Grade 12 Biology SyllabusGrade 12 Cell Structure- Introduction to cell structure and function
- Prokaryotic cells
- Eukaryotic cells
- Cell organelles and their functions
- Cell membrane structure and function
- Cell division and reproduction
Grade 12 Biological Molecules- Introduction to biological molecules
- Carbohydrates: structure and function
- Lipids: structure and function
- Proteins: structure and function
- Nucleic acids: structure and function
Grade 12 Enzymes- Introduction to enzymes
- Enzyme structure and function
- Factors affecting enzyme activity
- Enzyme regulation
- Enzyme kinetics
Grade 12 Cell Membranes and Transport- Cell membrane structure and fluid mosaic model
- Passive transport: diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion
- Active transport: primary and secondary active transport
- Endocytosis and exocytosis
- Cell signaling and communication
Grade 12 The Mitotic Cell Cycle- Cell cycle phases: interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis
- Mitosis: stages and significance
- Regulation of the cell cycle
- Cell cycle checkpoints and cancer
Grade 12 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis- DNA structure and replication
- RNA structure and types
- Transcription: initiation, elongation, and termination
- Translation: initiation, elongation, and termination
- Genetic code and protein synthesis regulation
Grade 12 Transport in Plants- Plant tissues and their functions
- Plant water relations: absorption, transpiration, and translocation
- Mineral nutrient uptake and transport
- Plant hormones and their roles in growth and development
- Tropisms and plant responses to environmental stimuli
Grade 12 Gas Exchange- Respiratory system and its components
- Mechanisms of gas exchange: diffusion, bulk flow, and ventilation
- Respiratory adaptations in different organisms
- Disorders of the respiratory system
- Respiratory diseases and their prevention
Grade 12 Infectious Diseases- Introduction to infectious diseases
- Microorganisms causing diseases: bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites
- Modes of transmission and prevention of infectious diseases
- Immune response to infectious agents
- Emerging infectious diseases and global health
Grade 12 Immunity- Immune system components and their functions
- Innate immunity: barriers, inflammation, and phagocytosis
- Adaptive immunity: humoral and cell-mediated responses
- Antibodies and antigen-antibody interactions
- Immunological memory and vaccination
Grade 12 Energy and Respiration- Energy flow in ecosystems
- Cellular respiration: glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation
- ATP synthesis and electron transport chain
- Anaerobic respiration and fermentation
- Metabolic rate and energy balance
Grade 12 Photosynthesis- Photosynthesis: light-dependent and light-independent reactions
- Chloroplast structure and pigments
- Factors affecting photosynthesis
- C3, C4, and CAM pathways
- Photorespiration and plant adaptations
Grade 12 Homeostasis- Homeostasis and its importance for living organisms
- Control systems: feedback loops and regulatory mechanisms
- Thermoregulation in animals
- Osmoregulation and excretion
- Acid-base balance and pH regulation
Grade 12 Control and Coordination- Nervous system: structure and function
- Neuron structure and types
- Nerve impulse transmission and synaptic transmission
- Central and peripheral nervous systems
- Hormonal control and endocrine system
Grade 12 Inheritance- Mendelian genetics and inheritance patterns
- Punnett squares and genetic crosses
- Extensions to Mendelian genetics: codominance, incomplete dominance, and multiple alleles
- Sex-linked inheritance and pedigrees
- Genetic disorders and genetic counseling
Grade 12 Selection and Evolution- Natural selection and its role in evolution
- Evolutionary patterns: convergent evolution, divergent evolution, and parallel evolution
- Evidence for evolution: fossil record, comparative anatomy, and molecular biology
- Mechanisms of evolution: genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, and non-random mating
- Speciation and patterns of biodiversity
Grade 12 Classification, Biodiversity and Conservation- Taxonomy and classification systems
- Kingdoms of life and phylogenetic relationships
- Biodiversity: species richness, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity
- Threats to biodiversity: habitat loss, pollution, overexploitation, and invasive species
- Conservation strategies and sustainable development
Grade 12 Genetic Technology- Genetic engineering and its applications
- Recombinant DNA technology and gene cloning
- Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
- DNA sequencing and genomics
- Ethical considerations in genetic technology
This comprehensive syllabus covers a wide range of topics in Grade 12 Biology, providing students with a strong foundation in biological concepts and principles. Through the study of cell structure, biological molecules, enzymes, and various physiological processes, students will develop a deep understanding of the complexity of living organisms and their interactions with the environment. Additionally, topics such as genetics, evolution, and biotechnology will allow students to explore cutting-edge advancements in the field of biology.
This course is helpful for the following exams: Grade 12