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All questions of Variations in Psychological Attributes for Humanities/Arts Exam

Read the case below and answer the questions that follow:
The evidence for hereditary influences on intelligence comes mainly from studies on twins and adopted children. The intelligence of identical twins reared together correlates almost 0.90. Twins separated early in childhood also show considerable similarity in their intellectual, personality and behavioural characteristics. The intelligence of identical twins reared in different environments correlated 0.72, those of fraternal twins reared together correlated almost 0.60, and those of brothers and sisters reared together correlated about 0.50, while siblings reared apart correlated about 0.25. Another line of evidence comes from the studies of adopted children, which shows that children’s intelligence is more similar to their biological rather than adoptive parents. With respect to the role of the environment, studies have reported that as children grow in age, their intelligence level tends to move closer to that of their adoptive parents. Children from disadvantaged homes adopted into families with higher socioeconomic status exhibit a large increase in their intelligence scores. There is evidence that environmental deprivation lowers intelligence while rich nutrition, good family background, and quality schooling increases intelligence. There is a general consensus among psychologists that intelligence is a product of complex interaction of heredity (nature) and environment (nurture). Heredity can best be viewed as something that sets a range within which an individual’s development is actually shaped by the support and opportunities of the environment.
Choose the correct option:
Q. Children’s intelligence is more closely related to their _____________ parents.
  • a)
    biological
  • b)
    adoptive
  • c)
    single
  • d)
    divorced
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Arun Yadav answered
Biological parents are the natural parents of a child. The father and mother whose DNA a child carries are usually called the child's biological parents. Legal parents have a family relationship to the child by law, but do not need to be related by blood, for example in the case of an adopted child.
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IQ test scores represent __________ measures of intelligence. 
  • a)
    Genotypic 
  • b)
    Environmental 
  • c)
    Modular 
  • d)
    Phenotypic 
  • e)
    General
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Kiran Mehta answered
IQ test scores represent phenotypic measures of intelligence. Phenotypic refers to the expression of our genes in behavioural traits that we can measure. Genotypic refers to the DNA we inherited from our parents. Environmental, modular and general are not standard terms used to refer to the genetics of IQ.

What is the main advantage of using psychological tests for assessment?
  • a)
    Subjective interpretations
  • b)
    Lack of standardization
  • c)
    Objective and standardized measurement
  • d)
    Variability in assessment
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Jyoti Das answered
Advantages of Using Psychological Tests for Assessment

Objective and standardized measurement
Psychological tests provide an objective and standardized way of measuring various psychological constructs such as intelligence, personality, and mental health. This means that the same test can be administered to different individuals in a consistent manner, allowing for reliable comparisons to be made between their results. This objectivity helps to minimize the potential for bias and ensures that the assessment process is fair and consistent for all individuals.

Reliability and validity
Psychological tests are designed to be reliable and valid measures of the traits or characteristics they are intended to assess. Reliability refers to the consistency of test results over time and across different administrations, while validity refers to the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure. By using standardized tests with established reliability and validity, assessors can have confidence in the accuracy and consistency of their results.

Efficiency and cost-effectiveness
Psychological tests are often more efficient and cost-effective than other assessment methods, such as interviews or observations. Administering a standardized test to multiple individuals can save time and resources compared to conducting individualized assessments for each person. Additionally, standardized tests are typically less prone to human error and can be scored quickly and accurately, making them a practical choice for large-scale assessments.
In conclusion, the main advantage of using psychological tests for assessment is their ability to provide an objective and standardized measurement of psychological constructs. This objectivity, along with reliability, validity, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness, makes psychological tests a valuable tool for assessing individuals in a variety of settings.

Which model assumes that the savant syndrome represents selective brain damage by which some modules were spared whereas others were not? 
  • a)
    Sternberg’s triarchic theory 
  • b)
    Fluid intelligence 
  • c)
    Minimal cognitive architecture 
  • d)
    Information-processing 
  • e)
    Cognitive components
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Kiran Mehta answered
Anderson’s minimal cognitive architecture model assumes that the savant syndrome represents selective brain damage in which some modules were spared whereas others were not. The alternative answers all refer to theories or models of normal intelligence.

Which intelligence theory views intelligence as "the ability to adapt, to shape and select environment to accomplish one’s goals and those of one’s society and culture"?
  • a)
    Theory of Multiple Intelligences
  • b)
    Triarchic Theory
  • c)
    Structure-of-Intellect Model
  • d)
    Two-Factor Theory
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Pj Commerce Academy answered
The Triarchic Theory of intelligence, proposed by Robert Sternberg, views intelligence as "the ability to adapt, to shape and select environment to accomplish one’s goals and those of one’s society and culture." This theory emphasizes the dynamic nature of intelligence and its role in facilitating adaptation to changing environments. According to Sternberg, intelligence involves three basic types: componential (analytical), experiential (creative), and contextual (practical). These components work together to enable individuals to effectively navigate and succeed in various contexts.

Which psychological attribute involves a person's preference for engaging in specific activities relative to others?
  • a)
    Intelligence
  • b)
    Aptitude
  • c)
    Interest
  • d)
    Personality
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Curiosity Classes answered
Interest refers to an individual's preference for engaging in specific activities relative to others. Assessing interests can help in determining suitable subjects or courses for students to pursue comfortably and with pleasure. Understanding interests also aids in making choices that promote life satisfaction and performance in various occupations or jobs.

Which theorist proposed a hierarchical model of intelligence consisting of abilities operating at two levels: Level I and Level II?
  • a)
    Alfred Binet
  • b)
    Louis Thurstone
  • c)
    Arthur Jensen
  • d)
    J.P. Guilford
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Akshita Saha answered
Arthur Jensen proposed a hierarchical model of intelligence consisting of abilities operating at two levels: Level I and Level II.

Level I:
- Level I abilities are considered to be the lower-order processes that involve basic cognitive functions such as memory, perception, and retrieval of information.
- Jensen suggested that Level I abilities are primarily influenced by genetic factors.

Level II:
- Level II abilities are higher-order cognitive processes that involve reasoning, problem-solving, and abstract thinking.
- According to Jensen, Level II abilities are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors.

Implications of Jensen's model:
- Jensen's model implies that intelligence is not a unitary construct but rather consists of multiple abilities operating at different levels.
- This model suggests that some individuals may excel in Level I abilities while others may excel in Level II abilities.
- The model also raises questions about the heritability of intelligence and the role of genetics in determining cognitive abilities.
In conclusion, Arthur Jensen's hierarchical model of intelligence provides a framework for understanding the complexity of cognitive processes and the interplay between genetic and environmental factors in shaping individual differences in intelligence.

Read the below case and answer the questions that follow:
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
In 1985, Robert Sternberg proposed a three category theory of intelligence, integrating components that were lacking in Gardner’s theory. This theory is based on the definition of intelligence as the ability to achieve success based on your personal standards and your sociocultural context.
According to the triarchic theory, intelligence has three aspects: analytical, creative, and practical aspects (Sternberg, 1985).
Analytical intelligence, also referred to as componential intelligence, refers to intelligence that is applied to analyze or evaluate problems and arrive at solutions.
Creative intelligence: The ability to go beyond what is given to create novel and interesting ideas. This type of intelligence involves imagination, innovation and problem-solving.
Practical intelligence: The ability that individuals use to solve problems faced in daily life and it is when a person finds the best fit between themselves and the demands of the environment.
Choose the correct option:
Q. According to Sternberg, intelligence involves:
  • a)
    the ability to adapt to the environment
  • b)
    mechanical abilities
  • c)
    musical abilities
  • d)
    being obedient and respectful to others
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Rajesh Gupta answered
The adaptability to the physical environment is the first and the foremost aspect of intelligence.

According to the triarchic theory of intelligence, which component of intelligence involves the analysis of information to solve problems?
  • a)
    Componential Intelligence
  • b)
    Experiential Intelligence
  • c)
    Contextual Intelligence
  • d)
    Logical-Mathematical Intelligence
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Pj Commerce Academy answered
Componential intelligence, also known as analytical intelligence, is the ability to analyze information and solve problems effectively. It involves breaking down complex problems into smaller components, understanding the relationships between these components, and applying logical reasoning to arrive at solutions. Componential intelligence comprises three components: knowledge acquisition, meta or higher-order planning, and performance. Individuals high in componential intelligence excel in academic settings and in tasks that require critical thinking and problem-solving skills.

Read the below case and answer the questions that follow:
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
In 1985, Robert Sternberg proposed a three category theory of intelligence, integrating components that were lacking in Gardner’s theory. This theory is based on the definition of intelligence as the ability to achieve success based on your personal standards and your sociocultural context.
According to the triarchic theory, intelligence has three aspects: analytical, creative, and practical aspects (Sternberg, 1985).
Analytical intelligence, also referred to as componential intelligence, refers to intelligence that is applied to analyze or evaluate problems and arrive at solutions.
Creative intelligence: The ability to go beyond what is given to create novel and interesting ideas. This type of intelligence involves imagination, innovation and problem-solving.
Practical intelligence: The ability that individuals use to solve problems faced in daily life and it is when a person finds the best fit between themselves and the demands of the environment.
Choose the correct option:
Q. Which of the following is the theory proposed by Robert Sternberg?
  • a)
    He proposed that there is no single intelligence, but rather distinct, independent multiple intelligences that exist.
  • b)
    His theory is based on the definition of intelligence as the ability to achieve success based on your personal standards and your sociocultural context.
  • c)
    He proposed that humans progress through four developmental stages
  • d)
    He proposed the theory to study complex human behaviour by studying the voluntary responses shown by an organism when placed in a certain environment.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Rajesh Gupta answered
The name of this theory of Robert Sternberg is the Triarchic Theory.
According to Sternberg (1985a), the triarchic theory seeks to understand human intelligence in terms of three subtheories: a contextual subtheory that related intelligence to the external world of the individual; a componential subtheory that related intelligence to the internal world of the individual; and an experiential subtheory that applies to both the internal and external environments.

Galton introduced the idea of correlation (or co-relation) and showed which of the following to be true?
  • a)
    A correlation of −1 indicates that there is no relationship between the two variables being considered.
  • b)
    Correlations should only be used with variables that are normally distributed.
  • c)
    If variable A (e.g. height) shows a correlation with variable B (e.g. weight) of +1.0, then we know that A caused B.
  • d)
    IQ was correlated with job performance.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Arun Yadav answered
Together, the notions of normal distribution and correlation allow us to consider how our abilities vary in relation to each other and in relation to the abilities of others in the population, and hence how well we can use scores on one variable to predict scores on another.

Binet was the first psychologist to specify that intelligence tests must be:
  1. Administered and scored in a careful and standardized manner if comparisons between children’s performance are to be valid and reliable.
  2. Presented in the same order to all children and in order of increasing difficulty so that each child can pass as many tests as possible.
  3. Difficult, to ensure that only intelligent people pass them.
  4. Administered in a one-to-one setting and only where the examiner has first established a friendly rapport with the child.
  • a)
    1, 2, 3 
  • b)
    2, 3 
  • c)
    1, 2, 4 
  • d)
    3, 4
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Arun Yadav answered
Binet and his associate Théodore Simon used a range of tasks in their first intelligence tests. These included around 30 items of increasing difficulty, from simple items that even intellectually disabled children were able to complete. More complex tasks included pointing to body parts and defining words such as ‘house’ or ‘wheel’, and tasks that were harder still, such as repeating back strings of digits and constructing sentences involving several specified words.Interestingly, vocabulary and digit recall tasks are still used in our most advanced intelligence tests today.
Binet was also the first psychologist to specify that such tests must be:
  1. administered and scored in a careful and standardized manner if comparisons between children’s performance are to be valid and reliable;
  2. presented in the same order to all children and in order of increasing difficulty so that each child can pass as many tests as possible; and
  3. administered in a one-to-one setting and only where the examiner has first established a friendly rapport with the child.Psychologists still adhere to these very important principles of testing today.

It is generally accepted that there is such a thing as general intelligence. So which of the following statements is true? 
  • a)
    Some people have general intelligence, others have multiple intelligences. 
  • b)
    The only people who do not have general intelligence are those that have IQs less than 100. 
  • c)
    General intelligence develops by adulthood. 
  • d)
    General intelligence can be thought of as ‘mental energy’ that is applied to all tasks that we attempt.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Arun Yadav answered
Spearman’s finding of a general feature that underlies performance in many areas was so radical that it became the hallmark of his work. Spearman likened g to mental energy – a limited resource available to all intellectual tasks. So the idea was that individuals differ in general intelligence because they have different amounts of this mental energy.

Which are the most widely used individual tests of intelligence? 
  • a)
    Wechsler tests 
  • b)
    Stanford-Binet tests 
  • c)
    IQ tests 
  • d)
    Reaction time tests 
  • e)
    Spearman’s g
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Kiran Mehta answered
Wechsler tests are the most widely used individual tests of intelligence
.Most Widely Used Individual Tests of Intelligence
  • Wechsler Tests: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) are among the most widely used individual tests of intelligence. They assess various cognitive abilities such as verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed.

  • Stanford-Binet Tests: The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales are another popular set of individual tests used to measure intelligence. They provide a general intelligence score as well as specific scores for different cognitive abilities.

  • IQ Tests: IQ tests, such as the Raven's Progressive Matrices and the Cattell Culture Fair Intelligence Test, are commonly used to measure intelligence. They often involve tasks related to problem-solving, reasoning, and pattern recognition.

    •  

Anderson argues three of the following – but which ONE is NOT in line with his arguments? 
  • a)
    The first route to knowledge is through thought (central processes). 
  • b)
    The ‘thought’ route to knowledge is unrelated to individual differences in IQ. 
  • c)
    Thoughtful problem solving can be done either by verbalizing a problem (using language-like propositions to think) or by visualizing it (using visuo-spatial representations to think). 
  • d)
    We need two different kinds of knowledge acquisition routines, each generated by one of two specific processors.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Kiran Mehta answered
Anderson suggests that the first route to knowledge is through thought (central processes) and is related to differences in IQ. Thoughtful problem-solving can be done either by verbalizing a problem (using language-like propositions to think) or by visualizing it (using visuo-spatial representations to think). For this to happen, we need two different kinds of knowledge acquisition routines, each generated by one of two specific processors.
It is proposed that these processors are the source of individual differences in specific abilities, which, in turn, are constrained by the speed of a basic processing mechanism. So, at a slow processing speed, only the simplest kinds of thoughts of either kind can occur. (It is argued that the speed of the basic processing mechanism can be measured using tasks such as inspection time and reaction time.) It is suggested by Anderson that this constraint is the basis of individual differences in general intelligence and the reason for manifest specific abilities being correlated (giving rise to the g factor).

What explanations have been given to challenge the widely publicized, yet grossly inaccurate, claim that differences in IQ scores between black and white Americans are due to genetic differences in intelligence?
  • a)
    Disadvantaged social groups are treated differently
  • b)
    Socio-economic status provides different opportunities
  • c)
    IQ tests are biased against minority groups
  • d)
    (a), (b) and (c)
  • e)
    No one has challenged the race-IQ claims
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Kiran Mehta answered
Many researchers and other professionals have challenged the claims of a race-IQ link by emphasizing the environmental influences that can lead to observed differences, which include the disadvantaged status and treatment of minority groups, socio-economic differences and biased IQ tests.

Read the case below and answer the questions that follow:
The evidence for hereditary influences on intelligence comes mainly from studies on twins and adopted children. The intelligence of identical twins reared together correlates almost 0.90. Twins separated early in childhood also show considerable similarity in their intellectual, personality and behavioural characteristics. The intelligence of identical twins reared in different environments correlated 0.72, those of fraternal twins reared together correlated almost 0.60, and those of brothers and sisters reared together correlated about 0.50, while siblings reared apart correlated about 0.25. Another line of evidence comes from the studies of adopted children, which shows that children’s intelligence is more similar to their biological rather than adoptive parents. With respect to the role of the environment, studies have reported that as children grow in age, their intelligence level tends to move closer to that of their adoptive parents. Children from disadvantaged homes adopted into families with higher socioeconomic status exhibit a large increase in their intelligence scores. There is evidence that environmental deprivation lowers intelligence while rich nutrition, good family background, and quality schooling increases intelligence. There is a general consensus among psychologists that intelligence is a product of complex interaction of heredity (nature) and environment (nurture). Heredity can best be viewed as something that sets a range within which an individual’s development is actually shaped by the support and opportunities of the environment.
Choose the correct option:
Q. Which of these indicates correlation between the siblings who are reared apart?
  • a)
    0.90
  • b)
    0.72
  • c)
    0.50
  • d)
    0.25
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Arun Yadav answered
0.25 indicates correlation between the siblings who are reared apart

Read the case below and answer the questions that follow:
Following the work of Thurstone, American psychologist Howard Gardner built off the idea that there are multiple forms of intelligence.
He proposed that there is no single intelligence, but rather distinct, independent multiple intelligences exist, each representing unique skills and talents relevant to a certain category.
Gardner (1983) initially proposed seven multiple intelligences: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal, and he has since added naturalist intelligence.
Gardner holds that most activities (such as dancing) will involve a combination of these multiple intelligences (such as spatial and bodily kinesthetic intelligences). He also suggests that these multiple intelligences can help us understand concepts beyond intelligence, such as creativity and leadership.
Q. How many types of intelligence did Gardner ’s theory of multiple intelligence identify?
  • a)
    2
  • b)
    7
  • c)
    6
  • d)
    5
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Rajesh Gupta answered
Gardner ’s theory of multiple intelligence identifies 7 types of intelligence.
In order to capture the full range of abilities and talents that people possess, Gardner theorizes that people do not have just an intellectual capacity, but have many kinds of intelligence, including musical, interpersonal, spatial-visual, and linguistic intelligences

Read the case below and answer the questions that follow:
Following the work of Thurstone, American psychologist Howard Gardner built off the idea that there are multiple forms of intelligence.
He proposed that there is no single intelligence, but rather distinct, independent multiple intelligences exist, each representing unique skills and talents relevant to a certain category.
Gardner (1983) initially proposed seven multiple intelligences: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal, and he has since added naturalist intelligence.
Gardner holds that most activities (such as dancing) will involve a combination of these multiple intelligences (such as spatial and bodily kinesthetic intelligences). He also suggests that these multiple intelligences can help us understand concepts beyond intelligence, such as creativity and leadership.
Q. Sheetal would be much happier in a job where they could move around, such as a recreational leader, a forest ranger, or physical therapist. What is her type of intelligence?
  • a)
    Linguistic
  • b)
    Spatial
  • c)
    Bodily Kinesthetic
  • d)
    Logical- Mathematical
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Rajesh Gupta answered
The movement loving intelligence is bodily kinesthetic. Bodily kinesthetic intelligence is the capacity to manipulate objects and use a variety of physical skills. This intelligence also involves a sense of timing and the perfection of skills through mind–body union. Athletes, dancers, surgeons, and crafts people exhibit well-developed bodily kinesthetic intelligence.

Read the case below and answer the questions that follow:
Following the work of Thurstone, American psychologist Howard Gardner built off the idea that there are multiple forms of intelligence.
He proposed that there is no single intelligence, but rather distinct, independent multiple intelligences exist, each representing unique skills and talents relevant to a certain category.
Gardner (1983) initially proposed seven multiple intelligences: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal, and he has since added naturalist intelligence.
Gardner holds that most activities (such as dancing) will involve a combination of these multiple intelligences (such as spatial and bodily kinesthetic intelligences). He also suggests that these multiple intelligences can help us understand concepts beyond intelligence, such as creativity and leadership.
Q. Whom did American psychologist Howard Gardner follow?
  • a)
    Sigmund Freud
  • b)
    Jean Piaget
  • c)
    Thurstone
  • d)
    BF Skinner
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Arun Yadav answered
Gardner was a staunch follower of the theories propounded by Thurstone.

Assertion (A): Individuals with high emotional intelligence are better equipped to navigate social complexities than those with low emotional intelligence.
Reason (R): Emotional intelligence encompasses the ability to understand and manage both one's own emotions and the emotions of others, which is essential for effective communication and relationship management.
  • a)
    If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
  • b)
    If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
  • c)
    If Assertion is true but Reason is false
  • d)
    If both Assertion and Reason are false
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Pj Commerce Academy answered
  • Assertion (A) is true: Research indicates that individuals with high emotional intelligence can effectively manage social interactions and emotional challenges.
  • Reason (R) is also true: Emotional intelligence indeed involves understanding and regulating emotions, which facilitates better communication and relationships.
  • Since the Reason explains why the Assertion is true, Option A is the correct choice.

Which type of intelligence involves the ability to understand and interpret subtle aspects of others' behaviors?
  • a)
    Interpersonal
  • b)
    Intrapersonal
  • c)
    Bodily-Kinaesthetic
  • d)
    Linguistic
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Pj Commerce Academy answered
Interpersonal intelligence involves the ability to understand and interpret subtle aspects of others' behaviors, motives, and feelings. Individuals high in interpersonal intelligence excel in forming and maintaining relationships with others, as they are sensitive to social cues and adept at navigating social dynamics. Professions such as psychologists, counselors, politicians, social workers, and religious leaders often require a high level of interpersonal intelligence for effective interaction with others.

Read the below case and answer the questions that follow:
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
In 1985, Robert Sternberg proposed a three category theory of intelligence, integrating components that were lacking in Gardner’s theory. This theory is based on the definition of intelligence as the ability to achieve success based on your personal standards and your sociocultural context.
According to the triarchic theory, intelligence has three aspects: analytical, creative, and practical aspects (Sternberg, 1985).
Analytical intelligence, also referred to as componential intelligence, refers to intelligence that is applied to analyze or evaluate problems and arrive at solutions.
Creative intelligence: The ability to go beyond what is given to create novel and interesting ideas. This type of intelligence involves imagination, innovation and problem-solving.
Practical intelligence: The ability that individuals use to solve problems faced in daily life and it is when a person finds the best fit between themselves and the demands of the environment.
Choose the correct option:
Q. Which of the following is not considered an aspect of intelligence according to the triarchic theory?
  • a)
    Creative
  • b)
    Analytical
  • c)
    Practical
  • d)
    Spatial
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Rajesh Gupta answered
Spatial intelligence is considered as an aspect of intelligence according to Gardner’s Theory and not Stenberg’s Theory.

Read the case below and answer the questions that follow:
Following the work of Thurstone, American psychologist Howard Gardner built off the idea that there are multiple forms of intelligence.
He proposed that there is no single intelligence, but rather distinct, independent multiple intelligences exist, each representing unique skills and talents relevant to a certain category.
Gardner (1983) initially proposed seven multiple intelligences: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal, and he has since added naturalist intelligence.
Gardner holds that most activities (such as dancing) will involve a combination of these multiple intelligences (such as spatial and bodily kinesthetic intelligences). He also suggests that these multiple intelligences can help us understand concepts beyond intelligence, such as creativity and leadership.
Q. Which of the following is not considered as the seven types of multiple intelligence?
  • a)
    Street smartness
  • b)
    Spatial
  • c)
    Bodily-Kinesthetic
  • d)
    Linguistic
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Arun Yadav answered
The seven types of multiple intelligences are : linguistic, logical mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily kinesthetic, interpersonal and intrapersonal.

Which intelligence theory proposes that intelligence consists of seven primary abilities, each relatively independent of the others?
  • a)
    Theory of Multiple Intelligences
  • b)
    Two-Factor Theory
  • c)
    Triarchic Theory
  • d)
    Theory of Primary Mental Abilities
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Pj Commerce Academy answered
The Theory of Primary Mental Abilities, proposed by Louis Thurstone, suggests that intelligence consists of seven primary abilities, each relatively independent of the others. These primary abilities include verbal comprehension, numerical abilities, spatial relations, perceptual speed, word fluency, memory, and inductive reasoning. According to Thurstone, individuals may excel in one or more of these abilities, regardless of their performance in other areas.

According to the text, what is the primary focus of the psychometric approach to intelligence?
  • a)
    Analyzing cognitive functions underlying intelligent behavior
  • b)
    Identifying general and specific factors of intelligence
  • c)
    Exploring distinct types of intelligence
  • d)
    Understanding the structure of intelligence
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Learning Educators answered
The primary focus of the psychometric approach to intelligence is understanding the structure of intelligence. This approach aims to identify and measure general and specific factors of intelligence using standardized tests and statistical analyses. Psychometricians seek to quantify intelligence and assess its various dimensions to better understand human cognitive abilities.

Which method of psychological assessment involves seeking information from a person on a one-to-one basis?
  • a)
    Psychological Test
  • b)
    Interview
  • c)
    Case Study
  • d)
    Observation
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

EduRev Humanities answered
An interview is a method of psychological assessment that involves seeking information from a person on a one-to-one basis. During an interview, an interviewer interacts with the interviewee to gather information about their thoughts, feelings, experiences, and behaviors. Interviews can be used in various contexts, including counseling, research, employment selection, and clinical diagnosis, to gain insight into an individual's psychological attributes and characteristics.

According to the text, what is the primary purpose of psychological assessment?
  • a)
    To identify the dominant values of a person
  • b)
    To predict how a person will behave in the future
  • c)
    To measure psychological attributes of individuals
  • d)
    To understand the structure of intelligence
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

EduRev Humanities answered
The primary purpose of psychological assessment is to measure the psychological attributes of individuals. This involves evaluating and quantifying various aspects of an individual's cognition, personality, interests, values, and behaviors using scientific methods and standardized measures. Psychological assessment provides valuable information for understanding individuals, predicting their behavior, and making informed decisions in various domains such as education, employment, and mental health.

What is the primary focus of the information-processing approach to intelligence?
  • a)
    Understanding the structure of intelligence
  • b)
    Analyzing cognitive functions underlying intelligent behavior
  • c)
    Identifying general and specific factors of intelligence
  • d)
    Exploring distinct types of intelligence
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Learning Educators answered
The information-processing approach to intelligence focuses on analyzing the cognitive functions underlying intelligent behavior. Unlike the psychometric approach, which emphasizes the measurement and structure of intelligence, the information-processing approach seeks to understand how intelligent individuals process information, reason, and solve problems. This approach examines the mental processes involved in tasks such as problem-solving, decision-making, and memory retrieval, aiming to uncover the mechanisms that contribute to intelligent behavior.

Which type of intelligence involves the ability to understand and interpret musical rhythms and patterns?
  • a)
    Logical-Mathematical
  • b)
    Spatial
  • c)
    Musical
  • d)
    Interpersonal
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Curiosity Classes answered
Musical intelligence refers to the capacity to produce, manipulate, and understand musical rhythms and patterns. Individuals with high musical intelligence are sensitive to sounds and vibrations, and they excel in creating and understanding musical compositions. Musicians, composers, and conductors often exhibit a strong aptitude in musical intelligence. This type of intelligence allows individuals to appreciate, create, and express themselves through music.

Which of the following statements about the relationship between creativity and cognitive abilities is/are correct?
i. Creativity requires a baseline level of cognitive abilities such as knowledge acquisition and comprehension.
ii. Individuals with high IQs are guaranteed to be highly creative.
iii. Modifying existing concepts is a form of creativity.
iv. Creativity is solely dependent on verbal skills and does not involve physical activities.
  • a)
    i and iii
  • b)
    ii and iv
  • c)
    i, ii, and iii
  • d)
    i and iv
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Crafty Classes answered
- Statement i is correct as creativity does require foundational cognitive abilities like knowledge acquisition and comprehension.
- Statement ii is incorrect since high IQ does not ensure high creativity; they can exist independently.
- Statement iii is correct because modifying existing concepts is indeed a recognized form of creativity.
- Statement iv is incorrect as creativity can also manifest through physical activities, especially in early childhood. Therefore, the correct statements are i and iii, making the answer A.

Given below are two statements:
Statement I: Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligence suggests that intelligence is a singular entity that applies universally to all problem-solving situations.
Statement II: Gardner identified eight distinct types of intelligences, such as Linguistic, Logical-Mathematical, and Spatial intelligence, among others.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:
  • a)
    Both Statement I and Statement II are true
  • b)
    Both Statement I and Statement II are false
  • c)
    Statement I is true, but Statement II is false
  • d)
    Statement I is false, but Statement II is true
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

EduRev Humanities answered
Statement I is false because Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligence suggests that intelligence is not a singular entity, but rather that there are distinct types of intelligences that are independent of one another. Statement II is true because Gardner identified eight distinct types of intelligences, including Linguistic, Logical-Mathematical, and Spatial intelligence, among others.

Which of the following statements regarding creativity and intelligence is/are correct?
i. High intelligence is a prerequisite for high creativity.
ii. Creativity can manifest in various forms such as writing, art, and science.
iii. Intelligence is primarily associated with the ability to reproduce learned information accurately.
iv. Creativity assessments often include divergent thinking tasks that evaluate idea generation.
  • a)
    i and ii
  • b)
    ii, iii, and iv
  • c)
    iii and iv
  • d)
    i, iii, and iv
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Crafty Classes answered
- Statement i is incorrect because high intelligence does not guarantee high creativity; they are distinct attributes.
- Statement ii is correct as creativity does manifest in forms like writing, art, and science.
- Statement iii is correct because intelligence is linked to the ability to reproduce information accurately.
- Statement iv is also correct because creativity assessments often evaluate divergent thinking, which involves generating a variety of ideas. Thus, the correct statements are ii, iii, and iv, making the answer B.

Assertion (A): Cultural contexts significantly influence the development of higher mental functions, such as problem-solving and critical thinking.
Reason (R): In technologically advanced societies, social and emotional competencies are prioritized over reasoning and judgment.
  • a)
    If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
  • b)
    If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
  • c)
    If Assertion is true but Reason is false
  • d)
    If both Assertion and Reason are false
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Learning Educators answered
 
- The Assertion is true because it aligns with the idea that higher mental functions are shaped by cultural experiences and practices.
- The Reason is false because, in technologically advanced societies, reasoning and judgment are often highly valued, contrary to what the reason states.
- Since the Reason does not correctly explain the Assertion, the correct answer is Option A, as both statements are not true but the Assertion is valid in a broader context.
 

Which type of intelligence involves the capacity to produce, create, and manipulate musical patterns?
  • a)
    Logical-Mathematical
  • b)
    Linguistic
  • c)
    Musical
  • d)
    Bodily-Kinaesthetic
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Learning Educators answered
Musical intelligence involves the capacity to produce, create, and manipulate musical patterns. Individuals high in musical intelligence are sensitive to sounds and rhythms, skilled in playing musical instruments, and adept at composing or arranging music. This type of intelligence is often associated with professions such as musicians, composers, conductors, and music producers, who excel in the creative expression and interpretation of music.

Which intelligence theory emphasizes that intelligence is a single entity represented by a general factor (g-factor)?
  • a)
    Theory of Multiple Intelligences
  • b)
    Structure-of-Intellect Model
  • c)
    Two-Factor Theory
  • d)
    Uni or One Factor Theory
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Learning Educators answered
The Uni or One Factor Theory of intelligence posits that intelligence is a single entity represented by a general factor (g-factor). This theory, proposed by Alfred Binet, suggests that individuals possess a similar set of abilities that can be used to solve any problem in their environment. However, this theory was later disputed as psychologists analyzed data collected using Binet's tests and found evidence for multiple factors contributing to intelligence.

Match the following dimensions of intelligence recognized in the Indian tradition with their corresponding descriptions.
  • a)
    A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
  • b)
    A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
  • c)
    A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
  • d)
    A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

EduRev Humanities answered
A-3: Cognitive capacity involves sensitivity to context, problem-solving skills, and effective communication.
B-4: Social competence refers to respect for the social order, commitment to elders, and consideration for others' perspectives.
C-1: Emotional competence includes self-regulation, honesty, politeness, and good conduct.
D-2: Entrepreneurial competence involves commitment, persistence, patience, and a goal-directed approach.

Creativity assessments often focus on ________, which involves generating multiple ideas and exploring various possibilities.
  • a)
    Convergent thinking
  • b)
    Analytical thinking
  • c)
    Divergent thinking
  • d)
    Emotional reasoning
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Learning Educators answered
Creativity assessments often focus on divergent thinking, which involves generating a range of ideas that deviate from the norm and exploring various possibilities, fostering the use of imagination and originality.

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the implications of intellectual giftedness as described in the text?
  • a)
    Gifted individuals are primarily characterized by their superior memory and verbal abilities, which are the only indicators of their exceptional potential.
  • b)
    Giftedness is solely determined by an individual's IQ score, and those with an IQ of over 130 are considered gifted regardless of their creativity or commitment.
  • c)
    Intellectual giftedness is identified by a combination of high ability, creativity, and commitment, which can manifest in exceptional performance across diverse areas or specific talents.
  • d)
    Individuals with intellectual giftedness are often less motivated and more conformist, preferring group activities over solitary academic pursuits.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

EduRev Humanities answered
The text explains that intellectual giftedness is a combination of high ability, high creativity, and high commitment, leading to exceptional performance either in diverse areas (giftedness) or in specific domains (talent). The other options do not accurately reflect the characteristics of intellectual giftedness as described.

 

Which intelligence theory emphasizes the role of adaptability and practical problem-solving in intelligence?
  • a)
    Theory of Multiple Intelligences
  • b)
    Two-Factor Theory
  • c)
    Triarchic Theory
  • d)
    Theory of Primary Mental Abilities
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Pj Commerce Academy answered
The Triarchic Theory of intelligence, proposed by Robert Sternberg, emphasizes the role of adaptability and practical problem-solving in intelligence. According to Sternberg, intelligence involves three basic types: componential (analytical), experiential (creative), and contextual (practical). Contextual intelligence, in particular, focuses on the ability to adapt to and shape one's environment to achieve goals effectively. This theory highlights the dynamic nature of intelligence and its relevance to real-world situations.

What is the psychological attribute involved in understanding and identifying features of the natural world?
  • a)
    Linguistic
  • b)
    Musical
  • c)
    Spatial
  • d)
    Naturalistic
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Learning Educators answered
Naturalistic intelligence involves complete awareness of our relationship with the natural world. Individuals with high naturalistic intelligence possess the ability to recognize the beauty of different species of flora and fauna and make subtle discriminations in the natural world. For example, hunters, farmers, botanists, zoologists, and bird watchers are likely to possess a higher degree of naturalistic intelligence. This type of intelligence allows individuals to appreciate and interact effectively with their natural surroundings.

According to Alfred Binet, what is intelligence primarily defined as?
  • a)
    Capacity to produce and manipulate musical rhythms and patterns
  • b)
    Global capacity to understand the world and think rationally
  • c)
    Ability to understand and interpret subtle aspects of others' behaviors
  • d)
    Enduring beliefs about an ideal mode of behavior
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Learning Educators answered
According to Alfred Binet, intelligence is primarily defined as the global capacity to understand the world and think rationally. Binet viewed intelligence as the ability to judge well, understand well, and reason well, encompassing various cognitive abilities such as perception, learning, understanding, and knowing. This definition emphasizes the cognitive aspect of intelligence and its role in comprehending and navigating the world effectively.

Given below are two statements:
Statement I: Aptitude refers to an individual's potential to perform in a specific area and is distinct from interest, which refers to the preference for performing a specific activity.
Statement II: Interest and aptitude are the same, and both terms can be used interchangeably when discussing a person's abilities.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:
  • a)
    Both Statement I and Statement II are true
  • b)
    Both Statement I and Statement II are false
  • c)
    Statement I is true, but Statement II is false
  • d)
    Statement I is false, but Statement II is true
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

EduRev Humanities answered
Statement I is true because aptitude refers to the potential to perform in a specific area, while interest refers to the preference for performing a specific activity. They are distinct concepts. Statement II is false because it incorrectly suggests that interest and aptitude are the same.

Given below are two statements:
Statement I: Robert Sternberg's theory of intelligence includes Componential, Experiential, and Contextual types, focusing on adapting, shaping, and selecting the environment to achieve personal and societal goals.
Statement II: The PASS Model of Intelligence, proposed by J.P. Das, Jack Naglieri, and Kirby, emphasizes the role of emotional intelligence in planning and decision-making.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:
  • a)
    Both Statement I and Statement II are true
  • b)
    Both Statement I and Statement II are false
  • c)
    Statement I is true, but Statement II is false
  • d)
    Statement I is false, but Statement II is true
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Pj Commerce Academy answered
Statement I is true because Robert Sternberg's theory classifies intelligence into Componential, Experiential, and Contextual types, each focusing on different aspects of interaction with the environment. Statement II is false because the PASS Model of Intelligence does not focus on emotional intelligence; rather, it emphasizes the interdependent functioning of neurological systems involved in Arousal and Attention, Simultaneous and Successive Processing, and Planning.

Which of the following statements regarding psychological assessment methods is/are correct?
i. Psychological tests are subjective and vary based on the individual administering them.
ii. Interviews allow for a one-on-one conversation to gather information directly from the client.
iii. Case studies involve systematic observation of behavior over time to draw conclusions about psychological attributes.
iv. Self-reports rely on individuals providing their own perceptions and beliefs, which may not always be factual.
  • a)
    ii and iv
  • b)
    i, ii, and iii
  • c)
    ii and iii
  • d)
    i, iii, and iv
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Pj Commerce Academy answered
- Statement i is incorrect because psychological tests are designed to be objective and standardized, minimizing subjectivity.
- Statement ii is correct as interviews are indeed one-on-one conversations aimed at gathering detailed information from clients.
- Statement iii is partially correct; however, case studies primarily involve gathering detailed data through interviews, observation, and questionnaires rather than solely relying on systematic observation over time.
- Statement iv is correct as self-reports are based on individuals' perceptions, which can be influenced by biases and may not reflect objective reality.
Thus, the correct answer is Option A: ii and iv.

According to Arthur Jensen’s hierarchical model of intelligence, what is the main difference between Level I and Level II abilities?
  • a)
    Level I abilities involve understanding complex concepts, while Level II abilities focus on simple memorization.
  • b)
    Level I abilities focus on associative learning and rote memory, while Level II abilities involve higher-order cognitive skills.
  • c)
    Level I abilities are related to problem-solving, whereas Level II abilities are concerned with physical coordination.
  • d)
    Level I abilities require creativity, while Level II abilities rely on repetition and practice.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Crafty Classes answered
Answer: B. Level I abilities focus on associative learning and rote memory, while Level II abilities involve higher-order cognitive skills.
  • Option A is incorrect because Level I refers to associative learning, not understanding complex concepts, which is a Level II function.
  • Option B is correct because Jensen’s model defines Level I as associative learning (rote memory), while Level II refers to cognitive competence involving higher-order skills.
  • Option C is incorrect because neither Level I nor Level II involves physical coordination.
  • Option D is incorrect because Level I involves rote learning, not creativity, and Level II focuses on transforming input through cognitive skills, not repetition.

Which type of intelligence involves the ability to use language fluently and flexibly?
  • a)
    Logical-Mathematical
  • b)
    Linguistic
  • c)
    Spatial
  • d)
    Musical
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Curiosity Classes answered
Linguistic intelligence involves the ability to use language fluently and flexibly to express thoughts, ideas, and emotions. Individuals high in linguistic intelligence are adept at understanding and producing spoken and written language, as well as interpreting subtle nuances of meaning. This type of intelligence is often associated with professions such as writers, poets, journalists, and public speakers, who excel in verbal communication and expression.

Read the case below and answer the questions that follow:
The evidence for hereditary influences on intelligence comes mainly from studies on twins and adopted children. The intelligence of identical twins reared together correlates almost 0.90. Twins separated early in childhood also show considerable similarity in their intellectual, personality and behavioural characteristics. The intelligence of identical twins reared in different environments correlated 0.72, those of fraternal twins reared together correlated almost 0.60, and those of brothers and sisters reared together correlated about 0.50, while siblings reared apart correlated about 0.25. Another line of evidence comes from the studies of adopted children, which shows that children’s intelligence is more similar to their biological rather than adoptive parents. With respect to the role of the environment, studies have reported that as children grow in age, their intelligence level tends to move closer to that of their adoptive parents. Children from disadvantaged homes adopted into families with higher socioeconomic status exhibit a large increase in their intelligence scores. There is evidence that environmental deprivation lowers intelligence while rich nutrition, good family background, and quality schooling increases intelligence. There is a general consensus among psychologists that intelligence is a product of complex interaction of heredity (nature) and environment (nurture). Heredity can best be viewed as something that sets a range within which an individual’s development is actually shaped by the support and opportunities of the environment.
Choose the correct option:
Q. Quality schooling ____________ intelligence
  • a)
    decreases
  • b)
    increases
  • c)
    does not affect
  • d)
    may or may not
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Arun Yadav answered
The quality of schooling is directly proportional to the intelligence it develops in the young minds.

Chapter doubts & questions for Variations in Psychological Attributes - Psychology Class 12 2024 is part of Humanities/Arts exam preparation. The chapters have been prepared according to the Humanities/Arts exam syllabus. The Chapter doubts & questions, notes, tests & MCQs are made for Humanities/Arts 2024 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, notes, meanings, examples, exercises, MCQs and online tests here.

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