NCERT Textbook: बाज़ार में एक कमीज़ | भारतीय राजव्यवस्था (Indian Polity) for UPSC CSE in Hindi PDF Download

 Page 1


ck”kkj esa ,d
deh”k
;g vè;k; gesa ,d deht+ dh
dgkuh crkrk gSA ;g dgkuh dikl
osQ mRiknu ls izkjaHk gksrh gS vkSj
deh”k osQ fcdus ij [kRe gks tkrh
gSA vkb,] ge ns[ksa fd ck”kkjksa dh
Ük`a[kyk dikl mxkus okys dks
lqijck”kkj esa deh”k [kjhnus okys
ls oSQls tksM+ nsrh gSA bl Ük`a[kyk esa
gj dM+h osQ lkFk [kjhnuk vkSj
cspuk tqM+k gqvk gSA D;k blls
lcdks cjkcj ykHk gksrk gS\ ;k oqQN
dks nwljksa dh vis{kk vf/d ykHk
gksrk gS\ ge ;g irk yxkus dk
iz;Ru djsaxsA
9
vè;k;
Page 2


ck”kkj esa ,d
deh”k
;g vè;k; gesa ,d deht+ dh
dgkuh crkrk gSA ;g dgkuh dikl
osQ mRiknu ls izkjaHk gksrh gS vkSj
deh”k osQ fcdus ij [kRe gks tkrh
gSA vkb,] ge ns[ksa fd ck”kkjksa dh
Ük`a[kyk dikl mxkus okys dks
lqijck”kkj esa deh”k [kjhnus okys
ls oSQls tksM+ nsrh gSA bl Ük`a[kyk esa
gj dM+h osQ lkFk [kjhnuk vkSj
cspuk tqM+k gqvk gSA D;k blls
lcdks cjkcj ykHk gksrk gS\ ;k oqQN
dks nwljksa dh vis{kk vf/d ykHk
gksrk gS\ ge ;g irk yxkus dk
iz;Ru djsaxsA
9
vè;k;
D;k LoIuk dks :bZ dk mfpr ewY;
izkIr gqvk\
O;kikjh us LoIuk dks de ewY; D;ksa
fn;k\
vkiosQ fopkj ls cM+s fdlku viuh
:bZ dgk¡ cspasxs\ mudh fLFkfr fdl
izdkj LoIuk ls fHkUu gS\
oqQjuwy esa dikl mxkus okyh ,d fdlku
LoIuk] tks oqQjuwy (vka/z iznsÀk) dh ,d NksVh fdlku gS] vius
NksVs&ls [ksr esa dikl mxkrh gSA dikl osQ ikS/ksa ij vk, MksMs
id jgs gSa vkSj muesa ls oqQN pVd Hkh pqosQ gSa] blfy, LoIuk :bZ
pquus esa O;Lr gSA MksMs] ftuesa :bZ Hkjh gS ,d lkFk pVd dj
ugha [kqyrs gSaA blfy, :bZ dh I
+
kQly bdV~Bk djus osQ fy, dbZ
fnu dk le; yx tkrk gSA
:bZ ,d=k gks tkus osQ ckn LoIuk mls vius ifr osQ lkFk
oqQjuwy osQ dikl ck”kkj esa u ys tkdj ,d LFkkuh; O;kikjh osQ
ikl ys tkrh gSA I
+
kQly dh cksuh 'kq: djus osQ le; LoIuk us
O;kikjh ls [ksrh djus osQ fy, cht] [kkn] dhVukÀkd vkfn
[kjhnus osQ fy, cgqr m¡Qph C;kt nj ij 2]500 jQIk, d”kZ ij
fy, FksA ml le; LFkkuh; O;kikjh us LoIuk dks ,d ÀkrZ ekuus
osQ fy, lger dj fy;k FkkA mlus LoIuk ls oknk djok fy;k Fkk
fd og viuh lkjh :bZ mls gh cspsxhA
dikl dh [ksrh esa cgqr vf/d fuosÀk djus dh ”k:jr iM+rh
gS] tSls & moZjd] dhVukÀkd vkfnA bu ij fdlkuksa dks dkI
+
kQh
O;; djuk iM+rk gSA izk;% NksVs fdlkuksa dks bu [kpks± dh iwfrZ
djus osQ fy, iSlk m/kj ysuk iM+rk gSA
O;kikjh osQ ifjlj esa mlosQ nks vkneh :bZ osQ cksjs rksy jgs FksA
1]500 jQIk, izfr fDoaVy osQ fglkc ls :bZ 6]000 jQIk;s dh gqbZA
O;kikjh us fn, gq, ½.k rFkk C;kt osQ 3]000 jQIk, dkV fy,
vkSj LoIuk dks 3]000 jQi;s gh fn,A
LoIuk µ osQoy 3]000 jQIk,!
O;kikjh µ :bZ cgqr lLrh fcd jgh gSA ck”kkj esa cgqr :bZ vk xbZ gSA
LoIuk µ bl :bZ dks mxkus esa eSaus pkj eghus rd th&rksM+ esgur
dh gSA vki nsf[k, bl ckj :bZ fdruh cf<+;k vkSj lkI
+
kQ gSA bl
ckj eq>s csgrj dher feyus dh mEehn FkhA
2- ftfuax feyas dikl
[kjhn ysrh gSaA
1- oqQuwZy dh dikleaMh esa
O;kikjh dikl csprk gSA
3- ftfuax feysa dikl ls cht
gVkrh gSa vkSj nckdj dikl osQ
xV~Bj cukrh gSaA
4- lwr dkrus dh
feysa dikl osQ
xV~Bj [kjhn
ysrh gSaA
6- lwr dkrus dh
feysa O;kikfj;ksa dks
/kxk csp nsrh gSaA
5- lwr dkrus dh
feysa dikl ls èkkxk
cukrh gSaA
vè;k; 9 µ ck”kkj esa ,d deh”k
105
Page 3


ck”kkj esa ,d
deh”k
;g vè;k; gesa ,d deht+ dh
dgkuh crkrk gSA ;g dgkuh dikl
osQ mRiknu ls izkjaHk gksrh gS vkSj
deh”k osQ fcdus ij [kRe gks tkrh
gSA vkb,] ge ns[ksa fd ck”kkjksa dh
Ük`a[kyk dikl mxkus okys dks
lqijck”kkj esa deh”k [kjhnus okys
ls oSQls tksM+ nsrh gSA bl Ük`a[kyk esa
gj dM+h osQ lkFk [kjhnuk vkSj
cspuk tqM+k gqvk gSA D;k blls
lcdks cjkcj ykHk gksrk gS\ ;k oqQN
dks nwljksa dh vis{kk vf/d ykHk
gksrk gS\ ge ;g irk yxkus dk
iz;Ru djsaxsA
9
vè;k;
D;k LoIuk dks :bZ dk mfpr ewY;
izkIr gqvk\
O;kikjh us LoIuk dks de ewY; D;ksa
fn;k\
vkiosQ fopkj ls cM+s fdlku viuh
:bZ dgk¡ cspasxs\ mudh fLFkfr fdl
izdkj LoIuk ls fHkUu gS\
oqQjuwy esa dikl mxkus okyh ,d fdlku
LoIuk] tks oqQjuwy (vka/z iznsÀk) dh ,d NksVh fdlku gS] vius
NksVs&ls [ksr esa dikl mxkrh gSA dikl osQ ikS/ksa ij vk, MksMs
id jgs gSa vkSj muesa ls oqQN pVd Hkh pqosQ gSa] blfy, LoIuk :bZ
pquus esa O;Lr gSA MksMs] ftuesa :bZ Hkjh gS ,d lkFk pVd dj
ugha [kqyrs gSaA blfy, :bZ dh I
+
kQly bdV~Bk djus osQ fy, dbZ
fnu dk le; yx tkrk gSA
:bZ ,d=k gks tkus osQ ckn LoIuk mls vius ifr osQ lkFk
oqQjuwy osQ dikl ck”kkj esa u ys tkdj ,d LFkkuh; O;kikjh osQ
ikl ys tkrh gSA I
+
kQly dh cksuh 'kq: djus osQ le; LoIuk us
O;kikjh ls [ksrh djus osQ fy, cht] [kkn] dhVukÀkd vkfn
[kjhnus osQ fy, cgqr m¡Qph C;kt nj ij 2]500 jQIk, d”kZ ij
fy, FksA ml le; LFkkuh; O;kikjh us LoIuk dks ,d ÀkrZ ekuus
osQ fy, lger dj fy;k FkkA mlus LoIuk ls oknk djok fy;k Fkk
fd og viuh lkjh :bZ mls gh cspsxhA
dikl dh [ksrh esa cgqr vf/d fuosÀk djus dh ”k:jr iM+rh
gS] tSls & moZjd] dhVukÀkd vkfnA bu ij fdlkuksa dks dkI
+
kQh
O;; djuk iM+rk gSA izk;% NksVs fdlkuksa dks bu [kpks± dh iwfrZ
djus osQ fy, iSlk m/kj ysuk iM+rk gSA
O;kikjh osQ ifjlj esa mlosQ nks vkneh :bZ osQ cksjs rksy jgs FksA
1]500 jQIk, izfr fDoaVy osQ fglkc ls :bZ 6]000 jQIk;s dh gqbZA
O;kikjh us fn, gq, ½.k rFkk C;kt osQ 3]000 jQIk, dkV fy,
vkSj LoIuk dks 3]000 jQi;s gh fn,A
LoIuk µ osQoy 3]000 jQIk,!
O;kikjh µ :bZ cgqr lLrh fcd jgh gSA ck”kkj esa cgqr :bZ vk xbZ gSA
LoIuk µ bl :bZ dks mxkus esa eSaus pkj eghus rd th&rksM+ esgur
dh gSA vki nsf[k, bl ckj :bZ fdruh cf<+;k vkSj lkI
+
kQ gSA bl
ckj eq>s csgrj dher feyus dh mEehn FkhA
2- ftfuax feyas dikl
[kjhn ysrh gSaA
1- oqQuwZy dh dikleaMh esa
O;kikjh dikl csprk gSA
3- ftfuax feysa dikl ls cht
gVkrh gSa vkSj nckdj dikl osQ
xV~Bj cukrh gSaA
4- lwr dkrus dh
feysa dikl osQ
xV~Bj [kjhn
ysrh gSaA
6- lwr dkrus dh
feysa O;kikfj;ksa dks
/kxk csp nsrh gSaA
5- lwr dkrus dh
feysa dikl ls èkkxk
cukrh gSaA
vè;k; 9 µ ck”kkj esa ,d deh”k
105 106 lkekftd ,oa jktuhfrd thou
bjksM esa ,d nqdku
O;kikjh µ vEek] eSa vkidks vPNh dher ns jgk gw¡A nwljs O;kikjh
bruh Hkh ugha nsaxsA vkidks esjk foÀokl u gks] rks oqQjuwy osQ ck”kkj
esa tkdj irk yxk vkvksA
LoIuk µ ukjk”k u gksaA eSa Hkyk vki ij oSQls lansg dj ldrh g¡w\
eSaus rks osQoy mEehn dh Fkh fd bl ckj :bZ dh I
+
kQly esa bruh
vkenuh gks tk,xh fd oqQN eghuksa dk xq”kkjk py losQA
;|fi LoIuk tkurh gS fd dikl de&ls&de 1800 jQi,
izfr fDoaVy esa fcosQxh] ysfdu og vkxs cgl ugha djrhA O;kikjh
xk¡o dk ÀkfDrÀkkyh vkneh gS vkSj fdlkuksa dks d”ksZ osQ fy, ml
ij fuHkZj jguk iM+rk gS&u osQoy [ksrh osQ fy, oju~ vU;
vkoÀ;drkvksa osQ fy, Hkh] tSls & chekjh] cPpksa dh LowQy dh
iQhl vkfnA fiQj o"kZ esa ,slk le; Hkh vkrk gS] tc fdlkuksa dks
dksbZ dke ugha feyrk gS vkSj mudh dksbZ vk; Hkh ugha gksrh gSA
ml le; osQoy ½.k ysdj gh thfor jgk tk ldrk gSA
dikl dh iSnkokj djosQ Hkh LoIuk dh vk; ml vk; ls cl
FkksM+h gh ”;knk gS] tks og e”knwjh djosQ dek ysrhA
bjksM dk diM+k ck”kkj
rfeyukMq esa lIrkg esa nks ckj yxus okyk bjksM dk diM+k ck”kkj
lalkj osQ foÀkky ck”kkjksa esa ls ,d gSA bl ck”kkj esa dbZ izdkj
dk diM+k cspk tkrk gSA vklikl osQ xk¡oksa esa cqudjksa }kjk cuk;k
x;k diM+k Hkh bl ck”kkj esa fcdus osQ fy, vkrk gSA ck”kkj osQ
ikl diM+k O;kikfj;ksa osQ dk;kZy; gSa] tks bl diM+s dks [kjhnrs
gSaA nf{k.kh Hkkjr osQ Àkgjksa osQ vU; O;kikjh Hkh bl ck”kkj esa
diM+k [kjhnus vkrs gSaA
ck”kkj osQ fnuksa esa vkidks os cqudj Hkh feysaxs] tks O;kikfj;ksa
osQ vkWMZj osQ vuqlkj diM+k cukdj ;gk¡ ykrs gSaA ;s O;kikjh nsÀk
o fonsÀk osQ oL=k fuekZrkvksa vkSj fu;kZrdksa dks muosQ vkWMZj osQ
vuqlkj diM+k miyCèk djkrs gSaA ;s lwr [kjhnrs gSa vkSj cqudjksa
dks funsZÀk nsrs gSa fd fdl izdkj dk diM+k rS;kj fd;k tkuk gSA
fuEufyf[kr mnkgj.k esa ge ns[ksaxs fd ;g dk;Z oSQls gksrk gSA
Page 4


ck”kkj esa ,d
deh”k
;g vè;k; gesa ,d deht+ dh
dgkuh crkrk gSA ;g dgkuh dikl
osQ mRiknu ls izkjaHk gksrh gS vkSj
deh”k osQ fcdus ij [kRe gks tkrh
gSA vkb,] ge ns[ksa fd ck”kkjksa dh
Ük`a[kyk dikl mxkus okys dks
lqijck”kkj esa deh”k [kjhnus okys
ls oSQls tksM+ nsrh gSA bl Ük`a[kyk esa
gj dM+h osQ lkFk [kjhnuk vkSj
cspuk tqM+k gqvk gSA D;k blls
lcdks cjkcj ykHk gksrk gS\ ;k oqQN
dks nwljksa dh vis{kk vf/d ykHk
gksrk gS\ ge ;g irk yxkus dk
iz;Ru djsaxsA
9
vè;k;
D;k LoIuk dks :bZ dk mfpr ewY;
izkIr gqvk\
O;kikjh us LoIuk dks de ewY; D;ksa
fn;k\
vkiosQ fopkj ls cM+s fdlku viuh
:bZ dgk¡ cspasxs\ mudh fLFkfr fdl
izdkj LoIuk ls fHkUu gS\
oqQjuwy esa dikl mxkus okyh ,d fdlku
LoIuk] tks oqQjuwy (vka/z iznsÀk) dh ,d NksVh fdlku gS] vius
NksVs&ls [ksr esa dikl mxkrh gSA dikl osQ ikS/ksa ij vk, MksMs
id jgs gSa vkSj muesa ls oqQN pVd Hkh pqosQ gSa] blfy, LoIuk :bZ
pquus esa O;Lr gSA MksMs] ftuesa :bZ Hkjh gS ,d lkFk pVd dj
ugha [kqyrs gSaA blfy, :bZ dh I
+
kQly bdV~Bk djus osQ fy, dbZ
fnu dk le; yx tkrk gSA
:bZ ,d=k gks tkus osQ ckn LoIuk mls vius ifr osQ lkFk
oqQjuwy osQ dikl ck”kkj esa u ys tkdj ,d LFkkuh; O;kikjh osQ
ikl ys tkrh gSA I
+
kQly dh cksuh 'kq: djus osQ le; LoIuk us
O;kikjh ls [ksrh djus osQ fy, cht] [kkn] dhVukÀkd vkfn
[kjhnus osQ fy, cgqr m¡Qph C;kt nj ij 2]500 jQIk, d”kZ ij
fy, FksA ml le; LFkkuh; O;kikjh us LoIuk dks ,d ÀkrZ ekuus
osQ fy, lger dj fy;k FkkA mlus LoIuk ls oknk djok fy;k Fkk
fd og viuh lkjh :bZ mls gh cspsxhA
dikl dh [ksrh esa cgqr vf/d fuosÀk djus dh ”k:jr iM+rh
gS] tSls & moZjd] dhVukÀkd vkfnA bu ij fdlkuksa dks dkI
+
kQh
O;; djuk iM+rk gSA izk;% NksVs fdlkuksa dks bu [kpks± dh iwfrZ
djus osQ fy, iSlk m/kj ysuk iM+rk gSA
O;kikjh osQ ifjlj esa mlosQ nks vkneh :bZ osQ cksjs rksy jgs FksA
1]500 jQIk, izfr fDoaVy osQ fglkc ls :bZ 6]000 jQIk;s dh gqbZA
O;kikjh us fn, gq, ½.k rFkk C;kt osQ 3]000 jQIk, dkV fy,
vkSj LoIuk dks 3]000 jQi;s gh fn,A
LoIuk µ osQoy 3]000 jQIk,!
O;kikjh µ :bZ cgqr lLrh fcd jgh gSA ck”kkj esa cgqr :bZ vk xbZ gSA
LoIuk µ bl :bZ dks mxkus esa eSaus pkj eghus rd th&rksM+ esgur
dh gSA vki nsf[k, bl ckj :bZ fdruh cf<+;k vkSj lkI
+
kQ gSA bl
ckj eq>s csgrj dher feyus dh mEehn FkhA
2- ftfuax feyas dikl
[kjhn ysrh gSaA
1- oqQuwZy dh dikleaMh esa
O;kikjh dikl csprk gSA
3- ftfuax feysa dikl ls cht
gVkrh gSa vkSj nckdj dikl osQ
xV~Bj cukrh gSaA
4- lwr dkrus dh
feysa dikl osQ
xV~Bj [kjhn
ysrh gSaA
6- lwr dkrus dh
feysa O;kikfj;ksa dks
/kxk csp nsrh gSaA
5- lwr dkrus dh
feysa dikl ls èkkxk
cukrh gSaA
vè;k; 9 µ ck”kkj esa ,d deh”k
105 106 lkekftd ,oa jktuhfrd thou
bjksM esa ,d nqdku
O;kikjh µ vEek] eSa vkidks vPNh dher ns jgk gw¡A nwljs O;kikjh
bruh Hkh ugha nsaxsA vkidks esjk foÀokl u gks] rks oqQjuwy osQ ck”kkj
esa tkdj irk yxk vkvksA
LoIuk µ ukjk”k u gksaA eSa Hkyk vki ij oSQls lansg dj ldrh g¡w\
eSaus rks osQoy mEehn dh Fkh fd bl ckj :bZ dh I
+
kQly esa bruh
vkenuh gks tk,xh fd oqQN eghuksa dk xq”kkjk py losQA
;|fi LoIuk tkurh gS fd dikl de&ls&de 1800 jQi,
izfr fDoaVy esa fcosQxh] ysfdu og vkxs cgl ugha djrhA O;kikjh
xk¡o dk ÀkfDrÀkkyh vkneh gS vkSj fdlkuksa dks d”ksZ osQ fy, ml
ij fuHkZj jguk iM+rk gS&u osQoy [ksrh osQ fy, oju~ vU;
vkoÀ;drkvksa osQ fy, Hkh] tSls & chekjh] cPpksa dh LowQy dh
iQhl vkfnA fiQj o"kZ esa ,slk le; Hkh vkrk gS] tc fdlkuksa dks
dksbZ dke ugha feyrk gS vkSj mudh dksbZ vk; Hkh ugha gksrh gSA
ml le; osQoy ½.k ysdj gh thfor jgk tk ldrk gSA
dikl dh iSnkokj djosQ Hkh LoIuk dh vk; ml vk; ls cl
FkksM+h gh ”;knk gS] tks og e”knwjh djosQ dek ysrhA
bjksM dk diM+k ck”kkj
rfeyukMq esa lIrkg esa nks ckj yxus okyk bjksM dk diM+k ck”kkj
lalkj osQ foÀkky ck”kkjksa esa ls ,d gSA bl ck”kkj esa dbZ izdkj
dk diM+k cspk tkrk gSA vklikl osQ xk¡oksa esa cqudjksa }kjk cuk;k
x;k diM+k Hkh bl ck”kkj esa fcdus osQ fy, vkrk gSA ck”kkj osQ
ikl diM+k O;kikfj;ksa osQ dk;kZy; gSa] tks bl diM+s dks [kjhnrs
gSaA nf{k.kh Hkkjr osQ Àkgjksa osQ vU; O;kikjh Hkh bl ck”kkj esa
diM+k [kjhnus vkrs gSaA
ck”kkj osQ fnuksa esa vkidks os cqudj Hkh feysaxs] tks O;kikfj;ksa
osQ vkWMZj osQ vuqlkj diM+k cukdj ;gk¡ ykrs gSaA ;s O;kikjh nsÀk
o fonsÀk osQ oL=k fuekZrkvksa vkSj fu;kZrdksa dks muosQ vkWMZj osQ
vuqlkj diM+k miyCèk djkrs gSaA ;s lwr [kjhnrs gSa vkSj cqudjksa
dks funsZÀk nsrs gSa fd fdl izdkj dk diM+k rS;kj fd;k tkuk gSA
fuEufyf[kr mnkgj.k esa ge ns[ksaxs fd ;g dk;Z oSQls gksrk gSA
107
1- ck”kkj esa ;g ,d O;kikjh dh nqdku gSA dbZ
lkyksa esa bu O;kikfj;ksa us ns'k&Hkj osQ oL=k
fuekZrkvksa ls laidZ LFkkfir dj fy, gSa] ftuls
mUgsa vkWMZj feyrs jgrs gSaA os vU; yksxksa ls lwr
[kjhn dj ykrs gSaA
2- diM+k cquus okys cqudj vkl&ikl osQ xk¡oksa esa
jgrs gSaA os bu O;kikfj;ksa ls lwr ys vkrs gSaA cqukbZ
djus osQ dj?ks j[kus osQ fy, mUgksaus vius ?kjksa osQ
ikl gh O;oLFkk dj j[kh gSA bl rlohj esa vki
,sls ,d ?kj esa j[ks gq, ikojywe (fctyh&pkfyr
dj?ks) dks ns[k ldrs gSaA cqudj vius ifjokj osQ
lkFk bu dj?kksa ij dbZ ?kaVksa rd dke djrs gSaA
cqukbZ dh vf/drj ,slh bdkb;ksa esa 2 ls ysdj 8
dj?ks rd gksrs gSa] ftu ij lwr ls diM+k cqudj
rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA rjg&rjg dh lkfM+;k¡]
rkSfy,] 'kfV±x] vkSjrksa dh iks'kkdksa osQ diM+s vkSj
pknjsa bu dj?kksa ij cukbZ tkrh gSaA
3- cqudj rS;kj fd, gq, diM+s dks 'kgj esa
O;kikjh osQ ikl ys vkrs gSaA bl rlohj esa cqudj]
'kgj esa O;kikjh osQ ikl tkus dh rS;kjh esa cSBs gSaA
O;kikjh ;g fglkc j[krk gS fd mUgsa fdruk lwr
fn;k x;k Fkk vkSj cqus gq, diM+s dk Hkqxrku mUgsa
dj nsrk gSA
1 2
3
bjksM osQ diM+k ck”kkj esa fuEufyf[kr
yksx D;k dke dj jgs gSa& O;kikjh]
cqudj] fu;kZrd\
cqudj] O;kikfj;ksa ij fdl&fdl
rjg ls fuHkZj gSa\
nknu O;oLFkk&cqudjksa }kjk ?kj ij diM+k rS;kj
djuk
diM+k miyC/ djkus osQ tks vkWMZj feyrs gSa] muosQ vk/kj ij
O;kikjh cqudjksa osQ chp dke ck¡V nsrk gSA cqudj O;kikjh ls lwr
ysrs gSa vkSj rS;kj diM+k nsrs gSaA bl O;oLFkk ls cqudjksa dks
Li"Vr;k nks ykHk izkIr gksrs gSaA cqudjksa dks lwr [kjhnus osQ fy,
viuk iSlk ugha yxkuk iM+rk gSA lkFk gh rS;kj diM+ksa dks cspus
dh O;oLFkk Hkh gks tkrh gSA cqudjksa dks izkjaHk esa gh irk py
tkrk gS fd mUgsa dkSu&lk diM+k cukuk gS vkSj fdruk cukuk gSA
dPps eky dks izkIr djus vkSj rS;kj eky dh fcØh osQ fy,
Hkh O;kikfj;ksa ij cuh fuHkZjrk osQ pyrs O;kikfj;ksa dk cgqr opZLo
cu tkrk gSA os vkWMZj nsrs gSa fd D;k diM+k cuk;k tkuk gS vkSj
blosQ fy, os cgqr de ewY; nsrs gSaA cqudjksa osQ ikl ;g tkuus
dk dksbZ lk/u ugha gS fd os fdlosQ fy, diM+k cuk jgs gSa vkSj
vè;k; 9 µ ck”kkj esa ,d deh”k
Page 5


ck”kkj esa ,d
deh”k
;g vè;k; gesa ,d deht+ dh
dgkuh crkrk gSA ;g dgkuh dikl
osQ mRiknu ls izkjaHk gksrh gS vkSj
deh”k osQ fcdus ij [kRe gks tkrh
gSA vkb,] ge ns[ksa fd ck”kkjksa dh
Ük`a[kyk dikl mxkus okys dks
lqijck”kkj esa deh”k [kjhnus okys
ls oSQls tksM+ nsrh gSA bl Ük`a[kyk esa
gj dM+h osQ lkFk [kjhnuk vkSj
cspuk tqM+k gqvk gSA D;k blls
lcdks cjkcj ykHk gksrk gS\ ;k oqQN
dks nwljksa dh vis{kk vf/d ykHk
gksrk gS\ ge ;g irk yxkus dk
iz;Ru djsaxsA
9
vè;k;
D;k LoIuk dks :bZ dk mfpr ewY;
izkIr gqvk\
O;kikjh us LoIuk dks de ewY; D;ksa
fn;k\
vkiosQ fopkj ls cM+s fdlku viuh
:bZ dgk¡ cspasxs\ mudh fLFkfr fdl
izdkj LoIuk ls fHkUu gS\
oqQjuwy esa dikl mxkus okyh ,d fdlku
LoIuk] tks oqQjuwy (vka/z iznsÀk) dh ,d NksVh fdlku gS] vius
NksVs&ls [ksr esa dikl mxkrh gSA dikl osQ ikS/ksa ij vk, MksMs
id jgs gSa vkSj muesa ls oqQN pVd Hkh pqosQ gSa] blfy, LoIuk :bZ
pquus esa O;Lr gSA MksMs] ftuesa :bZ Hkjh gS ,d lkFk pVd dj
ugha [kqyrs gSaA blfy, :bZ dh I
+
kQly bdV~Bk djus osQ fy, dbZ
fnu dk le; yx tkrk gSA
:bZ ,d=k gks tkus osQ ckn LoIuk mls vius ifr osQ lkFk
oqQjuwy osQ dikl ck”kkj esa u ys tkdj ,d LFkkuh; O;kikjh osQ
ikl ys tkrh gSA I
+
kQly dh cksuh 'kq: djus osQ le; LoIuk us
O;kikjh ls [ksrh djus osQ fy, cht] [kkn] dhVukÀkd vkfn
[kjhnus osQ fy, cgqr m¡Qph C;kt nj ij 2]500 jQIk, d”kZ ij
fy, FksA ml le; LFkkuh; O;kikjh us LoIuk dks ,d ÀkrZ ekuus
osQ fy, lger dj fy;k FkkA mlus LoIuk ls oknk djok fy;k Fkk
fd og viuh lkjh :bZ mls gh cspsxhA
dikl dh [ksrh esa cgqr vf/d fuosÀk djus dh ”k:jr iM+rh
gS] tSls & moZjd] dhVukÀkd vkfnA bu ij fdlkuksa dks dkI
+
kQh
O;; djuk iM+rk gSA izk;% NksVs fdlkuksa dks bu [kpks± dh iwfrZ
djus osQ fy, iSlk m/kj ysuk iM+rk gSA
O;kikjh osQ ifjlj esa mlosQ nks vkneh :bZ osQ cksjs rksy jgs FksA
1]500 jQIk, izfr fDoaVy osQ fglkc ls :bZ 6]000 jQIk;s dh gqbZA
O;kikjh us fn, gq, ½.k rFkk C;kt osQ 3]000 jQIk, dkV fy,
vkSj LoIuk dks 3]000 jQi;s gh fn,A
LoIuk µ osQoy 3]000 jQIk,!
O;kikjh µ :bZ cgqr lLrh fcd jgh gSA ck”kkj esa cgqr :bZ vk xbZ gSA
LoIuk µ bl :bZ dks mxkus esa eSaus pkj eghus rd th&rksM+ esgur
dh gSA vki nsf[k, bl ckj :bZ fdruh cf<+;k vkSj lkI
+
kQ gSA bl
ckj eq>s csgrj dher feyus dh mEehn FkhA
2- ftfuax feyas dikl
[kjhn ysrh gSaA
1- oqQuwZy dh dikleaMh esa
O;kikjh dikl csprk gSA
3- ftfuax feysa dikl ls cht
gVkrh gSa vkSj nckdj dikl osQ
xV~Bj cukrh gSaA
4- lwr dkrus dh
feysa dikl osQ
xV~Bj [kjhn
ysrh gSaA
6- lwr dkrus dh
feysa O;kikfj;ksa dks
/kxk csp nsrh gSaA
5- lwr dkrus dh
feysa dikl ls èkkxk
cukrh gSaA
vè;k; 9 µ ck”kkj esa ,d deh”k
105 106 lkekftd ,oa jktuhfrd thou
bjksM esa ,d nqdku
O;kikjh µ vEek] eSa vkidks vPNh dher ns jgk gw¡A nwljs O;kikjh
bruh Hkh ugha nsaxsA vkidks esjk foÀokl u gks] rks oqQjuwy osQ ck”kkj
esa tkdj irk yxk vkvksA
LoIuk µ ukjk”k u gksaA eSa Hkyk vki ij oSQls lansg dj ldrh g¡w\
eSaus rks osQoy mEehn dh Fkh fd bl ckj :bZ dh I
+
kQly esa bruh
vkenuh gks tk,xh fd oqQN eghuksa dk xq”kkjk py losQA
;|fi LoIuk tkurh gS fd dikl de&ls&de 1800 jQi,
izfr fDoaVy esa fcosQxh] ysfdu og vkxs cgl ugha djrhA O;kikjh
xk¡o dk ÀkfDrÀkkyh vkneh gS vkSj fdlkuksa dks d”ksZ osQ fy, ml
ij fuHkZj jguk iM+rk gS&u osQoy [ksrh osQ fy, oju~ vU;
vkoÀ;drkvksa osQ fy, Hkh] tSls & chekjh] cPpksa dh LowQy dh
iQhl vkfnA fiQj o"kZ esa ,slk le; Hkh vkrk gS] tc fdlkuksa dks
dksbZ dke ugha feyrk gS vkSj mudh dksbZ vk; Hkh ugha gksrh gSA
ml le; osQoy ½.k ysdj gh thfor jgk tk ldrk gSA
dikl dh iSnkokj djosQ Hkh LoIuk dh vk; ml vk; ls cl
FkksM+h gh ”;knk gS] tks og e”knwjh djosQ dek ysrhA
bjksM dk diM+k ck”kkj
rfeyukMq esa lIrkg esa nks ckj yxus okyk bjksM dk diM+k ck”kkj
lalkj osQ foÀkky ck”kkjksa esa ls ,d gSA bl ck”kkj esa dbZ izdkj
dk diM+k cspk tkrk gSA vklikl osQ xk¡oksa esa cqudjksa }kjk cuk;k
x;k diM+k Hkh bl ck”kkj esa fcdus osQ fy, vkrk gSA ck”kkj osQ
ikl diM+k O;kikfj;ksa osQ dk;kZy; gSa] tks bl diM+s dks [kjhnrs
gSaA nf{k.kh Hkkjr osQ Àkgjksa osQ vU; O;kikjh Hkh bl ck”kkj esa
diM+k [kjhnus vkrs gSaA
ck”kkj osQ fnuksa esa vkidks os cqudj Hkh feysaxs] tks O;kikfj;ksa
osQ vkWMZj osQ vuqlkj diM+k cukdj ;gk¡ ykrs gSaA ;s O;kikjh nsÀk
o fonsÀk osQ oL=k fuekZrkvksa vkSj fu;kZrdksa dks muosQ vkWMZj osQ
vuqlkj diM+k miyCèk djkrs gSaA ;s lwr [kjhnrs gSa vkSj cqudjksa
dks funsZÀk nsrs gSa fd fdl izdkj dk diM+k rS;kj fd;k tkuk gSA
fuEufyf[kr mnkgj.k esa ge ns[ksaxs fd ;g dk;Z oSQls gksrk gSA
107
1- ck”kkj esa ;g ,d O;kikjh dh nqdku gSA dbZ
lkyksa esa bu O;kikfj;ksa us ns'k&Hkj osQ oL=k
fuekZrkvksa ls laidZ LFkkfir dj fy, gSa] ftuls
mUgsa vkWMZj feyrs jgrs gSaA os vU; yksxksa ls lwr
[kjhn dj ykrs gSaA
2- diM+k cquus okys cqudj vkl&ikl osQ xk¡oksa esa
jgrs gSaA os bu O;kikfj;ksa ls lwr ys vkrs gSaA cqukbZ
djus osQ dj?ks j[kus osQ fy, mUgksaus vius ?kjksa osQ
ikl gh O;oLFkk dj j[kh gSA bl rlohj esa vki
,sls ,d ?kj esa j[ks gq, ikojywe (fctyh&pkfyr
dj?ks) dks ns[k ldrs gSaA cqudj vius ifjokj osQ
lkFk bu dj?kksa ij dbZ ?kaVksa rd dke djrs gSaA
cqukbZ dh vf/drj ,slh bdkb;ksa esa 2 ls ysdj 8
dj?ks rd gksrs gSa] ftu ij lwr ls diM+k cqudj
rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA rjg&rjg dh lkfM+;k¡]
rkSfy,] 'kfV±x] vkSjrksa dh iks'kkdksa osQ diM+s vkSj
pknjsa bu dj?kksa ij cukbZ tkrh gSaA
3- cqudj rS;kj fd, gq, diM+s dks 'kgj esa
O;kikjh osQ ikl ys vkrs gSaA bl rlohj esa cqudj]
'kgj esa O;kikjh osQ ikl tkus dh rS;kjh esa cSBs gSaA
O;kikjh ;g fglkc j[krk gS fd mUgsa fdruk lwr
fn;k x;k Fkk vkSj cqus gq, diM+s dk Hkqxrku mUgsa
dj nsrk gSA
1 2
3
bjksM osQ diM+k ck”kkj esa fuEufyf[kr
yksx D;k dke dj jgs gSa& O;kikjh]
cqudj] fu;kZrd\
cqudj] O;kikfj;ksa ij fdl&fdl
rjg ls fuHkZj gSa\
nknu O;oLFkk&cqudjksa }kjk ?kj ij diM+k rS;kj
djuk
diM+k miyC/ djkus osQ tks vkWMZj feyrs gSa] muosQ vk/kj ij
O;kikjh cqudjksa osQ chp dke ck¡V nsrk gSA cqudj O;kikjh ls lwr
ysrs gSa vkSj rS;kj diM+k nsrs gSaA bl O;oLFkk ls cqudjksa dks
Li"Vr;k nks ykHk izkIr gksrs gSaA cqudjksa dks lwr [kjhnus osQ fy,
viuk iSlk ugha yxkuk iM+rk gSA lkFk gh rS;kj diM+ksa dks cspus
dh O;oLFkk Hkh gks tkrh gSA cqudjksa dks izkjaHk esa gh irk py
tkrk gS fd mUgsa dkSu&lk diM+k cukuk gS vkSj fdruk cukuk gSA
dPps eky dks izkIr djus vkSj rS;kj eky dh fcØh osQ fy,
Hkh O;kikfj;ksa ij cuh fuHkZjrk osQ pyrs O;kikfj;ksa dk cgqr opZLo
cu tkrk gSA os vkWMZj nsrs gSa fd D;k diM+k cuk;k tkuk gS vkSj
blosQ fy, os cgqr de ewY; nsrs gSaA cqudjksa osQ ikl ;g tkuus
dk dksbZ lk/u ugha gS fd os fdlosQ fy, diM+k cuk jgs gSa vkSj
vè;k; 9 µ ck”kkj esa ,d deh”k
108 lkekftd ,oa jktuhfrd thou
cqudj lgdkjh laLFkk,¡
geus ns[kk fd nknu O;oLFkk esa O;kikjh] cqudjksa dks cgqr de iSlk nsrs
gSaA O;kikfj;ksa osQ mQij fuHkZjrk dks de djus vkSj cqudjksa dh vkenuh
c<+kus osQ fy, lgdkjh O;oLFkk ,d lk/u gSA ,d lgdkjh laLFkk esa os
yksx] ftuosQ fgr leku gaS] bdV~Bs gksdj ijLij ykHk osQ fy, dke djrs
gSaA cqudjksa dh lgdkjh laLFkk esa cqudj ,d lewg cuk dj oqQN
xfrfof/;k¡ lkewfgd :Ik ls djrs gSaA os lwr O;kikjh ls lwr izkIr djrs
gSa vkSj mls cqudjksa esa ck¡V nsrs gSaA lgdkjh laLFkk foØ; dk dk;Z Hkh]
djrh gSA bl rjg O;kikjh dh Hkwfedk lekIr gks tkrh gS vkSj cqudjksa
dks diM+ksa dk mfpr ewY; izkIr gksrk gSA
dHkh&dHkh ljdkj] mfpr ewY; ij lgdkjh laLFkkvksa ls diM+k [kjhn dj mudh enn djrh gSA tSlk
fd rfeyukMq esa ljdkj] LowQy esa fu%ÀkqYd x.kosÀk ;kstuk pykrh gSA ljdkj blosQ fy, ikojywe cqudjksa
dh lgdkjh laaLFkk ls diM+k ysrh gSA blh rjg ljdkj] gLrdj?kk cqudj lgdkjh lfefr ls Hkh diM+k
[kjhn dj ^dks&vksiVsDl* uked nqdkuksa osQ ekè;e ls csprh gSA vkius vius Àkgj esa Àkk;n dgha ,slh
nqdkusa ns[kh gksaxhA
;fn cqudj [kqn lwr [kjhndj cus
gq, diM+s csprs gSa] rks mUgas rhu xquk
”;knk dekbZ gksrh gSA D;k ;g laHko
gS\ ppkZ dhft,A
D;k blh rjg dh nknu O;oLFkk
ikiM+] chM+h vkSj elkys cukus esa Hkh
ns[kus dks feyrh gS\ vius bykosQ ls
bl laca/ esa tkudkjh bdV~Bh dhft,
vkSj d{kk esa ml ij ppkZ dhft,A
vkius vius bykosQ esa lgdkjh
laLFkkvksa osQ ckjs esa lquk gksxk] tSls&
nw/] fdjkuk] /ku vkfn osQ O;olk;
esaA irk yxkb, fd ;s fdl osQ ykHk
osQ fy, LFkkfir dh xb± Fkha\
og fdl dher ij cspk tk,xkA diM+k ck”kkj esa O;kikjh ;g
diM+k] iguus osQ oL=k cukus osQ dkj[kkuksa dks csprs gSaA bl rjg
ls ck”kkj dk >qdko O;kikfj;ksa osQ fgr esa gh vf/d gksrk gSA
cqudj viuh lkjh tek&iw¡th yxk dj ;k m¡Qph C;kt nj ij
½.k ysdj dj?ks [kjhnrs gSaA ,d dj?ks dk ewY; 20]000 jQi, gSA
blfy, NksVs cqudj dks Hkh nks dj?kksa osQ fy, yxHkx 40]000 jQi;s
dk fuosÀk djuk iM+rk gSA bu dj?kksa ij vosQys dke ugha fd;k tk
ldrk gSA diM+k cukus osQ fy, cqudj vkSj ifjokj osQ nwljs o;Ld
lnL;ksa dks fnu esa 12 ?kaVs rd dke djuk iM+rk gSA bl iwjs dk;Z
}kjk os eghus esa yxHkx 3]500 jQi;s gh dek ikrs gSaA
O;kikjh vkSj cqudjksa osQ chp dh ;g O;oLFkk ^nknu O;oLFkk*
(Putting-out System) dk ,d mnkgj.k gS] tgk¡ O;kikjh
dPpk eky nsrk gS vkSj mls rS;kj eky izkIr gksrk gSA Hkkjr osQ
vusd {ks=kksa esa diM+k cqukbZ osQ m|ksx esa ;g O;oLFkk izpfyr gSA