characteristics are 3 Cs - Commitment, Control and Challenge.
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:Assertion (A): All life’s challenges are not necessarily stressful.Reason (R): It depends on how a challenge is viewed.- a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- c)Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
- d)Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
Assertion (A): All life’s challenges are not necessarily stressful.
Reason (R): It depends on how a challenge is viewed.
a)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
b)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
c)
Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d)
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
It is true that all life’s challenges are not necessarily stressful. It strictly depends on how a challenge is viewed.
Read the passage and answer the questions that follow by choosing the correct option:Hans Selye, a Vienna-born scientist, working in the 20th century, was the first person to describe GAS. Selye found that rats displayed a similar set of physical responses to several different stressors. The latter included cold temperatures, excessive physical exertions, and injection with toxins. The scientist explained GAS as the body’s way of adapting to a perceived threat to better equip it to survive. A paper on Selye’s GAS theory was published in The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology in 1946. The three stages of GAS are: (A) Alarm reaction (B) Resistance (C) Exhaustion When does GAS occur? Selye’s study was limited to physical stressors, such as cold temperatures and physical overexertion. However, it is now understood that life events that induce psychological stress cause the same physical reactions, as were seen in Selye’s study. The sort of life events that can cause a person to experience stress and GAS include (relationship breakdowns, losing a job, medical problems and money troubles) In theory, the fact that these situations can cause GAS may be beneficial. The alarm reaction gives people a burst of energy and concentration that could help them to problem-solve. For most people, however, the physical response their body goes through when they are under stress is not helpful. Unlike threats people may have faced in the Stone Age, a person nowadays is unlikely to be able to resolve a stressful situation of modern day life with a burst of energy. Long-term stress can have a negative impact on a person physically and on their immune system. A 2008 paper noted that chronic stress could lead to increased risk of viral infection, stomach ulcers, depression and heart disease.Q. Seyle’s GAS theory was published in- a)The Journal of Nature communications
- b)The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology
- c)The Journal of Astronomy
- d)None of the above
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the passage and answer the questions that follow by choosing the correct option:
Hans Selye, a Vienna-born scientist, working in the 20th century, was the first person to describe GAS. Selye found that rats displayed a similar set of physical responses to several different stressors. The latter included cold temperatures, excessive physical exertions, and injection with toxins. The scientist explained GAS as the body’s way of adapting to a perceived threat to better equip it to survive. A paper on Selye’s GAS theory was published in The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology in 1946. The three stages of GAS are: (A) Alarm reaction (B) Resistance (C) Exhaustion When does GAS occur? Selye’s study was limited to physical stressors, such as cold temperatures and physical overexertion. However, it is now understood that life events that induce psychological stress cause the same physical reactions, as were seen in Selye’s study. The sort of life events that can cause a person to experience stress and GAS include (relationship breakdowns, losing a job, medical problems and money troubles) In theory, the fact that these situations can cause GAS may be beneficial. The alarm reaction gives people a burst of energy and concentration that could help them to problem-solve. For most people, however, the physical response their body goes through when they are under stress is not helpful. Unlike threats people may have faced in the Stone Age, a person nowadays is unlikely to be able to resolve a stressful situation of modern day life with a burst of energy. Long-term stress can have a negative impact on a person physically and on their immune system. A 2008 paper noted that chronic stress could lead to increased risk of viral infection, stomach ulcers, depression and heart disease.
Q. Seyle’s GAS theory was published in
a)
The Journal of Nature communications
b)
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology
c)
The Journal of Astronomy
d)
None of the above
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
The scientist explained GAS as the body's way of adapting to a perceived threat to better equip it to survive. A paper on Selye's GAS theory was published in The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology in 1946
Read the passage and answer the questions that follow by choosing the correct option: Stress factors broadly fall into three types or categories: physical stress, psychological stress and psychosocial stress.Physical stress: trauma (injury, infection, surgery), intense physical labour/over-exertion, environmental pollution (pesticides, herbicides, toxins, heavy metals, inadequate light, radiation, noise, electromagnetic fields), illness (viral, bacterial, or fungal agents), fatigue, inadequate oxygen supply, hypoglycaemia I (low blood sugar), hormonal and/or biochemical imbalances, dietary stress (nutritional deficiencies, food allergies and sensitivities, unhealthy eating habits), dehydration, substance abuse, dental challenges, and musculoskeletal misalignments/imbalances.Psychological stress: emotional stress (resentments, fears, frustration, sadness, anger, grief/bereavement), cognitive stress (information overload, accelerated sense of time, worry, guilt, shame, jealousy, resistance, attachments, self criticism, self-loathing, unworkable perfectionism, anxiety, panic attacks, not feeling like yourself, not feeling like things are real, and a sense of being out of control/not being in control), and perceptual stress (beliefs, roles, stories, attitudes, world view).Psychosocial stress: relationship/marriage difficulties (partner, siblings, children, family, employer, co-workers, employer), lack of social support, lack of resources for adequate survival, loss of employment/investments/savings, loss of loved ones, bankruptcy, home foreclosure, and isolation. Overall, improperly or ineffectively managed stress usually takes a toll on the body. When stress related feelings, moods, emotions are pushed into the body, the soma, this is usually termed psychosomatic or psychogenic illness, including headaches, heart palpitations, physical/ cognitive/emotional pain and suffering, constrictedthroat and shallow, constricted breathing, clammy palms, fatigue, nausea, anxiety, allergies, asthma, autoimmune syndromes related to an ineffective functioning of the immune system, hypertension (high blood pressure), and gastrointestinal disturbances such as diarrhoea, upset stomach, duodenal ulcers and esophageal reflux syndrome.Q. When stress-related feelings, moods, emotions are pushed into the body, it is called- a)Psychoneurotic illness
- b)Psychosomatic illness
- c)Hypertension
- d)None of the above
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the passage and answer the questions that follow by choosing the correct option: Stress factors broadly fall into three types or categories: physical stress, psychological stress and psychosocial stress.
Physical stress: trauma (injury, infection, surgery), intense physical labour/over-exertion, environmental pollution (pesticides, herbicides, toxins, heavy metals, inadequate light, radiation, noise, electromagnetic fields), illness (viral, bacterial, or fungal agents), fatigue, inadequate oxygen supply, hypoglycaemia I (low blood sugar), hormonal and/or biochemical imbalances, dietary stress (nutritional deficiencies, food allergies and sensitivities, unhealthy eating habits), dehydration, substance abuse, dental challenges, and musculoskeletal misalignments/imbalances.
Psychological stress: emotional stress (resentments, fears, frustration, sadness, anger, grief/bereavement), cognitive stress (information overload, accelerated sense of time, worry, guilt, shame, jealousy, resistance, attachments, self criticism, self-loathing, unworkable perfectionism, anxiety, panic attacks, not feeling like yourself, not feeling like things are real, and a sense of being out of control/not being in control), and perceptual stress (beliefs, roles, stories, attitudes, world view).
Psychosocial stress: relationship/marriage difficulties (partner, siblings, children, family, employer, co-workers, employer), lack of social support, lack of resources for adequate survival, loss of employment/investments/savings, loss of loved ones, bankruptcy, home foreclosure, and isolation. Overall, improperly or ineffectively managed stress usually takes a toll on the body. When stress related feelings, moods, emotions are pushed into the body, the soma, this is usually termed psychosomatic or psychogenic illness, including headaches, heart palpitations, physical/ cognitive/emotional pain and suffering, constricted
throat and shallow, constricted breathing, clammy palms, fatigue, nausea, anxiety, allergies, asthma, autoimmune syndromes related to an ineffective functioning of the immune system, hypertension (high blood pressure), and gastrointestinal disturbances such as diarrhoea, upset stomach, duodenal ulcers and esophageal reflux syndrome.
Q. When stress-related feelings, moods, emotions are pushed into the body, it is called
a)
Psychoneurotic illness
b)
Psychosomatic illness
c)
Hypertension
d)
None of the above
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
The feelings, moods and emotions are psychological factors and body relates to somatotype. So, such types of illness are referred to as psychosomatic illness.
Read the passage and answer the questions that follow by choosing the correct option: Stress factors broadly fall into three types or categories: physical stress, psychological stress and psychosocial stress.Physical stress: trauma (injury, infection, surgery), intense physical labour/over-exertion, environmental pollution (pesticides, herbicides, toxins, heavy metals, inadequate light, radiation, noise, electromagnetic fields), illness (viral, bacterial, or fungal agents), fatigue, inadequate oxygen supply, hypoglycaemia I (low blood sugar), hormonal and/or biochemical imbalances, dietary stress (nutritional deficiencies, food allergies and sensitivities, unhealthy eating habits), dehydration, substance abuse, dental challenges, and musculoskeletal misalignments/imbalances.Psychological stress: emotional stress (resentments, fears, frustration, sadness, anger, grief/bereavement), cognitive stress (information overload, accelerated sense of time, worry, guilt, shame, jealousy, resistance, attachments, self criticism, self-loathing, unworkable perfectionism, anxiety, panic attacks, not feeling like yourself, not feeling like things are real, and a sense of being out of control/not being in control), and perceptual stress (beliefs, roles, stories, attitudes, world view).Psychosocial stress: relationship/marriage difficulties (partner, siblings, children, family, employer, co-workers, employer), lack of social support, lack of resources for adequate survival, loss of employment/investments/savings, loss of loved ones, bankruptcy, home foreclosure, and isolation. Overall, improperly or ineffectively managed stress usually takes a toll on the body. When stress related feelings, moods, emotions are pushed into the body, the soma, this is usually termed psychosomatic or psychogenic illness, including headaches, heart palpitations, physical/ cognitive/emotional pain and suffering, constrictedthroat and shallow, constricted breathing, clammy palms, fatigue, nausea, anxiety, allergies, asthma, autoimmune syndromes related to an ineffective functioning of the immune system, hypertension (high blood pressure), and gastrointestinal disturbances such as diarrhoea, upset stomach, duodenal ulcers and esophageal reflux syndrome.Q. Which of the following doesn’t fall under the broad category of stress?- a)Physical
- b)Social
- c)Economic
- d)Psychological
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the passage and answer the questions that follow by choosing the correct option: Stress factors broadly fall into three types or categories: physical stress, psychological stress and psychosocial stress.
Physical stress: trauma (injury, infection, surgery), intense physical labour/over-exertion, environmental pollution (pesticides, herbicides, toxins, heavy metals, inadequate light, radiation, noise, electromagnetic fields), illness (viral, bacterial, or fungal agents), fatigue, inadequate oxygen supply, hypoglycaemia I (low blood sugar), hormonal and/or biochemical imbalances, dietary stress (nutritional deficiencies, food allergies and sensitivities, unhealthy eating habits), dehydration, substance abuse, dental challenges, and musculoskeletal misalignments/imbalances.
Psychological stress: emotional stress (resentments, fears, frustration, sadness, anger, grief/bereavement), cognitive stress (information overload, accelerated sense of time, worry, guilt, shame, jealousy, resistance, attachments, self criticism, self-loathing, unworkable perfectionism, anxiety, panic attacks, not feeling like yourself, not feeling like things are real, and a sense of being out of control/not being in control), and perceptual stress (beliefs, roles, stories, attitudes, world view).
Psychosocial stress: relationship/marriage difficulties (partner, siblings, children, family, employer, co-workers, employer), lack of social support, lack of resources for adequate survival, loss of employment/investments/savings, loss of loved ones, bankruptcy, home foreclosure, and isolation. Overall, improperly or ineffectively managed stress usually takes a toll on the body. When stress related feelings, moods, emotions are pushed into the body, the soma, this is usually termed psychosomatic or psychogenic illness, including headaches, heart palpitations, physical/ cognitive/emotional pain and suffering, constricted
throat and shallow, constricted breathing, clammy palms, fatigue, nausea, anxiety, allergies, asthma, autoimmune syndromes related to an ineffective functioning of the immune system, hypertension (high blood pressure), and gastrointestinal disturbances such as diarrhoea, upset stomach, duodenal ulcers and esophageal reflux syndrome.
Q. Which of the following doesn’t fall under the broad category of stress?
a)
Physical
b)
Social
c)
Economic
d)
Psychological
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
- Economic factors pertain to financial matters and not to stress.
- Economic stress is the feeling of stress due to the current state of one's personal finances and/or due to fear about the economy.
Read the passage and answer the questions that follow by choosing the correct option:A Measure of Stressful Life EventsHolmes and R ahe developed a life event measure of stress. A measure of stressful life events based on the above scale known as the Presumptive Stressful Life Events Scale has been developed for the Indian population by Singh, Kaur and Kaur. It is a self-rating questionnaire made up of fifty-one life changes, which a person may have experienced. Each of these life events is assigned a numerical value in terms of their severity. For example, the death of one’s spouse is assigned 95, personal illness or injury 56, failure in examination 43, appearing for examination or interview 43, change in sleeping habits 33, as the mean stress score. Both positive and negative events are taken, believing that both kinds of changes cause stress. The respondent’s stress score is the weighted sum of all the items/life change events in the past one year checked by her/him.Some sample items of the measure are :
The mean number of stressful life events experienced over a period of one year without producing overt physical or mental illness is approximately two. However, the correlations between life events and susceptibility to any particular illness is low, indicating a weak association between life events and stress. It has been argued as to whether life events have caused some stress-related illness or whether stress caused the life events and illness. The impact of most life events varies from person to person. Factors such as age at which the event was first experienced, frequency of occurrence, duration of the stressful event and social support must be studied in evaluating the relationship between stressful life events and the subsequent illness episode.Q. How many life changes are self-rated under this scale?- a)26
- b)36
- c)51
- d)76
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the passage and answer the questions that follow by choosing the correct option:
A Measure of Stressful Life Events
Holmes and R ahe developed a life event measure of stress. A measure of stressful life events based on the above scale known as the Presumptive Stressful Life Events Scale has been developed for the Indian population by Singh, Kaur and Kaur. It is a self-rating questionnaire made up of fifty-one life changes, which a person may have experienced. Each of these life events is assigned a numerical value in terms of their severity. For example, the death of one’s spouse is assigned 95, personal illness or injury 56, failure in examination 43, appearing for examination or interview 43, change in sleeping habits 33, as the mean stress score. Both positive and negative events are taken, believing that both kinds of changes cause stress. The respondent’s stress score is the weighted sum of all the items/life change events in the past one year checked by her/him.
Some sample items of the measure are :
The mean number of stressful life events experienced over a period of one year without producing overt physical or mental illness is approximately two. However, the correlations between life events and susceptibility to any particular illness is low, indicating a weak association between life events and stress. It has been argued as to whether life events have caused some stress-related illness or whether stress caused the life events and illness. The impact of most life events varies from person to person. Factors such as age at which the event was first experienced, frequency of occurrence, duration of the stressful event and social support must be studied in evaluating the relationship between stressful life events and the subsequent illness episode.
Q. How many life changes are self-rated under this scale?
a)
26
b)
36
c)
51
d)
76
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
PSLE is a self-rating questionnaire made up of fifty-one life changes, which a person may have experienced.
Read the passage and answer the questions that follow by choosing the correct option:A Measure of Stressful Life EventsHolmes and R ahe developed a life event measure of stress. A measure of stressful life events based on the above scale known as the Presumptive Stressful Life Events Scale has been developed for the Indian population by Singh, Kaur and Kaur. It is a self-rating questionnaire made up of fifty-one life changes, which a person may have experienced. Each of these life events is assigned a numerical value in terms of their severity. For example, the death of one’s spouse is assigned 95, personal illness or injury 56, failure in examination 43, appearing for examination or interview 43, change in sleeping habits 33, as the mean stress score. Both positive and negative events are taken, believing that both kinds of changes cause stress. The respondent’s stress score is the weighted sum of all the items/life change events in the past one year checked by her/him.Some sample items of the measure are :
The mean number of stressful life events experienced over a period of one year without producing overt physical or mental illness is approximately two. However, the correlations between life events and susceptibility to any particular illness is low, indicating a weak association between life events and stress. It has been argued as to whether life events have caused some stress-related illness or whether stress caused the life events and illness. The impact of most life events varies from person to person. Factors such as age at which the event was first experienced, frequency of occurrence, duration of the stressful event and social support must be studied in evaluating the relationship between stressful life events and the subsequent illness episode.Q. Which scale has been developed by Singh, Kaur and Kaur?- a)HR Scale
- b)PSLE Scale
- c)DDLP Scale
- d)Raymond Cattell
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the passage and answer the questions that follow by choosing the correct option:
A Measure of Stressful Life Events
Holmes and R ahe developed a life event measure of stress. A measure of stressful life events based on the above scale known as the Presumptive Stressful Life Events Scale has been developed for the Indian population by Singh, Kaur and Kaur. It is a self-rating questionnaire made up of fifty-one life changes, which a person may have experienced. Each of these life events is assigned a numerical value in terms of their severity. For example, the death of one’s spouse is assigned 95, personal illness or injury 56, failure in examination 43, appearing for examination or interview 43, change in sleeping habits 33, as the mean stress score. Both positive and negative events are taken, believing that both kinds of changes cause stress. The respondent’s stress score is the weighted sum of all the items/life change events in the past one year checked by her/him.
Some sample items of the measure are :
The mean number of stressful life events experienced over a period of one year without producing overt physical or mental illness is approximately two. However, the correlations between life events and susceptibility to any particular illness is low, indicating a weak association between life events and stress. It has been argued as to whether life events have caused some stress-related illness or whether stress caused the life events and illness. The impact of most life events varies from person to person. Factors such as age at which the event was first experienced, frequency of occurrence, duration of the stressful event and social support must be studied in evaluating the relationship between stressful life events and the subsequent illness episode.
Q. Which scale has been developed by Singh, Kaur and Kaur?
a)
HR Scale
b)
PSLE Scale
c)
DDLP Scale
d)
Raymond Cattell
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
Presumptive Stressful Life Events (PSLE) Scale has been developed for the Indian population by Singh, Kaur and Kaur.
Read the below case and answer the questions that follow:Triarchic Theory of IntelligenceIn 1985, Robert Sternberg proposed a three category theory of intelligence, integrating components that were lacking in Gardner’s theory. This theory is based on the definition of intelligence as the ability to achieve success based on your personal standards and your sociocultural context.According to the triarchic theory, intelligence has three aspects: analytical, creative, and practical aspects (Sternberg, 1985).Analytical intelligence, also referred to as componential intelligence, refers to intelligence that is applied to analyze or evaluate problems and arrive at solutions.Creative intelligence: The ability to go beyond what is given to create novel and interesting ideas. This type of intelligence involves imagination, innovation and problem-solving.Practical intelligence: The ability that individuals use to solve problems faced in daily life and it is when a person finds the best fit between themselves and the demands of the environment.Choose the correct option:Q. Which of the following is not considered an aspect of intelligence according to the triarchic theory?- a)Creative
- b)Analytical
- c)Practical
- d)Spatial
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the below case and answer the questions that follow:
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
In 1985, Robert Sternberg proposed a three category theory of intelligence, integrating components that were lacking in Gardner’s theory. This theory is based on the definition of intelligence as the ability to achieve success based on your personal standards and your sociocultural context.
According to the triarchic theory, intelligence has three aspects: analytical, creative, and practical aspects (Sternberg, 1985).
Analytical intelligence, also referred to as componential intelligence, refers to intelligence that is applied to analyze or evaluate problems and arrive at solutions.
Creative intelligence: The ability to go beyond what is given to create novel and interesting ideas. This type of intelligence involves imagination, innovation and problem-solving.
Practical intelligence: The ability that individuals use to solve problems faced in daily life and it is when a person finds the best fit between themselves and the demands of the environment.
Choose the correct option:
Q. Which of the following is not considered an aspect of intelligence according to the triarchic theory?
a)
Creative
b)
Analytical
c)
Practical
d)
Spatial
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
Spatial intelligence is considered as an aspect of intelligence according to Gardner’s Theory and not Stenberg’s Theory.
Read the case below and answer the questions that follow:Following the work of Thurstone, American psychologist Howard Gardner built off the idea that there are multiple forms of intelligence.He proposed that there is no single intelligence, but rather distinct, independent multiple intelligences exist, each representing unique skills and talents relevant to a certain category.Gardner (1983) initially proposed seven multiple intelligences: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal, and he has since added naturalist intelligence.Gardner holds that most activities (such as dancing) will involve a combination of these multiple intelligences (such as spatial and bodily kinesthetic intelligences). He also suggests that these multiple intelligences can help us understand concepts beyond intelligence, such as creativity and leadership.Q. Which of the following is not considered as the seven types of multiple intelligence?- a)Street smartness
- b)Spatial
- c)Bodily-Kinesthetic
- d)Linguistic
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the case below and answer the questions that follow:
Following the work of Thurstone, American psychologist Howard Gardner built off the idea that there are multiple forms of intelligence.
He proposed that there is no single intelligence, but rather distinct, independent multiple intelligences exist, each representing unique skills and talents relevant to a certain category.
Gardner (1983) initially proposed seven multiple intelligences: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal, and he has since added naturalist intelligence.
Gardner holds that most activities (such as dancing) will involve a combination of these multiple intelligences (such as spatial and bodily kinesthetic intelligences). He also suggests that these multiple intelligences can help us understand concepts beyond intelligence, such as creativity and leadership.
Q. Which of the following is not considered as the seven types of multiple intelligence?
a)
Street smartness
b)
Spatial
c)
Bodily-Kinesthetic
d)
Linguistic
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
The seven types of multiple intelligences are : linguistic, logical mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily kinesthetic, interpersonal and intrapersonal.
Read the below case and answer the questions that follow:Thematic Apperception Test The most widely known and used story telling technique is the TAT. It was developed by Morgan and Murray (1935) in the belief that the content of imagined stories would provide clues to the underlying dynamics of a subject’s interpersonal relationships and self-attitudes. As elaborated by Murray (1943, 1971) and Bellak (1993), TAT data are expected to reveal the hierarchy of a person’s needs and the nature of his or her dominant emotions and conflicts.The TAT is a widely used projective test for the assessment of children and adults. It is designed to reveal an individual’s perception of interpersonal relationships.
Thirty one picture cards serve as stimuli for stories and descriptions about relationships or social situations. Cards include specific subsets for boys, girls, men, and women. The test is useful as part of a comprehensive study of personality and in the interpretation of behaviour disorders, psychosomatic illnesses, neuroses, and psychoses. Q. How many cards are used in TAT?- a)30
- b)31
- c)32
- d)33
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the below case and answer the questions that follow:
Thematic Apperception Test The most widely known and used story telling technique is the TAT. It was developed by Morgan and Murray (1935) in the belief that the content of imagined stories would provide clues to the underlying dynamics of a subject’s interpersonal relationships and self-attitudes. As elaborated by Murray (1943, 1971) and Bellak (1993), TAT data are expected to reveal the hierarchy of a person’s needs and the nature of his or her dominant emotions and conflicts.
The TAT is a widely used projective test for the assessment of children and adults. It is designed to reveal an individual’s perception of interpersonal relationships.
Thirty one picture cards serve as stimuli for stories and descriptions about relationships or social situations.
Cards include specific subsets for boys, girls, men, and women.
The test is useful as part of a comprehensive study of personality and in the interpretation of behaviour disorders, psychosomatic illnesses, neuroses, and psychoses.
Q. How many cards are used in TAT?
a)
30
b)
31
c)
32
d)
33
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
There are 30 black and white picture cards and 1 blank card for psychological analysis.
Read the passage and answer the questions that follow by choosing the correct option:Hans Selye, a Vienna-born scientist, working in the 20th century, was the first person to describe GAS. Selye found that rats displayed a similar set of physical responses to several different stressors. The latter included cold temperatures, excessive physical exertions, and injection with toxins. The scientist explained GAS as the body’s way of adapting to a perceived threat to better equip it to survive. A paper on Selye’s GAS theory was published in The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology in 1946. The three stages of GAS are: (A) Alarm reaction (B) Resistance (C) Exhaustion When does GAS occur? Selye’s study was limited to physical stressors, such as cold temperatures and physical overexertion. However, it is now understood that life events that induce psychological stress cause the same physical reactions, as were seen in Selye’s study. The sort of life events that can cause a person to experience stress and GAS include (relationship breakdowns, losing a job, medical problems and money troubles) In theory, the fact that these situations can cause GAS may be beneficial. The alarm reaction gives people a burst of energy and concentration that could help them to problem-solve. For most people, however, the physical response their body goes through when they are under stress is not helpful. Unlike threats people may have faced in the Stone Age, a person nowadays is unlikely to be able to resolve a stressful situation of modern day life with a burst of energy. Long-term stress can have a negative impact on a person physically and on their immune system. A 2008 paper noted that chronic stress could lead to increased risk of viral infection, stomach ulcers, depression and heart disease.Q. According to Selye’s GAS model, we respond to stress with alarm, then with resistance and, finally, with ________.- a)adjustment
- b)eustress
- c)commitment
- d)exhaustion
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the passage and answer the questions that follow by choosing the correct option:
Hans Selye, a Vienna-born scientist, working in the 20th century, was the first person to describe GAS. Selye found that rats displayed a similar set of physical responses to several different stressors. The latter included cold temperatures, excessive physical exertions, and injection with toxins. The scientist explained GAS as the body’s way of adapting to a perceived threat to better equip it to survive. A paper on Selye’s GAS theory was published in The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology in 1946. The three stages of GAS are: (A) Alarm reaction (B) Resistance (C) Exhaustion When does GAS occur? Selye’s study was limited to physical stressors, such as cold temperatures and physical overexertion. However, it is now understood that life events that induce psychological stress cause the same physical reactions, as were seen in Selye’s study. The sort of life events that can cause a person to experience stress and GAS include (relationship breakdowns, losing a job, medical problems and money troubles) In theory, the fact that these situations can cause GAS may be beneficial. The alarm reaction gives people a burst of energy and concentration that could help them to problem-solve. For most people, however, the physical response their body goes through when they are under stress is not helpful. Unlike threats people may have faced in the Stone Age, a person nowadays is unlikely to be able to resolve a stressful situation of modern day life with a burst of energy. Long-term stress can have a negative impact on a person physically and on their immune system. A 2008 paper noted that chronic stress could lead to increased risk of viral infection, stomach ulcers, depression and heart disease.
Q. According to Selye’s GAS model, we respond to stress with alarm, then with resistance and, finally, with ________.
a)
adjustment
b)
eustress
c)
commitment
d)
exhaustion
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
Continued exposure to the same stressor or additional stressors drains the body of its resources and leads to the third stage of exhaustion.
Read the passage and answer the questions that follow by choosing the correct option:A Measure of Stressful Life EventsHolmes and R ahe developed a life event measure of stress. A measure of stressful life events based on the above scale known as the Presumptive Stressful Life Events Scale has been developed for the Indian population by Singh, Kaur and Kaur. It is a self-rating questionnaire made up of fifty-one life changes, which a person may have experienced. Each of these life events is assigned a numerical value in terms of their severity. For example, the death of one’s spouse is assigned 95, personal illness or injury 56, failure in examination 43, appearing for examination or interview 43, change in sleeping habits 33, as the mean stress score. Both positive and negative events are taken, believing that both kinds of changes cause stress. The respondent’s stress score is the weighted sum of all the items/life change events in the past one year checked by her/him.Some sample items of the measure are :
The mean number of stressful life events experienced over a period of one year without producing overt physical or mental illness is approximately two. However, the correlations between life events and susceptibility to any particular illness is low, indicating a weak association between life events and stress. It has been argued as to whether life events have caused some stress-related illness or whether stress caused the life events and illness. The impact of most life events varies from person to person. Factors such as age at which the event was first experienced, frequency of occurrence, duration of the stressful event and social support must be studied in evaluating the relationship between stressful life events and the subsequent illness episode.Q. What is the mean number of stressful life events over a period of one year is- a)one
- b)two
- c)five
- d)fifteen
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the passage and answer the questions that follow by choosing the correct option:
A Measure of Stressful Life Events
Holmes and R ahe developed a life event measure of stress. A measure of stressful life events based on the above scale known as the Presumptive Stressful Life Events Scale has been developed for the Indian population by Singh, Kaur and Kaur. It is a self-rating questionnaire made up of fifty-one life changes, which a person may have experienced. Each of these life events is assigned a numerical value in terms of their severity. For example, the death of one’s spouse is assigned 95, personal illness or injury 56, failure in examination 43, appearing for examination or interview 43, change in sleeping habits 33, as the mean stress score. Both positive and negative events are taken, believing that both kinds of changes cause stress. The respondent’s stress score is the weighted sum of all the items/life change events in the past one year checked by her/him.
Some sample items of the measure are :
The mean number of stressful life events experienced over a period of one year without producing overt physical or mental illness is approximately two. However, the correlations between life events and susceptibility to any particular illness is low, indicating a weak association between life events and stress. It has been argued as to whether life events have caused some stress-related illness or whether stress caused the life events and illness. The impact of most life events varies from person to person. Factors such as age at which the event was first experienced, frequency of occurrence, duration of the stressful event and social support must be studied in evaluating the relationship between stressful life events and the subsequent illness episode.
Q. What is the mean number of stressful life events over a period of one year is
a)
one
b)
two
c)
five
d)
fifteen
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
The mean number of stressful life events experienced over a period of one year without producing overt physical or mental illness is approximately two.
Read the case below and answer the questions that follow:A trait is considered as a relatively enduring attribute or quality on which one individual differs from another. They are relatively stable over time and are generally consistent across situations. Their strengths and combinations vary across individuals leading to individual differences in personality.Allport mentioned two types of traits; common traits and personal traits. Common Traits – are the traits found in the majority of persons living in a society or culture. Thus, people of a society or culture can be compared on that trait.For example, If X shows a trait of cooperativeness in his behaviours in various situations, and if similar behaviours are obtained in a large number of persons from that community or culture, this trait will be considered as a common Trait.Common traits thus are those which are reflected in the behaviour of most of the persons in a society or a community or culture.Personal Traits–This refers to the unique characteristics of a person and not shared by other members of the society or community or culture. Such a personal trait is not comparable with those of others in that culture. These traits are inculcated by a person more in the process of socialisation and thus many of the do’s and don’ts of the parents or caregivers become part of the personality and these traits are unique to this individual.Another important aspect is that these traits are highly consistent and can be seen in almost all behaviours of this individual irrespective of the situation concerned. To give an example, the trait of parsimony is something which an individual will show in almost every aspect of his behaviour whether he is at home or office or school or anywhere. He will for example put off the lights to economise on electricity consumption whether at office or at home.Allport further divided personal traits into three subcategories: (A) Cardinal dispositions, (B) Central dispositions, and (C) Secondary dispositionsQ. Common traits are found in ____________ of persons living in a society or culture.- a)Central dispositions
- b)Cardinal dispositions
- c)Secondary dispositions
- d)All of these
- e)all
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the case below and answer the questions that follow:
A trait is considered as a relatively enduring attribute or quality on which one individual differs from another. They are relatively stable over time and are generally consistent across situations. Their strengths and combinations vary across individuals leading to individual differences in personality.
Allport mentioned two types of traits; common traits and personal traits. Common Traits – are the traits found in the majority of persons living in a society or culture. Thus, people of a society or culture can be compared on that trait.
For example, If X shows a trait of cooperativeness in his behaviours in various situations, and if similar behaviours are obtained in a large number of persons from that community or culture, this trait will be considered as a common Trait.
Common traits thus are those which are reflected in the behaviour of most of the persons in a society or a community or culture.
Personal Traits–This refers to the unique characteristics of a person and not shared by other members of the society or community or culture. Such a personal trait is not comparable with those of others in that culture. These traits are inculcated by a person more in the process of socialisation and thus many of the do’s and don’ts of the parents or caregivers become part of the personality and these traits are unique to this individual.
Another important aspect is that these traits are highly consistent and can be seen in almost all behaviours of this individual irrespective of the situation concerned. To give an example, the trait of parsimony is something which an individual will show in almost every aspect of his behaviour whether he is at home or office or school or anywhere. He will for example put off the lights to economise on electricity consumption whether at office or at home.
Allport further divided personal traits into three subcategories: (A) Cardinal dispositions, (B) Central dispositions, and (C) Secondary dispositions
Q. Common traits are found in ____________ of persons living in a society or culture.
a)
Central dispositions
b)
Cardinal dispositions
c)
Secondary dispositions
d)
All of these
e)
all
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
Common traits are not found in all but in most of the people living in a society, environment and culture.
Read the passage and answer the questions that follow by choosing the correct option:A Measure of Stressful Life EventsHolmes and R ahe developed a life event measure of stress. A measure of stressful life events based on the above scale known as the Presumptive Stressful Life Events Scale has been developed for the Indian population by Singh, Kaur and Kaur. It is a self-rating questionnaire made up of fifty-one life changes, which a person may have experienced. Each of these life events is assigned a numerical value in terms of their severity. For example, the death of one’s spouse is assigned 95, personal illness or injury 56, failure in examination 43, appearing for examination or interview 43, change in sleeping habits 33, as the mean stress score. Both positive and negative events are taken, believing that both kinds of changes cause stress. The respondent’s stress score is the weighted sum of all the items/life change events in the past one year checked by her/him.Some sample items of the measure are :
The mean number of stressful life events experienced over a period of one year without producing overt physical or mental illness is approximately two. However, the correlations between life events and susceptibility to any particular illness is low, indicating a weak association between life events and stress. It has been argued as to whether life events have caused some stress-related illness or whether stress caused the life events and illness. The impact of most life events varies from person to person. Factors such as age at which the event was first experienced, frequency of occurrence, duration of the stressful event and social support must be studied in evaluating the relationship between stressful life events and the subsequent illness episode.Q. Which of these is not a source of stress?- a)Life events
- b)Hassles
- c)Traumatic events
- d)Cognition
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the passage and answer the questions that follow by choosing the correct option:
A Measure of Stressful Life Events
Holmes and R ahe developed a life event measure of stress. A measure of stressful life events based on the above scale known as the Presumptive Stressful Life Events Scale has been developed for the Indian population by Singh, Kaur and Kaur. It is a self-rating questionnaire made up of fifty-one life changes, which a person may have experienced. Each of these life events is assigned a numerical value in terms of their severity. For example, the death of one’s spouse is assigned 95, personal illness or injury 56, failure in examination 43, appearing for examination or interview 43, change in sleeping habits 33, as the mean stress score. Both positive and negative events are taken, believing that both kinds of changes cause stress. The respondent’s stress score is the weighted sum of all the items/life change events in the past one year checked by her/him.
Some sample items of the measure are :
The mean number of stressful life events experienced over a period of one year without producing overt physical or mental illness is approximately two. However, the correlations between life events and susceptibility to any particular illness is low, indicating a weak association between life events and stress. It has been argued as to whether life events have caused some stress-related illness or whether stress caused the life events and illness. The impact of most life events varies from person to person. Factors such as age at which the event was first experienced, frequency of occurrence, duration of the stressful event and social support must be studied in evaluating the relationship between stressful life events and the subsequent illness episode.
Q. Which of these is not a source of stress?
a)
Life events
b)
Hassles
c)
Traumatic events
d)
Cognition
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
Cognition pertains to understanding. It is not a source of stress. Cognition is a term referring to the mental processes involved in gaining knowledge and comprehension. These cognitive processes include thinking, knowing, remembering, judging, and problem-solving.
Read the below case and answer the questions that follow:Thematic Apperception Test The most widely known and used story telling technique is the TAT. It was developed by Morgan and Murray (1935) in the belief that the content of imagined stories would provide clues to the underlying dynamics of a subject’s interpersonal relationships and self-attitudes. As elaborated by Murray (1943, 1971) and Bellak (1993), TAT data are expected to reveal the hierarchy of a person’s needs and the nature of his or her dominant emotions and conflicts.The TAT is a widely used projective test for the assessment of children and adults. It is designed to reveal an individual’s perception of interpersonal relationships.
Thirty one picture cards serve as stimuli for stories and descriptions about relationships or social situations. Cards include specific subsets for boys, girls, men, and women. The test is useful as part of a comprehensive study of personality and in the interpretation of behaviour disorders, psychosomatic illnesses, neuroses, and psychoses. Q. TAT is used to study- a)neuroses
- b)psychoses
- c)behaviour disorders
- d)All of these
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the below case and answer the questions that follow:
Thematic Apperception Test The most widely known and used story telling technique is the TAT. It was developed by Morgan and Murray (1935) in the belief that the content of imagined stories would provide clues to the underlying dynamics of a subject’s interpersonal relationships and self-attitudes. As elaborated by Murray (1943, 1971) and Bellak (1993), TAT data are expected to reveal the hierarchy of a person’s needs and the nature of his or her dominant emotions and conflicts.
The TAT is a widely used projective test for the assessment of children and adults. It is designed to reveal an individual’s perception of interpersonal relationships.
Thirty one picture cards serve as stimuli for stories and descriptions about relationships or social situations.
Cards include specific subsets for boys, girls, men, and women.
The test is useful as part of a comprehensive study of personality and in the interpretation of behaviour disorders, psychosomatic illnesses, neuroses, and psychoses.
Q. TAT is used to study
a)
neuroses
b)
psychoses
c)
behaviour disorders
d)
All of these
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
The most widely known and used story telling technique is the TAT. It was developed by Morgan and Murray (1935) in the belief that the content of imagined stories would provide clues to the underlying dynamics of a subject's interpersonal relationships and self-attitudes.
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:- a)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- b)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
- c)Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
- d)Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
a)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
b)
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
c)
Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d)
Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
Diagnostic interviewing generally involves in-depth interviewing which seeks to go beyond the replies given by the person.
Read the case below and answer the questions that follow:The evidence for hereditary influences on intelligence comes mainly from studies on twins and adopted children. The intelligence of identical twins reared together correlates almost 0.90. Twins separated early in childhood also show considerable similarity in their intellectual, personality and behavioural characteristics. The intelligence of identical twins reared in different environments correlated 0.72, those of fraternal twins reared together correlated almost 0.60, and those of brothers and sisters reared together correlated about 0.50, while siblings reared apart correlated about 0.25. Another line of evidence comes from the studies of adopted children, which shows that children’s intelligence is more similar to their biological rather than adoptive parents. With respect to the role of the environment, studies have reported that as children grow in age, their intelligence level tends to move closer to that of their adoptive parents. Children from disadvantaged homes adopted into families with higher socioeconomic status exhibit a large increase in their intelligence scores. There is evidence that environmental deprivation lowers intelligence while rich nutrition, good family background, and quality schooling increases intelligence. There is a general consensus among psychologists that intelligence is a product of complex interaction of heredity (nature) and environment (nurture). Heredity can best be viewed as something that sets a range within which an individual’s development is actually shaped by the support and opportunities of the environment.Choose the correct option:Q. Quality schooling ____________ intelligence- a)decreases
- b)increases
- c)does not affect
- d)may or may not
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the case below and answer the questions that follow:
The evidence for hereditary influences on intelligence comes mainly from studies on twins and adopted children. The intelligence of identical twins reared together correlates almost 0.90. Twins separated early in childhood also show considerable similarity in their intellectual, personality and behavioural characteristics. The intelligence of identical twins reared in different environments correlated 0.72, those of fraternal twins reared together correlated almost 0.60, and those of brothers and sisters reared together correlated about 0.50, while siblings reared apart correlated about 0.25. Another line of evidence comes from the studies of adopted children, which shows that children’s intelligence is more similar to their biological rather than adoptive parents. With respect to the role of the environment, studies have reported that as children grow in age, their intelligence level tends to move closer to that of their adoptive parents. Children from disadvantaged homes adopted into families with higher socioeconomic status exhibit a large increase in their intelligence scores. There is evidence that environmental deprivation lowers intelligence while rich nutrition, good family background, and quality schooling increases intelligence. There is a general consensus among psychologists that intelligence is a product of complex interaction of heredity (nature) and environment (nurture). Heredity can best be viewed as something that sets a range within which an individual’s development is actually shaped by the support and opportunities of the environment.
Choose the correct option:
Q. Quality schooling ____________ intelligence
a)
decreases
b)
increases
c)
does not affect
d)
may or may not
|
|
Arun Yadav answered |
The quality of schooling is directly proportional to the intelligence it develops in the young minds.
Read the below case and answer the questions that follow:Thematic Apperception Test The most widely known and used story telling technique is the TAT. It was developed by Morgan and Murray (1935) in the belief that the content of imagined stories would provide clues to the underlying dynamics of a subject’s interpersonal relationships and self-attitudes. As elaborated by Murray (1943, 1971) and Bellak (1993), TAT data are expected to reveal the hierarchy of a person’s needs and the nature of his or her dominant emotions and conflicts.The TAT is a widely used projective test for the assessment of children and adults. It is designed to reveal an individual’s perception of interpersonal relationships.
Thirty one picture cards serve as stimuli for stories and descriptions about relationships or social situations. Cards include specific subsets for boys, girls, men, and women. The test is useful as part of a comprehensive study of personality and in the interpretation of behaviour disorders, psychosomatic illnesses, neuroses, and psychoses. Q. Which of these is not considered as a part of the TAT card subset?- a)Boys
- b)Rabbit
- c)Girls
- d)Women
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Read the below case and answer the questions that follow:
Thematic Apperception Test The most widely known and used story telling technique is the TAT. It was developed by Morgan and Murray (1935) in the belief that the content of imagined stories would provide clues to the underlying dynamics of a subject’s interpersonal relationships and self-attitudes. As elaborated by Murray (1943, 1971) and Bellak (1993), TAT data are expected to reveal the hierarchy of a person’s needs and the nature of his or her dominant emotions and conflicts.
The TAT is a widely used projective test for the assessment of children and adults. It is designed to reveal an individual’s perception of interpersonal relationships.
Thirty one picture cards serve as stimuli for stories and descriptions about relationships or social situations.
Cards include specific subsets for boys, girls, men, and women.
The test is useful as part of a comprehensive study of personality and in the interpretation of behaviour disorders, psychosomatic illnesses, neuroses, and psychoses.
Q. Which of these is not considered as a part of the TAT card subset?
a)
Boys
b)
Rabbit
c)
Girls
d)
Women
|
|
Rajesh Gupta answered |
TAT is meant for psychological analysis of human beings and not animals.
Chapter doubts & questions for CBSE Practice Questions - Psychology Class 12 2024 is part of Humanities/Arts exam preparation. The chapters have been prepared according to the Humanities/Arts exam syllabus. The Chapter doubts & questions, notes, tests & MCQs are made for Humanities/Arts 2024 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, notes, meanings, examples, exercises, MCQs and online tests here.
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